Ancient Palestine: tarihi, al'adu da kuma hadisai. Ancient Phenicia da Falasdinu

Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa ci daga cikin kabilun yahudawan marigayi biyu Millennium BC da kuma gano rubuta tarihi na zamanin d Palestine wani ƙasa inda ãyõyin adam habitation da aka samu ɗari shida da dubu shekaru BC. A kan tushen da samu a ?? ake daga kwarangwal, kayan aikin da aka yi da duwatsu, abubuwa na gine-gine, burials, masana kimiyya ya gano cewa farauta da tara a yankin ya fara game da 0.6 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce, kuma baya bi ta samar da kayayyakin aiki, da sanya na pebbles, yankakken. Daga baya, mutanen wannan yankin sun ƙware da dabara na samar da abubuwa da chopping kuma chipping flakes, dan kadan ya karu da yawan aiki na aiki a waɗannan kwanaki.

Daga farauta da taro don birni rai

History of Ancient Palestine kafin rubutun da aka raba, yawanci a cikin uku, saukarwa. A farko, wanda dade har zuwa 10 Millennium BC, ya nuna cewa mutane a wannan yankin sun yafi shiga a cikin taro kuma farauta. A cikin tsawon 10 000 - 5300 shekaru BC, mazaunan mafi yawan Palasdinawa ƙasashe ƙware da aikin noma, daga baya - koma a cikin garuruwa da zamanin, wadda aka halin da zargin cinikayya, m ƙauyuka, kare fledgling sojojin. Don rikodin tarihi taron ya fara a nan game da 2 da dubu. BC.

Ancient Palestine ne na ƙwarai da cewa a cikin ƙasa takwas shekara dubu kafin Almasihu, kamar "kadai" akwai birnin Jericho. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin tsofaffin birane a duniya, dake 260 mita kasa teku matakin (magangara mafi ƙasƙanci location). Da farko natsuwa bai mallaki kumar kasko, amma sun iya noma ƙasar da gina a kusa da birnin ganuwar m dutse, da suke zaune a lokaci guda a gidajen Adobe. Natufiytsy (as aka kira su masana kimiyya) ya bayyana a sakamakon hadawa da Negro-Australoids Europeoids. Suka zauna a Yariko a cikin 8-9 Millennium BC. Bayan su, yankin sun shagaltar da wakilan tahunian - kabilu, riga mallakan kumar kasko. Wannan irin babban birnin kasar na zamanin d Palestine aka akai-akai hallaka, ciki har da ta domin na Joshuwa a farkon 12th karni BC.

Palasdinawa garuruwa ba zama cibiyar guda wayewa a zamanin da

A karshen na huɗu karni BC a Palestine fara bayyana a kananan birnin kasar, quite m saboda gaskiyar cewa a cikin wannan yanki akwai da yawa cinikayya hanyoyi, haxe Turai, Asiya da Afirka. Bugu da kari, mazauna Palasdinawa kasa da kansu za su iya bayar da kayayyakin da suke a bukatar. Waɗannan su gishiri da kuma bitumen daga Tekun Gishiri, antimony daga Levant, balms daga ƙasar Galili, tagulla da kuma turquoise daga Sinai, da zaituni, ruwan inabi, dabbobi da kuma amfanin gona samar. A wannan lokacin, tsoho Palestine aka ci gaba a cikin cinikayya tsakanin yankuna, amma bai zama da cibiyar da wayewa, sabanin Misira, Syria da kuma arewacin Bagadaza, inda akwai kusan daular. A Palasdinawa yankuna da cewa tuni sun ƙauyuka, kamar na da birane na kasashen Turai, amma, sabanin Misira, babu guda rubuta da harshen da m karfi sarki, wanda zai gama raba administrative abokai karkashin mulkin.

