Ancient Greek sassaka, da halaye, da na raya, saukarwa. Ancient Greek sculptures da su mawallafa

Ancient Greek sassaka bautar wani wuri na musamman a tsakanin Masterpieces na da bambancin da al'adu na wannan kasa. Yana girmama da kuma aiwatar da taimakon mai hoto yana nufin da kyau na jikin mutum, ta manufa. Duk da haka, ba kawai santsi Lines da kuma ladabi - da halaye da cewa alama da tsoho Greek sassaka. Saboda haka mai girma shi ne fasaha na ta halittawa cewa sun gudanar da wuce ma a cikin sanyi dutse gamut motsin zuciyarmu, ba mai zurfi, musamman ji siffofi, kamar numfashi rayuwa a cikin su. Kowane tsoho Greek sassaka bai wa asiri, jawo har zuwa yanzu. Works of mai artists kada ku bar kowa sha'aninsu dabam.

Ancient Girka, kamar wasu al'adu, da za ta hanyar daban-daban lokaci a ci gaba. Kowane aka alama ta canje-canje a cikin kowane irin zane-zane, ciki har da sassaka. Saboda haka, don gano babban matakai na samuwar irin wannan art iya taƙaice bayyana fasali na zamanin d Girkanci sassaka a daban-daban lokaci na tarihi ci gaban wannan kasar.

tsaoho lokaci

Tsaoho lokaci - lokaci daga 8th ga 6th karni BC. Ancient sassaka a wannan lokaci shi a matsayin halayyar fasali na wani m. An lura saboda aiwatuwa a cikin ayyukansu na hanyar daban-daban iri-iri, suka kuma jimlace (adadi yan mata kira mantles, boys - Kouros).

Apollo Teneysky

Teneyskogo mutum-mutumi na Apollo ne ya fi shahara na duk suke dashi Figures na wannan zamanin. Just san su ne yanzu 'yan dozin. An yi marmara. Apollo ne wanda aka nuna a matsayin wani saurayi da hannunsa saukar, yatsunsu clenched cikin fists. Idanunsa bude m, kuma fuskarsa da aka nuna tsaoho murmushi, hali na sculptures, na ga wannan lokaci.

mace Figures

Images of mata da 'yan mata featured wavy gashi, dogon tufafi, amma tare da wasu daga cikin mafi ladabi da m Lines, rungumi alherin, femininity.

Tsaoho Greek sassaka mallaki wasu disproportion schematically. Kowane aiki, a daya hannun, m kange tausaya da sauki. Ga wani bai epoch a cikin adadi na mutane ne halin, kamar yadda muka gani a baya, a rabin-murmushi, wanda ya ba su wani zurfin da asiri.

Located a yau a Berlin Jihar Museum "The Goddess da rumman" shi ne daya daga cikin Figures, da mafi kyau na tsare a cikin sauran tsaoho sculptures. Lokacin da "ba daidai ba" rabbai da waje roughness hannuwa image, brilliantly yi da marubucin, ja hankalin masu kallo. Ma'ana karimcin da yin wani sassaka ne musamman ma'ana da kuma tsauri.

"Kouros na Piraeus"

"Kouros daga Piraeus 'located in Athens gidan kayan gargajiya - daga baya, ta haka ne mafi m halitta, ya yi da tsoho sculptor. Kafin mu ne wani matashi da karfi warrior. Hannun gestures da kuma kadan karkatar da kai bayar da shawarar tattaunawar, wanda ya kaiwa. Ba haka kauce take hakkin rabbai. Tsaoho Greek sassaka, kamar yadda muka ambata, suna da kowa yana da fasali. Duk da haka, wannan adadi ne ba kamar yadda m kamar yadda a cikin ayyukan alaka da farkon tsaoho lokaci.

classic lokaci

Gargajiya lokaci - lokaci daga 5th ga 4th karni BC. The ayyuka na zamanin d Girkanci sassaka a wannan lokaci sun halartar wasu canje-canje, wanda za mu faɗa maka. Daga cikin sculptors wannan lokaci, daya daga cikin shahararrun Figures na Pythagoras ne Regiysky.

