Kakannin gida na Slavs. Version da muhawara game da asalin da kakanninmu gida na Slavs

Ina kakanninsu gida daga cikin Slavs? Abin da versions na masana kimiyya sa a gaba a wannan batun? Karanta labarin da za ka koyi da amsoshin wadannan tambayoyi. Slavs ethnogenesis ne tsari na samuwar tsoho Slavic kabilanci al'umma, wanda ya kai ga rabuwa da mutane daga taro na Indo-Turai kabilu. A yau babu kullum yarda version na maturation na Slavic kabila.

A farko shaida

Kakannin gida na Slavs ban sha'awa ga kwararru da yawa. Wannan al'umma da aka fara shaida a Byzantine takardun na VI karni. A ƙarshe dai, wadannan kafofin ambaci Slavs a IV karni. Tun da farko bayanai da dangantaka da jama'ar da suka halarci etnogeneze Slavic (Bastarnians), amma har su hannu a daban-daban tarihi mayar da su dabam.

Rubuta tabbatar da mawallafa na VI karni daga Rum magana da wani kafa al'umma, zuwa kashi Antes da sklaviny. Venedy aka ambata a matsayin Slavic kakanninsa retrospectively shugabanci. Hujja na cikin mawallafa na Roman zamanin (I-II cent.) Daga cikin Wends ba da damar su gama da wasu daga cikin tsofaffin al'adu na Slavs.

definition

Kakannin gida na Slavs ne har yanzu ba daidai a tsare. Rasha archaeologists kira rubutun wasu tsaoho al'adu, fara daga V karni. The malamai babu wani tsari guda ra'ayi a kan kabilanci zuri'a kafofin watsa labarai a farkon wayewar da su dangantaka da daga baya Slavic. Masana harshe ma da daban-daban, ra'ayin game da lokacin da harshen, wanda za'a iya kiransa Slavic ko Slavonic. Yanzu kimiyya wanda ake zargi da version selection Rasha magana daga kek a babban kewayon 2nd Millennium BC. e. to na farko ƙarni. e.

Tarihi na ilimi, asalin da kuma yanki na zamanin d Ruthenian nazari na musamman hanyoyi a jamsin na daban-daban sciences: tarihi, harsuna, jinsi, halittar mutum, ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi.

Indo-Turawa

kakannin gida na Slavs yau mamaye zukatan mutane da yawa. An sani cewa a cikin Bronze Age a Central Europe ya na kowa fadace-rabe-al'umma na Indo-Turai tseren. The aiki a cikinta na raba kungiyoyin na magana ne rigima. Jamus farfesa G. Krae ƙarasa da cewa yayin da Indo-Iran, Anatolian, Greek kuma Armenian harsuna an riga rabu da kuma ci gaba da kansa, Celtic, Italic, Illyrian, Jamus, Baltic ko Slavic harsuna sun kawai yarukan guda Indo-Turai harshe. Ancient Turawa da suke zaune a tsakiyar Turai arewa na Alps, halitta a kowa terminology a fannin aikin gona, addini, da kuma zamantakewa a tsakaninsu.

gabas tseren

Inda aka kakannin gida aka located gabas Slavs? A kabilan na wannan al'umma, wanda gudanar ci a cikin guda naúrar (a cikin ra'ayi na masana kimiyya da dama), sanya da yawan jama'a na na da tsoho. A sakamakon haka, da m siyasa rabuwa da wadannan mutane, to da XVII karni aka kafa mutane uku: Belarushiyanci, Rasha da kuma Ukrainian.

Su wane ne m Rusyns? Wannan al'adu da ilimin harsuna ya Rasha jama'a cewa amfani a cikin jawabin da Gabas Slavic harsuna. Wasu daga cikin farkon masu bincike kuma yi amfani da nadi 'Rasha Slavs. " Gabas Slav ... Its tarihi da aka kadan da aka sani. Dalili shi ne ba kawai babu nasu rubuta da harshen, amma karkara na m cibiyoyin na zamani.

Gabas Slav aka bayyana a cikin Byzantine, Arab da kuma Persian rubuta kafofin. Wasu daga cikin bayanai samu a kan shi tare da taimakon wani kamanta bincike na Slavic harsuna da kuma archaeological data.

fadada

Kakannin gida na Slavs kuma su mazauna aka tattauna da yawa masu bincike. Wasu yi imani da cewa fadada ya faru saboda tururuwar jama'a, ya sa ta Warming na sauyin yanayi, ko zuwan da fasaha ta zamani na noma, da sauransu - da cewa Laifi na Great Hijira, fatattakakkun a arni na farko AD, na Turai a lokacin da Sarmatian incursions, Jamus, Avars, Huns, Bulgar da kuma Rasha.