Mene ne garuruwansa a wannan lokaci mallaki Palestine? A zamanin d duniya, ya bude da masana kimiyya a lokacin tono a cikin karni na ashirin, ya quite m ga ajalinsa. A musamman, ko da Neolithic Ashkelon unprecedented yawan dabba ƙasũsuwa da aka samu, wanda ya nuna cewa shi ne mai yiwuwa a babbar wuri na tsoho mayanka, wanda samar da nama yana salted tare da Tekun salts. Total yanki samu a cikin wannan al'adu Layer na 16 m lokacin farin ciki. Tare da Binciken ya gano cewa, ta hanyar wannan gari faruwa hanya daga Misira zuwa ƙasar, wato Hittiyawa, da kuma daga baya a Roma da kuma Girka, da hanyar da Parthian mulki a Misira. Next zuwa wannan babban shiri fito "hanya na turare" daga Arabiya da kuma "hanyar da kayan yaji" da Nabataeans a Petra kuma ta hanyar Eilat iemenskie tashoshin jiragen ruwa na tekun Indiya. Ba abin mamaki ba ne a birnin nemi su kama duk wanda ya zo da Palasdinawa asashe.

Shiri a Palestine aka akai-akai da aka ambata a cikin Littafi Mai Tsarki

Abin da ƙauyuka da aka har yanzu da aka sani Sahaban na zamanin d Palestine? Darasi na 5 sa makaranta, kana iya kari da bayanai a kan wannan ƙauyuka Gaza da Ashdod. Gaza shi ne daya daga cikin mafi tsoho birane a duniya (kafa a 3 dubu BC.), Part da Bafilisten Pentapolis - biyar ƙauyuka, sanaki Filistiyawa, wanda da farko kawai a Gabas ta Tsakiya mallakar baƙin ƙarfe smelting fasahar kuma sun kasance nasara yaƙe-yaƙe. Littafi Mai Tsarki ta ambaci Gaza fiye da ashirin sau. An tsohon birnin a Palestine, da Ashdod, da aka densely lugar ko da a cikin 10 karni BC. A farko gine-gine a kan wannan site kasance a cikin karni na goma sha bakwai BC, da kuma na farko da aka rubuta ambaci - to 14th karni BC. Ashdod ya kasance wani babbar ciniki shiri, wanda a nuna dauki Kan'aniyawa, Filistiyawa, Assuriyawa, da Masarawa, da sauransu.

An ban sha'awa ra'ayi daga cikin Sanadin hijirarsa a cikin Palasdinawa ƙasashe a cikin 2 dubu. BC. e.

Ancient Palestine (5 makaranta aji ne mai wuya ga zama Mai ƙididdigewa irin theories) daga uku Millennium BC aka fallasa zuwa gagarumin shige da fice gudana. Wasu almarar kimiyya masana kimiyya (Zecharia Sitchin, musamman) zaton cewa hijirarsa al'umma daga cikin hamadar yamma, da arewa maso gabashin za a iya alaka da amfani da kama da makaman nukiliya a 2048 BC, a yankin na Sinai sashin wasu karin ci-gaba da wayewa. Wannan ya sa radiation samu na ƙasa da kuma babban kalaman na hijirarsa (da burbushi barshi cikin yiwu tasiri na Sinai Larabawa a matsayin sintered a mafi yanayin zafi pebbles). A musamman, a cikin Palasdinawa ƙasar zo kabilu masu yawa na Hyksos (watakila shi ne jam'iyya amalekitov, hannaneev, huritov da sauran nomadic kabilu), wanda yake da keken da sauki sun kame Misira da Falasdinu, wanda a kwanakin nan ba da mahayan sojojin.

Items ba peculiar wannan zamanin na cikin gida da kuma biyu kusassari

Lura cewa prehistoric tsoho Palasdinawa al'ada ne mai arziki a cikin tarihi a wurin asirai. A musamman, masana kimiyya sun samu a cikin yadudduka na zuwa tsakiya Paleolithic, ruwa, sosai daban-daban a cikin fasaha sharuddan daga cikin manyan jiki na kida da cewa mallakar kogon mutane a yankin. Yadda suka samu a wurin, kuma me ya sa da sauri bace daga wurare dabam dabam, shi ya kasance wani asiri a wannan rana. Karatu yadda aka shirya Ancient Palestine (5 makaranta aji), yana yiwuwa su kusantar da dalibai 'da hankali ga yadda za tsoho ƙauyuka da aka gina a yankin. Akwai aka farko apse a gida (tare da daya mai lankwasa bango, wanda aka yi tsayayya da shi ga bango biyu sasanninta). A dama da dakuna na gine-gine da sanaki mutane, kusan ko da yaushe a tare da shi dabbõbi da abinci hannun jari.

