Aman wuta Tambora. Tambora shigowa a 1815

Ɗari biyu da suka wuce a ƙasa ya m halitta taron - Tambora shigowa wannan ya shafi sauyin yanayi na dukan duniya da kuma da'awar dubban rayuka.

A Gwargwadon wuri na aman wuta

Tambora aman wuta dake arewacin ɓangare na Indonesiya tsibirin Sumbawa, a Sangar Larabawa. Wajibi ne a bayyana nan da nan cewa Tambora ba da most aman wuta a yankin, Indonesia na da game da 400 volcanoes kuma shi ne mafi girma daga gare su, Kerinci, Sumatra yakan.

Kai Larabawa Sangar nisa ne 36 km, da kuma tsawon yana da tsawon kilomita 86. A tsawo daga wannan aman wuta Tambora a watan Afrilu 1815 ya kai 4300 mita, da Tambora aman wuta shigowa a 1815 ya jagoranci wani akan rage rufinta zuwa yanzu 2700 mita.

A farkon shigowa

Bayan shekaru uku, duk da girma aiki na aman wuta Tambora Afrilu 5, 1815 da aka cikakken farkakku idan akwai farko shigowa, wanda dade 33 hours. A fashewa da aman wuta Tambora ya generated hayaki da toka shafi cewa ya tashi zuwa tsawo na game da 33 km. Duk da haka, a nan kusa mutane ba su bar gidajensu, duk da aman wuta a kasar Indonesia, kamar yadda aka ambata riga, da volcanic aiki ba sabon abu ba.

Abin lura shi ne cewa fiye da farko tsoron jama'a da suke cikin nesa. A tsawa da fashewa da aman wuta da aka ji a tsibirin Java a cikin densely lugar birnin Yogyakarta. Mazauna yanke shawarar cewa su ji sauti na bindigogi. A wannan batun da aka sa a kan jijjiga sojoji da kuma fara gudu tare da bakin tekun a search na jiragen ruwa a jirgin cikin wahala. Duk da haka, ya bayyana a wadannan rana, Ash shawarar da real dalilin fashewar ji sauti.

Tambora aman wuta zauna shiru a jihar da 'yan wasu kwanaki, har Afrilu 10. A gaskiya wannan bai kai ga shigowa da lawa gudãna daga, shi ne makale a bakin dutse, bayar da tasu gudunmuwar matsa lamba buildup kuma sa wani sabon, ko mafi tsanani shigowa da cewa ya faru.

A Afrilu 10, game da 10 Wajen ƙarfe da safe akwai wani sabon shigowa, wannan lokaci da al'amudin hayaki da toka tashi zuwa tsawo na game da 44 km. Thunder na fashewa da aka ji a kan tsibirin Sumatra. A daidai wannan lokaci da wuri na shigowa (Mount Tambora) a kan taswira dangane da Sumatra aka located mai nisa, a nesa na 2500 km.

Kamar yadda shaidun gani da ido, a bakwai da yamma a wannan rana, da tsanani da shigowa ya karu, kuma ta takwas a yamma a tsibirin yi ƙanƙara na duwatsu, da diamita daga wanda ya kai 20 cm, ya kamata a sake zuba toka. By darũruwa gõma kan aman wuta ta fito a cikin sama uku rashin tsoro ginshikan garwaya a cikin daya, da kuma aman wuta Tambora juya a cikin wani taro na "ruwa wuta." Game da bakwai da waɗansu kõguna na zubi lawa ya fara yada a duk inda a kusa da aman wuta, lalata daukacin jama'ar na sashin Sangar. Ko da a cikin teku na lawa baza su 40 km daga tsibirin, da kuma halayyar wari da za a iya ji ko da a Batavia (tsohon sunan Jakarta, babban birnin), located a nesa na 1,300 km.

A karshen shigowa

Bayan wani kwanaki biyu, Afrilu 12, Tambora aman wuta shi ne har yanzu aiki. ash girgije ya yaɗu zuwa gabar yammacin Java da kuma kudancin Sulawesi, wanda shi ne 900 km daga aman wuta. Bisa ga mazauna, ba shi yiwuwa a ga alfijir kafin 10 am, ba ko wani tsuntsu fara raira waƙa kusan har rana tsaka. Yana ƙare tare da shigowa kawai, da 15 Afrilu, da kuma tokar ba zaunar har Afrilu 17th. Kafa bayan da shigowa da aman wuta da ya kai bakin 6 km a diamita da kuma 600 zurfin mita.

Wadanda ke fama da Tambora aman wuta

An kiyasta cewa, a lokacin da shigowa a tsibirin aka kashe game da 11 da mutane dubu, amma cewa yawan wadanda aka ba iyakance. Daga baya, a sakamakon yunwa da annoba a tsibirin Sumbawa, da kuma makwabtaka da tsibirin Lombok, inda suka kashe game da 50,000 mutane, shi ne ma dalilin mutuwar kasance mafi girma bayan da shigowa na tsunami, wanda effects yada for daruruwan kilomita kusa.

bala'i sakamakon Physics

Lokacin da Tambora shigowa faru a 1815, yantar up da adadin kuzari da 800 megatons, wanda za a iya kwatanta ta da fashewa da 50,000 atomic bama-bamai kamar Hiroshima. A shigowa ya sau takwas da karfi fiye da sanannun shigowa na Vesuvius, kuma shi ne sau hudu da iko fiye da abin da ya faru bayan da shigowa na Krakatoa.