Mai yiwuwa da asalin da kakanninmu gida na Slavs dangantawa da yawan Przeworsk al'adu. Wannan al'umma kẽwayesu zuwa yamma tare da Celtic da kuma Jamus tribal duniya, a gabas - tare da Finno-ugortsami da Baltic kasashe, a kudu-maso-gabas da kuma kudu - tare da Sarmatians. Wasu prospectors zaton cewa a wannan lokacin akwai wani karin wanda bai yankẽwa Slavic-Balt totality, cewa shi ne, wadannan kabilu da ba tukuna quite fragmented.

A lokaci guda akwai Krivichy fadada a Smolensk Dnieper yankin. A fannin baya wanzu tushemlinskaya wayewa a cikin abin da kabilanci, archaeologists duba daban. Yana maye gurbin tsohon zalla Slavic al'adu da tushemlinskie yarjejeniya da aka lalata, domin a wancan lokacin da Slavs ko da a garuruwan rayu.

binciken

A mafi tsufa Slavic kabilan karatu sanannen masanin ilimin harsuna Academician O. N. Trubachov. Ya bincikar da Slavic harshen blacksmithing, kumar kasko da sauran sana'o'i kuma ƙarasa da cewa yan dako na zamanin d Slavonic yaruka (ko kakanninsu) a lokacin da kafa kasancẽwa terminology rayayye a lamba tare da Italiya da kuma Jamus, cewa shi ne Indo-Tsakiya Turai. Ya yi imanin cewa kabilan tsoho Rus tsaya fita daga Indo-Turai al'umma a Danube yankin (arewacin Balkans), sa'an nan ya koma da garwaya da sauran kabilu. Trubachev ya ce ba shi yiwuwa a gano hanyar harsuna lokacin rabuwa na Proto-Slavic yare na Indo-Turai saboda su tsaoho kawance.

Mutane da yawa masana ilimin harsuna gardamar cewa kowa Slavic harshen fara da za a kafa a arni na farko AD. e. Wasu kira tsakiyar na Millennium BC. e. A cewar glottochronology, Slavic harshen da aka ware a tsakiyar II Millennium BC. e. Wasu masana ilimin harsuna kira a baya.

lexical analysis

Version na kakanninsu gida daga cikin Slavs akwai daban-daban. Mutane da yawa sun yi kokarin ayyana tsoho mahaifarsa na Rus da nazarin su haihuwa ƙamus. F. P. Filin yi imanin cewa, wannan al'umma ta ci gaba a cikin gandun daji bel da wani yawa na Marshes da tabkuna, daga teku, duwãtsu, kuma matakan.

Bisa ga sanannen Beech shawara Yaren mutanen Poland botanist J. Rostafinsky kokarin gano wuri praotechestvo Slavs a 1908: "Indo-Turai Beech sunan Slavs mayar da su cikin Willow, Willow kuma san Beech, fir da larch." The kalmar "Beech" da aka aro daga Jamus harshe. Yau, da gabashin iyakar sakawa a iska mai guba daga cikin itace ne game da Odessa - Kaliningrad, amma gwaji na pollen a daftarin burbushin halittu ya nuna shi mafi m yanki a zamanin da.

A Bronze Age, da Beech girma kusan dukan ƙasashen gabashin Turai (sai dai arewacin). A Iron Age, a lokacin da samuwar da Slavic kabila (a cikin ra'ayi na mafi masana tarihi), Beech sharan samu a mafi sassa na Rasha, da Carpathians, da Caucasus, Crimea da kuma Black Sea yankin. Wannan ya nuna cewa da m wuri na Slavic ethnogenesis iya zama kudu-maso-yammacin Rasha, tsakiya da arewacin kasar yankuna na Ukraine, Belarus.

A cikin Rasha arewa maso yammacin (Novgorod dũkiyarku) Beech ya yi girma kamar yadda a farkon tsakiyar zamanai. Beech gandun daji da a yau a Arewa da kuma Yammacin Turai, Poland, da Carpathians, da Balkans. A cikin halitta mazauninsu fir ba girma a kan ƙasashen da Carpathians da kuma gabas na Poland da Volga. Tare da wannan nuance mahaifarsa Rusyns za a iya sanya wani wuri a Belarus ko Ukraine, idan masana ilimin harsuna yayata Botanical lexicon na wadannan mutanen sun yi daidai.

A duk Slavic harsuna (da wani Balt) yana da kalmar "lemun tsami", denoting guda itace. Saboda haka akwai wani cikin jarrabawa game da zoba yankin tare da Linden mahaifarsa Rasha kabilu, amma saboda ruwan dare wannan shuka ne da ban sha'awa, shi ya ba ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi.