A baya lokacin da arziki fara gina biyu-labarin rectangular gine-gine, inda masu rayuwa a hawa na biyu da kuma a kan ƙasa da aka zubar, sito, ma'ajiya. Private gidaje a birane da kansu bai isa ba, - mafi daga cikin birane yankin ne shagaltar da kufaifan, jama'a gine-gine, kamar majami'u, tituna sun kunkuntar. Ga zaune mafi yawa da sana'a, tsada, sojoji, yan kasuwa, yayin da manoma zauna a waje da birnin ganuwar, a Selishche.

Su Ibada sun yi kama da Mesopotamian

A gaban a cikin ƙauyuka (Magiddo, Gai, da Bet-Dzheharov, da Bet-sheyan) manyan Tsarin sharan, kai dubun mita a tsawon, da ginshiƙai, farfajiyoyi, sau da yawa aka kõra ta cikin "gabas-west", a yarda amince da yawan malamai cewa mutane na Palestine a zamanin da bauta alloli (ibada kama da Mesopotamian haikalin Ba'al-Dagon a tsarin). Amma tono a cikin wadannan birane ba su sãmi wani kamance bagadan da addini abubuwa. Saboda haka, wasu masana sun yi imanin cewa wadannan "Ibada" sun kawai granaries. Ancient Palestine dandana a cikin farkon zamanin da mamayewa na al'ummai waɗanda, bar wata alama a al'ada a cikin nau'i na musamman tukwane (seroloschenoy) da kuma bear (ba da aka nuna inda) dutse turmi da pestle, tare da sabon mutane kusan taba amfani da kayan aikin yi daga kashi ko duwatsu . Rinjayi cikin al'adu na wannan yankin da kuma m maƙwabcinsa - Misira, inda, mai yiwuwa, ya zo "fashion" a kan tasoshin ja kumar kasko da alkalami, a kan kunkuntar zangarniya.

A zamanin d Palestine wani font image

An tsoho jihar a Palestine samu ta farko da aka rubuta game da a karo na biyu karni BC, da kuma harafi ne amfani da pictorial. Yawan amfani da haruffa hada daban-daban na lissafi siffofi, msl, giciye kuma image na mutum a daban-daban shirya kai. Mafi sau da yawa alamar sanya a kan kwanoni, wanda kai kaya. Amma sauran wayewar rubuta game da wannan yankin yafi. Alal misali, a Misira, a cikin ashirin da huɗu karni BC bayyana farko alamar da soja kamfen a Syro-Palasdinawa yankin (jagorancin kwamandan Kasa). A hannaneyskih kafofin, wannan yanki da aka kira a matsayin, bi da bi, Kan'ana. Game da Palestine (Siriya Palestine) ya rubuta a cikin rubuce-rubucen Herodotus, kuma ba shakka, wannan yankin da aka akai-akai da aka ambata a cikin addini takardun, ciki har da Littafi Mai Tsarki.