Features na Pythagoras sculptures

Domin ya halitta ne halin da labarun almara da kuma liveliness, shi ne a lokacin m. Wasu ayyukan wannan marubucin suna dauke kadan ma tsoro ga cewa lokaci (misali, wani mutum-mutumi da wani yãro, shan fitar da wani tsage). Quick wit da kuma m iyawa sun yarda da sculptor don nazarin gabar jituwa ta hanyar ilmin lissafi lissafi hanyoyin. Ya tare da su a kan tushen da falsafa da kuma ilmin lissafi makaranta, wanda shi da kansa ya kafa. Pythagoras, ta amfani da wadannan hanyoyin, bincika daban-daban yanayi jituwa: da music, da gine-gine da tsarin da jikin mutum. Akwai Pythagorean makaranta a kan tushen da lambar. An dauke da kafuwar duniya.

Sauran sculptors na gargajiya lokaci

Gargajiya lokaci, sai dai da sunan Pythagoras, kuma ya ba da duniya da al'adun wannan shahara artists kamar yadda Phidias, Myron da Polycleitus. The ayyuka na zamanin d Girkanci sassaka na mawallafa hade da wadannan janar manufa - da nuni na jituwa kamiltaccen jiki da kyau rai a kewaye a cikin shi. Yana da wannan manufa ne na asali, da shiryar da daban-daban Masters na lokaci a bunkasa da basirarsu. Ancient Greek sassaka - manufa na jituwa da kuma kyakkyawa.

Miron

Babban tasiri a kan ma'adanin na Athens 5th karni BC. e. Myron da aikin (tuna sanannen Discobolus sanya na tagulla). Wannan maye, sabanin Policlet, wanda har yanzu muna gaya, son su nuna Figures a motsi. Alal misali, a cikin sama-mutumi discobolus alaka da 5th karni BC. e., ya bayyana da kyakkyawan saurayi a lokacin da ya sauya ra'ayi suka mara jefa da Disc. Yana yi ƙunci kuma tankwasa jikinsa, kama motsi, kamar spring, a shirye su tura. Horar da tsokoki vzbugrilis karkashin fata na roba makamai retracted. Kafa da kafaffen tushe, da yatsun kafa suna sunk zurfi a cikin yashi. Irin wannan tsoho Greek sassaka (Discobolus). The mutum-mutumi da aka jefa a tagulla. Duk da haka, kafin mu ji ne kawai a marmara kwafin sanya daga asali da Romawa. A hoto gabatar a kasa mutum-mutumi Minotaur sculptor ga wannan.

Polycleitus

Ancient Policlet sassaka yana da wadannan alama - da mutum adadi tsaye tare da tashe hannu a kan daya kafa muhimmi balance. An misali master embodiments shi ne wani mutum-mutumi Doriphor-spearman. Polycleitus a cikin ayyukansu nemi don m jiki guda biyu tare da ruhi da kuma kyakkyawa. Wannan so wahayi zuwa gare shi to buga da rubutun mai taken "Canon", da rashin alheri, bai tsira ga lokaci.

Cike da wahalarwa rayuwa Policlet mutum-mutumi. Ya na son su nuna wa 'yan wasa ne a cikin wani jihar da hutawa. Alal misali, "Spearman" - powerfully gina mutum wanda yake cike da kai girma. Ya tsaye m, a gaban masu sauraro. Amma wannan zaman lafiya ba wani a tsaye, na hali na zamanin d Masar mutummutumai. Yadda sauƙi, kuma da basira riže jikinsa mutumin, Spearman dan kadan lankwasa kafa, ya koma wani daban-daban mai tsanani na harka. Da alama cewa zai dauki wani lokaci kadan, kuma ya jũya kansa da zai taka a gaba. Kafin mu na da kyau, ƙaƙƙarfan mutum, free daga tsoro, tanada, da alfahari - rungumi da akida na Helenawa.