Shigowa Tambora tashe a cikin iska na 160 cubic kilomita daga m ash kauri kai a tsibirin 3 mita. A matuƙan da suka tafi yayin da a kan wani tafiya, 'yan shekaru hadu a kan ta hanyar daga tsibirin pumice, wanda ya kai wani kudi na biyar kilomita.

M yawa na ash kuma sulfur gas kai stratosphere, tanã fita zuwa tsawo na fiye da 40 km. Toka rufe da rana daga dukan abubuwa masu rai, suna a nesa na 600 km a kusa da aman wuta. Kuma a duniya akwai wani hazo da orange launi da kuma wani jini-ja sunsets.

"Shekara ba tare da wani bazara"

Miliyoyin ton na sulfur dioxide jefarwa a lokacin da shigowa, a cikin wannan 1815 isa Ekwado, da kuma na gaba shekara saboda canjin yanayi a Turai, da sabon abu da aka kira sa'an nan da "shekara ba tare da wani lokacin rani."

A da yawa kasashen Turai, sa'an nan kika aika da launin ruwan kasa, kuma ko da m snow a cikin Swiss Alps a lokacin rani kusan kowane mako akwai snow da wani talakawan zafin jiki a Turai ya ƙananan ta 2-4 digiri. A wannan karu a zazzabi lura a Amurka.

Duniya, matalauta girbi ya jagoranci wani Yunƙurin a farashin abinci da kuma yunwa, wadda tare da cutar da ya yi ikirarin 200 000 rayukansu.

Comparative halaye na shigowa

A shigowa na Tambora aman wuta da ya sãme (1815), shi ne na musamman a tarihin 'yan adam, ya aka bayar da bakwai category (na takwas zai yiwu) a kan sikelin da volcanic hadura. Masana kimiyya sun iya sanin cewa a cikin past shekaru 10,000 da suka gani hudu irin eruptions. Kafin aman wuta Tambora kama bala'i ya faru a 1257 a kan kusa tsibirin Lombok, a wuri na bakin dutse na aman wuta, yanzu akwai mai lake Segara Anak yanki na 11 murabba'in kilomita (ga photo).

A ziyararsa ta farko na aman wuta, bayan shigowa

A farko matafiyi, ya sauko a kan tsibirin tare da m aman wuta Tambora rasa farko trimester, ya zama wani Swiss botanist Genrih Tsollinger, wanda ya jagoranci wata tawagar masu bincike ya yi nazarin halitta a sakamakon aukuwar wani bala'i yanayin kasa. Haka ya faru a 1847, daga baya hannu shekaru 32 bayan da shigowa. Duk da haka, saboda bakin dutse da aka har yanzu hayaki tanã bayyana, da kuma ciyar a kan daskararre ɓawon burodi na masu bincike samu a karkashin ta Laifi a cikin har yanzu zafi volcanic ash.

Amma masu bincike sun lura da zargin wani sabon rayuwa a duniya incinerate inda wuraren riga fara juya kore foliage shuke-shuke. Kuma ko da a tsawo fiye da 2 da dubu. Mita na bushes casuarinas (coniferous shuka, aiwi-kamar) an samu.

Kamar yadda aka nuna ta kara kallo, to 1896 a kan gangara na aman wuta, sanaki 56 jinsunan tsuntsaye, tare da daya daga cikinsu (Lophozosterops dohertyi) aka fara gano akwai.

A tasiri na shigowa a kan art da kuma kimiyya

Art masana tarihi hypothesize cewa shi ne rashin ciki bayyana a cikin yanayi, ya sa ta hanyar shigowa da Indonesian aman wuta wahayi zuwa sanannen Birtaniya wuri mai faɗi zane-zane Dzhozefa Mallord William Turner. Ya zane-zane sau da yawa ƙawata ciki, m tsaurara languishing sunsets.

Amma ya fi shahara shi ne halittar Meri Shelli "Frankenstein", wanda aka ɗauki cikinsa daidai a cewa bazara na 1816, lokacin da ta har yanzu amarya Persi Shelli, tare da amarya da sanannen Ubangiji Byron zauna a kan gaba na Lake Geneva. Yana da aka mummunan yanayi da kuma incessant ruwa sama sosai wahayi zuwa gare ta Byron ta ra'ayin, kuma ya miƙa wa kowane daga cikin tauraron dan adam ya zo ya kuma gaya wa m labarin. Mary je sama tare daidai da labarin Frankenstein, wanda shi ne tushen ta littafi, rubuta shekaru biyu daga baya.

Ubangiji Byron kansa kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar yanayi rubuta sanannen waka "Dark", wanda aka fassara Lermontov ta Lines daga shi: "Na ga wani mafarki wanda ya ba duk wani mafarki. The haske rana da aka shãfe haskensu ... "Duk aikin da aka impregnated da rashin bege, dovlevshey cewa shekara a kan yanayi.

A wannan sarkar wahayi ba a katse, "Dark," a waka da aka karanta Byron ta likita Dzhonom Polidori, wanda a karkashin ta alama ya rubuta labari "The Vampire".

A sanannun Kirsimeti wakar "Silent Night» (Stille Nacht) da aka rubuta a kan ayoyi na Jamus firist Yozefa Mora, wanda ya hada a wannan ruwa 1816 da kuma wanda ya bude wani sabon romantic salo.

Yana mamaki, amma matalauci girbi da kuma hauhawar farashin for sha'ir wahayi zuwa Karla Dreza, wani Jamus kirkiro, gina motocin da za su iya maye gurbin doki. Saboda haka ya? Ir? Ira da samfur da wani zamani bike, kuma shi ke surname Dresen shiga a cikin rayuwar yau da kullum da kalmar "trolley".