Daga cikin tsakiyar na biyu Millennium BC, jera tsoho Phenicia da Falasdinu (kusan gaba daya), sanaki Kan'aniyawa (ciki har da Filistiyawa) da kuma amonitskie kabilu, ya kasance batun kai hare-hare ta nomadic al'ummai Habiru (Ibra, da magabatan da tsoho Ibraniyawa), wanda, a cikin su duk hankali ƙware masu zama a gida. A cikinsu akwai ajin stratification cewa zai wadãtar da karfi membobin jama'a da'awar zama cikin shugabannin da suka fara samu kananan kabilunsu kan backdrop na waning rinjayar da dauloli na da ƙarni a kan tushen ci gaban kasuwanci mu'amala da akai wars (Misira). A shugabannin wadannan kungiya ta kashin fara gama da karkaransu. Saboda haka, a cikin wadannan yankunan akwai wani mulki na Isra'ila Sarki Saul, wanda daga baya ya zama united mulkin Isra'ila da Yahuza (a karkashin sarakuna Dawuda da Sulaiman). Yana rududdugaggu bayan Sulemanu mutuwa, kuma aka partially nasara da Sarkin Assuriya Sargon II.

A wannan yankin, babu wani sauran shekaru dubbai

History of Ancient Palestine a gaba Millennium an haɗa tare da m rikicin na daban-daban bukatun, al'adu, da al'ummai, da kasashe cewa wanzu a wannan rana, ba tare da ƙara zaman lafiya da natsuwarSa a yankin. Alal misali, bayan Assuriya sauke marigayi a cikin ƙarni na bakwai kafin haihuwar Yesu. e. Yahudawa kokarin komawa zuwa Palasdinawa yankuna, amma maimakon yi mashi daga baya kai hari da sarki Nebukadnezzar da kwasar ganima da su babban birnin kasar da kuma sauransu. Tare da yawan da waɗannan ƙasashe sun sha sace a bauta (Babila, Misira), amma ko da yaushe koma can.

Bambance-bambance tsakanin Palasdinu da kuma Phenicia

Ancient Phenicia da Falasdinu, duk da irin wannan abun da ke ciki da suke zaune a su kasashe da kuma kusanci, da wasu peculiarities na kowane ƙasa. Alal misali, Phenicia taba yana da manyan m yanki, amma yana da wani babban cinikayya tashar jiragen ruwa birnin, inda dogon ɓullo da suna suna tukin jirgin (soja da farar hula). Excellent navigators, da Phoenicians, samar da kaya zuwa Misira, lokaci-lokaci fadowa karkiyar da tsoho daular (a cikin tsakiyar na biyu Millennium BC, misali). Daga baya raya cinikayya tare da Crete, wanda a wancan lokacin mafi girma jan reserves.

Phoenician birni-jihohin samar busasshen kifi, ruwan inabi, da man zaitun, da aka fara yin amfani da bayi kwale a galleys. Yana samo asali a fannin alphabetic rubuce-rubuce tsarin dangane Masar hieroglyphics, wanda ya ba da baya tashi daga cikin Girkanci haruffa. Phoenician ƙasa a cikin 12th karni BC ya iya zama mai zaman kanta daga Misira da kuma ci gaba ta hanyar mulkin mallaka na sauran yankunan. Brave birni da mazauna tafi zuwa teku tafiya da kafa birnin, misali, a Carthage, da mazauna a Malta da kuma Sardinia.

Mai Littafi Mai Tsarki samu a kwalba a cikin tarihin duniya

A karkarar Isra'ila, Yahudawa na Palestine suna da nasaba da Littafi Mai Tsarki batutuwa, wanda ya ba da duniya wani sabon addini - Kiristanci. Kuma shi ne a kan tekun na Tekun Gishiri, a kewaye da Wadi Qumran tsoho littattafan Qumran kogwanni na Palestine da aka samu. Wadannan takardu, waɗanda suke daɗaɗɗun rubuce-rubucen Littafi Mai Tsarki a duniya, shãfe haske a cikin kwalba, bazata samu wani makiyayi. Tun da fata littattafan da aka m domin samar da sandals, su da makiyayi kiyaye don wani lokaci a cikin nomadic alfarwa, sa'an nan ya sayar ga wani pittance a Baitalami a 1947. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa wadannan m rubuce-rubucen zuwa duniya al'ada sanya up wani addini al'umma na Essenes a arni na farko BC. Sun hada da kusan dukan littattafan Tsohon Alkawali, kuma da dama goyon bayan takardun.