Phidias

Za a iya gaskiya da za a dauke Phidias girma mahaliccinsa, mahaliccin sculptures alaka da 5th karni BC. e. Wannan ya ya iya saya da wani cikakken rinjãye na tagulla da simintin. Phidias 13 sculptural guda da aka wanda ya canja ya zama na kirki ado na Haikalin Apollo a Delphi. Yana nufin yawan ayyukan wannan master ne ma wani mutum-mutumi na Virgin Athena a Parthenon, wanda tsayinsa ne 12 mita. An sanya na hauren giwa da zinariya. Wannan dabara da mutummutumai da aka mai suna chrysene-Elephantine.

A sculptures wannan master ne musamman nuna gaskiya cewa Greek abũbuwan - Waɗannan su ne siffofin da manufa mutum. Daga cikin ayyukan Phidias, mafi kyau kiyaye dukan 160-mita high marmara taimako frieze tef, wanda ya nuna wani procession daga allahiya Athena, je zuwa cikin Parthenon Haikali.

Statue of Athena

Mai tsanani lalace sassaka na cikin Haikali. Rasa a tsufa "Athena Parthenos". Wannan adadi ya tsaya cikin Haikali. Phidias halitta shi. Ancient Greek sassaka na Athens yana da wadannan siffofin: ta kai tare da wani zagaye Chin, kuma m low goshi da makamai da kuma wuyansa aka sanya na hauren giwa, da kwalkwali, da garkuwoyi, da tufafi, da gashi - daga zanen gado na zinariya.

Daga wannan adadi saboda labaru da dama. Saboda haka shahara da kuma girma ya kasance wannan fitacciyar cewa nan da nan a Phidias, a rundunar m mutanen da suka kokarin cũtar da sculptor, wanda aka neman wani dalili da zargi da wani abu. Wannan maye, misali, da ake zargi da cewa ya ya boye zinariya nufi ga sassaka na Athena. Phidias ya tabbatar da rashin laifi kwashe dukan zinariya abubuwa daga mutum-mutumi da kuma auna su. Daidai ya zo daidai da yawan zinariya da aka ba shi. Sa'an nan da sculptor aka zarge shi da kansa. Garkuwa ta Athena ne dalilin wannan. Yana siffanta wani scene na yaƙi na al'ummai, da kuma Amazons. Phidias Zagayawar yanã a cikin Helenawa da Pericles. Greek jama'a, duk da dukan nasarorin da wannan master, har yanzu sun yi tsayayya da shi. M kisa ƙare da rai na sculptor.

Ba iyakarsa cimma Phidias sculptures sanya a cikin Parthenon. Saboda haka, da ya halitta da adadi na Athena Promachos na tagulla, wadda aka gina a kusa da 460 BC. e. da Acropolis.

Statue of Zeus

By Phidias zo gaskiya daraja bayan samar da wannan master of mutum-mutumi na Zeus Haikali, wanda aka located in Olympia. A tsawo daga cikin adadi shi ne 13 mita. Mutane da yawa rubutun rashin alheri ba kiyaye su, sun tsira kawai su kwatancin da kofe. A mutunta mutane da yawa da wannan aka ciyar da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi lalata ayyukan art da Kiristoci. Ba na tsira, da kuma mutum-mutumi na Zeus. Yana za a iya bayyana kamar haka: 13-mita adadi a zaune a kan wani zinariya kursiyin. An qawata shugaban bautãwa wreath na rassan zaitun, wanda shi ne alama ce da soyayya da zaman lafiya. Kirji, da makamai, kafadu da fuska aka sanya na hauren giwa. Zeus alkyabbar labulen a kan hagu kafada. Beard da kuma kambi - na gleaming zinariya. Irin wannan ne tsoho Greek sassaka, a takaice ya bayyana. Da alama cewa Allah, idan ya samun sama da Squared kafadu, ba ya shige a wannan sararin zauren - rufi so shi low.