Bayar da rahoton Soviet philologists

Kakannin gida na Slavs da su ethnogenesis sa da ban sha'awa na da yawa kwararru. Duniya da ke arewacin kasar Ukraine da kuma Belarus kasance a cikin yankin na fadi Yaduwar Balt wuri sunayen. Specific nazarin Soviet malaman jami'o'i philologists O. N. Trubachova da V. N. Toporova nuna cewa Balta hydronyms a cikin Upper Dnieper yankin sau da yawa ado suffixes Slavs. Wannan yana nufin cewa mutane akwai bayyana daga baya Balts. Wannan mismatch aka shafe, idan muka yarda sharudda na mutum masana ilimin harsuna a kan kasafi na Proto-Slavic yare na obschebaltskogo.

Ra'ayi V. N. Toporova

VN Toporov tunani Balt shi ne mafi kusa ga asali Indo-Turai, yayin da duk sauran Indo-Turai harsuna a cikin ci gaban tsarin daga cikin yanayin jihar. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa Proto-Slavic yare ya kudancin Baltic na gefe yare, wanda ya koma zuwa ga Proto-Slavic a kusa da V karni BC. e. sa'an nan da kansa ya canza kama zuwa zamanin d harshen Rusyns.

versions

Shawara game da asalin kakannin gida na Slavs da kuma ci gaba a yau. A Soviet zamanin, biyu manyan versions Rusyn ethnogenesis an kẽwayãwa:

1. Yaren mutanen Poland (kayyade kakanninsu gida daga cikin Slavs a yankin tsakanin gabaci da Vistula).
2. Autochthonous (samo asali a ƙarƙashin rinjayar msar tambayar ra'ayoyi na Soviet masanin kimiyya Marr).

Dukansu sake pre-amince da Slavic asalin na farkon tsaoho al'adu a duniya, wanda a tsakiyar zamanai aka sanaki Rusyns, da kuma wasu tsofaffin zamanin da, ya ce mutane, da kansa kafa daga kek.

Jari na bayanai a gudanar da bincike da kuma sakamakon tashi daga m bayani ya kai ga zargin sabon versions dogara ne a kan kasafi mayar da hankali a kan ainihin Slavic kabila na ripening da kuma rarraba ta hanyar da hijirarsa zuwa makwabta yankuna.

An ilimi da horo bai sanya wata guda ra'ayi a kan wurin da kuma lokaci na ethnogenesis na Slavs. A yau babu karbuwa a duniya sharuddan tunani da tsohon al'adu ga wannan mutane. Yi alkawarin a wannan girmamawa iya zama wata ãyã bezdialektnosti tsoho Ruthenian harshe.

Yana kasa samar da wani tabbatacce version of ethnogenesis Rasha a kan tushen da bayanai na wani daya kawai kimiyya batu. Yanzu theories kokarin hada bayanai na duk tarihi tarbiyya. A general, shi ne a zaci cewa Slavic kabila bayyana saboda hadakar da daban-daban Indo-Turai kabilanci al'ummomi a nuna tsakanin Scythian-Sarmatian da Baltic States, tare da sa hannu na Finnish, Celtic da kuma sauran substrates.

da jarrabawa na masana kimiyya

Masana kimiyya sun tabbata ba cewa Slavic kabila BC. e. Na wanzu. An nuna wannan ta wani sabanin zaton na ilimin harsuna. Babu wani abin shaida cewa Slavs sauko daga Balts. Amfani da daban-daban kafofin, farfesa gina da jarrabawa na Rasha asalinsu. Duk da haka, da suka ba kawai daban ƙayyade wurin da Slavic kakanninsu gida, amma kuma ake magana a kai daban-daban lokaci kasafi na Slavs daga Indo-Turai al'umma.

Akwai da yawa shiriritar, bisa ga abin Rusins da praotechestvo riga ya wanzu tun lokacin da marigayi III Millennium BC. e. (O. H. Trubachev) daga karshen II karni. e. (Polish malamai Tadeusz Lehr-Spławiński T., K. Yazhdzhevsky, Yu Kostshevsky da sauransu), daga tsakiyar II Millennium BC. e. (Polish farfesa F. Slavskii), tare da VI. BC. e. (L. Niederle, M. Vasmer, P. J. Safarik, S. B. Bernshteyn).

A farkon kimiyya ƙiri game praotchizne Slavs za a iya samu a cikin ayyukansu na Rasha masana tarihi na XVIII-XIX ƙarni. V. O. Klyuchevskogo, S. M. Solovova, N. M. Karamzina. A da karatu, da suka dogara da "Tale of bygone Years" da kuma ƙarasa da cewa tsoho mahaifarsa Rusyns sun kogin Danube da Balkans.