Hellenistic lokaci

Akayi na ci gaba na zamanin d Girkanci sassaka kammala Hellenistic. Wannan lokaci - lokaci a cikin tarihi na zamanin d Girka zuwa 4th ga 1st karni BC. Sassaka a lokacin da aka har yanzu babban manufar ado na daban-daban gine-gine ginen. Amma shi ma samu tunani na faruwa a gwamnatin canje-canje.

A sassaka ne a lokacin da daya daga cikin manyan siffofin art, a Bugu da kari, akwai wani sa na kwatance da kuma makarantu. Su wanzu a Rhodes, Pergamum, Alexandria. A mafi kyau ayyukansu ƙaddamar da wadannan makarantu, daidai da matsaloli da cewa damu yayin da zukatan mutane na zamanin. Wadannan hotuna, da bambanci ga gargajiya a kwantar da hankula kafiya, gudanar da wani m pathos, wani tunanin danniya, kuzarin kawo cikas.

A karfi da tasiri na Gabas a kan dukan art aka kullum halin da marigayi Greek tsufa. Akwai sabon fasali na zamanin d Girkanci sculptures, da yawa details, dadi drapes, hadaddun kusassari. The girma da kuma ni'ima ratsa litattafansu halin da emotionality na Gabas.

Thermes dake a cikin Roman gidan kayan gargajiya "Afrodita Kirenskaya" full na nishaɗi, a wasu coquetry.

"Laocoön da 'ya'yansa maza"

Mafi sani sassaka game da abin da musamman epoch - "Laokoon da ɗiya", sanya Agesander na Rhodes Rhodes. Wannan fitacciyar yanzu kiyaye a cikin Vatican Museum. Polya ban mamaki abun da ke ciki, da kuma mãkirci nuna emotionality. A gwarzo da 'ya'yansa maza, na nacewa kãfira aika Athena macizai kamar yadda idan sane da m rabo. Tare da wannan m daidaici sassaka kafa. Idon basira da kuma roba Figures. A karfi ra'ayi da aka yi da haruffan fuska.

Uku mai girma sculptor

A cikin ayyukan sculptures na zuwa 4th karni BC. e., da bil'adama manufa da aka kiyaye su, amma vuya a lokaci guda da hadin kai na farar hula, ma'aikatan. Rasa wani ma'ana na cikar rayuwa da mutunci da fahimta da duniya na zamanin d Girkanci sassaka da su marubuta. Great Masters zaune a cikin 4th karni BC. e., samar da m sabon fuskoki dabam-dabam na ma'adanin na ruhaniya duniya. Wannan ne mafi fili ya bayyana wannan nema uku mawallafa - Lysippos, Praxiteles da Scopas.

Scopas

Scopas ya fi shahararren adadi daga wasu sculptors wanda ya yi aiki a lokacin. A cikin art numfashi mai zurfi shakka, gwagwarmaya, juyayi, turu da kuma bege. Wannan 'yan qasar na tsibirin Paros yi aiki a birane da yawa a kan ƙasa na Girka. Rinjãye wannan marubucin aiwatuwa a cikin mutum-mutumi da ake kira "Nika Samofrakiyskaya". Wannan sunan da aka samu a cikin memory daga cikin nasara a 306 BC. e. Rhodes jiragen ruwa. Wannan adadi da aka saka a kan wani pedestal, reminiscent na zane jirgin ta hanci.

"Dancing maenad" Scopas gabatar a wani tsauri da kuma hadadden hangen zaman gaba.

Praxiteles

In ba haka ba kerawa sun Praxiteles sassaka. Ina raira wannan marubucin son sha'awa kyau na jiki da kuma da farin ciki na rayuwar. Praxiteles dadin mai daraja, mai arziki ne Mafi shahara sculptor kawo wannan mutum-mutumi na Aphrodite, sanya shi zuwa tsibirin Knidos. Ita ce ta farko a Greek art image na wani tsirara aljanna. Beauty Phryne, sanannen Koda, farka daga Praxiteles, aiki a matsayin wani abin koyi ga wani mutum-mutumi na Aphrodite. Wannan yarinya da aka zargi da yin sāɓo, sa'an nan kubutar da shi da admiring da kyau na da alƙalai. Praxiteles ne singer na mace kyakkyawa, wanda girmama Helenawa. Abin baƙin ciki, kawai kofe sani a gare mu Aphrodite na Cnidus.

Leochares

Leochares - Athenian master, da most of Praxiteles Sahaban. Wannan sculptor, aiki a daban-daban Helenawa polis, halitta mythological al'amuran da images of alloli. Ya kashe da dama hotuna na mutummutumai a chrysene-Elephantine dabara, depicting mambobi ne na iyali na Philip, da Macedonian sarki. Bayan da cewa, ya zama kotun sculptor Aleksandra Makedonskogo, ɗansa. A wannan lokaci Leochares Apollo mutum-mutumi da aka halitta, shi ne Popular a tsufa. An kiyaye a cikin marmara kofe sanya ta Romawa, kuma aka mai suna Apollona Belvederskogo duniya daraja. Leochares da dukan ayyukan da ya nuna virtuosic dabara.

Bayan sarautar Aleksandra Makedonskogo Hellenistic zamanin ya na tsawon m flowering na portraiture. Erecting mutummutumai a cikin murabba'ai garuruwan daban-daban jawabai, masu kasida, 'yan falsafa, generals, statesmen. Masters so don samun wani kusa kama da kuma danniya a cikin nau'i na Lines, ya jũya a cikin wani hali image na wani hoto.

Sauran sculptors da ayyukansu

Gargajiya sculptures zama samfurori daban-daban ayyukan artists wanda ya yi aiki a cikin Hellenistic shekaru. A bayyane yake gani a cikin ayyukansu na cewa lokaci megalomania, cewa shi ne, sha'awar kawo ake so image da girman da wata babbar mutum-mutumi. Musamman sau da yawa da shi ya auku a lokacin da samar Greek sculptures alloli. Statue bautãwa Helios ne Firayim misali. An yi gilded tagulla, ya tsaya a bakin ƙofar da harbor na Rhodes. A sassaka - 32 mita. Na yi aiki a kan shi domin shekaru 12, tirelessly, Hares, wani almajiri na Lysippos. Wannan aiki na gwaninta ya dauka a kan hakkin wuri na girmamawa a cikin abubuwan al'ajabi na duniya jerin.

Mutane da yawa da mutummutumai bayan da kama na Roman nasara na zamanin d Girka da aka fitar dashi wajen kasar. Ba kawai sculptures, amma kuma Masterpieces na zanen, taro na sarki dakunan karatu da sauran al'adu abubuwa sha wahala guda ƙaddara. Mutane da yawa aiki a fagen ilimi da kimiyya, da aka kama. A zamanin d Roma al'ada haka lauye, da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan ta ci gaba, da daban-daban abubuwa na Greek.

ƙarshe

Hakika, da daban-daban lokaci na ci gaba da ya wuce ta hanyar Ancient Girka, sanya su sabawa a cikin samuwar da sassaka, amma abu daya haɗa kan bangaskiya cikin artists na zuwa lokuta daban-daban - da marmarin fahimta ma'adanin na spatiality, da soyayya na magana ta wurin hanyoyi daban-daban na jikin mutum sassaka. Ancient Greek sassaka, wani photo wanda aka bai sama, da rashin alheri, suka tsira kawai partially. Sau da yawa aiki a matsayin abu don marmara Figures, duk da fragility. Kawai a cikin wannan hanya shi yiwuwa a kai da kyakkyawa da ladabi na jikin mutum. Bronze, ko shi ne mafi abin dogara da kuma daraja abu, da yawa kasa used.

Ancient Greek sassaka da zane na asali da kuma ban sha'awa. Daban-daban misalai na art ba wani tunani na rai na ruhaniya na kasar.