Abin da tauraron dan adam na Rasha ya kasance abin tunawa a Moscow? Alamar wa abokin farko

Kafin ka gano irin wannan tauraron dan adam na Rasha da aka kafa a Moscow, yana da muhimmanci a bincika abin da jirgin ya wakilta. Dauke wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam na Duniya, halitta da hannun ɗan adam (sabanin Moon, wanda shi ne na halitta da tauraron dan adam) motsi tare hanya a cikin siffar wani ellipse a kusa da Duniya tare da wani geostationary falaki. Domin na'urar ta shiga wannan ɗakin, yana da mahimmanci cewa gudu ya fi wuri na farko, amma ya fi ƙasa ta biyu.

Matakan sararin samaniya don tauraron dan adam

Wannan yana nufin cewa dukkanin tauraron dan adam ya kamata su tashi zuwa sararin samaniya a cikin sauri fiye da kilomita 7.9, domin kada su koma ƙasa, amma kasa da 11.2 km / s, don kada su yi ritaya a cikin sararin samaniya. Lura cewa ƙananan yanayi na farko da na biyu sun bambanta da gabobi daban-daban na sama. Alal misali, na biyu gudun hijira gudu domin Moon ne kawai 2.4 km \ s, kamar yadda wannan abu ne kasa da duniya tamu, da kuma ga baki rami gudu da ake bukata domin cire daga shi a cikin wani fili, dole ne mafi girma daga gudun haske. Wataƙila, saboda haka, ramukan duhu ba su da kowane tauraron dan adam, ko kuma wucin gadi.

An kafa alamar tauraron farko na duniya a shekara guda bayan kaddamar da wannan na'ura a Moscow, a tashar Rizhskaya. A kasar da cewa ya aiko da farko mutum ya kumbon sama jannati a cikin sarari guda ya Tarayyar Soviet. An gabatar da kanta a farkon Oktoba 1957 daga yankin bincike na Ma'aikatar Tsaro "Tyura Tam", wanda daga bisani ya zama Baimonur cosmodrome. Shirye-shiryen jirgin farko bai kasance shekaru goma ba. Masanin kimiyya mafi shahararren Sergey Korolev ya jagoranci aikin masu zane-zane.

Matsayin alama ta tauraron dan adam a kan abin tunawa

Abinda aka yi wa abokin farko shi ne mai tsarawa V. Kartsev da masanin sculptor S. Kovner. Yana da siffar tagulla guda bakwai da wani mutum a cikin kwalliyar wani ma'aikaci wanda ke riƙe da kwallon a hannunsa wanda aka shimfiɗa tare da antennae da ke guje masa. Hakika, wannan matsayi na tauraron dan adam ya zama alama ce, tun da ma na'urar da ta fi sauƙi, wanda shine farkon tauraron dan adam, zai iya zama nauyi a nauyi. Alal misali, PS-1, wanda aka nuna a cikin wannan rukuni, ya auna kimanin kilogram 84, ya ƙunshi nau'ikan kananan yara biyu (mita 0.58 a diamita). An jefa 'yan adam daga wani allurar aluminum kuma an haɗa su tare da zane-zane uku. Tightness ya samar da mai sauki gasket gas.

Fiye da 1400 ya juya a duniya

A saman tauraron dan adam sunadaran biyu, kowannensu yana da rassa biyu na 2.4 da 2.9, kuma a cikin masana kimiyya sun iya sanya tsarin haɗin azurfa-zinc (kimanin kilogiram 50), na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar yanayin zafi, siginar motsi, cibiyar sadarwa na USB, Mai watsa shirye-shiryen radiyo, ƙananan ƙafa, tasirin iska don tsarin kulawa da fan. Sararin tauraron ya tashi a cikin duniyarmu a cikin minti 96, ya yi sama da 1400 kuma ya sauko daga kogin a cikin Janairu 1958. Wannan shi ne abin da tauraron dan adam na Rasha ya sanya alama a Moscow.

Alamar yana da sau biyu a wani gari

Duk da cewa shi ne abin tunawa na zamanin Soviet, da kuma na biyu na wannan abin tunawa a wurin Power Engineering a Rostov-on-Don. A cikin tarihin sabon Rasha, wannan abincin ya ci gaba da kasancewa a wani abin tunawa a birnin Korolev, wadda aka bude a 2007, ranar 4 ga Oktoba, a ranar ranar hamsin da biyar na kaddamar da tauraron dan adam na duniya.

Abubuwan da ke cikin ruɓaɓɓen ƙwayoyi sun kasance a fili

Abin da tauraron dan adam na Rasha ya zama abin tunawa da Moscow kwanan nan? A shekara ta 2012, kafin ingancin Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a (Tarayya), an gina wani abin tunawa, asalinsa shi ne haɗin tauraron dan adam da ke cikin sararin samaniya tare da fasinjoji masu ban mamaki. Yunkurin sararin samaniya na karshe ƙarni, sun hada da birai, wanda wasu lokuta sukan "samar da kamfanin" wasu nau'o'in dabbobi.

Na'urar da dabbobi sun auna 6.3 ton

Da tauraron dan adam da nazarin halittu dalilai (a fara halittu masu rai) sun fara ci gaba da OKB-1 (Kuibyshev Branch) kusan nan da nan bayan da jirgin A.Gagarina cikin sarari a farkon 70-ies karni na karshe. Abinda ya bambanta ita ce, bayan an sanya su cikin ɗaki, suna motsawa cikin yanayin kyauta ba tare da tasiri na tsarin daidaitawa ba, wanda ya ba da izinin samo sakamakon gwajin sosai a karkashin yanayin rashin nauyi. Na farko na'urori na wannan jerin sun auna game da 6.3 ton, tare da nauyin kayan aiki kawai 0.7 ton kuma an kaddamar a cikin low orbit by Soyuz-U roka masu ɗauka. More sau da yawa, da "aika" da aka za'ayi daga Pesetsk cosmodrome. Yanayin ƙaddara mafi girman iyaka na kimanin wata ɗaya - irin wannan shine yanayin rayuwa na tsarin dabbobin dabba, bayan haka na'urar ta sauko a tsarin siginan kwamfuta zuwa shafin gwaji a Kazakhstan (kusa da Kustanai).

Sun taimaka wajen sarrafa sararin samaniya

An kafa alamar tauraron dan adam na irin wannan shirin ba bisa ga bazata ba. A cikin duka, ana kwashe goma sha ɗaya daga cikin tauraron dan adam daga 1973 zuwa 1996, wanda ya kasance daga cikin shekaru 5 zuwa kusan 19, kuma sakamakon binciken ya sami damar samun bayanai mai yawa game da halin kwayoyin halitta a cikin sararin samaniya. Pioneers a cikin 1973 a kan irin wannan nau'in na da ratsin 45, tare da na uku ya fara shirin da ya karbi hali na duniya. Kuma a yayin aiki a kan tauraron dan adam na huɗu, an kafa hujja mai mahimmanci: Jihar ratsuka da ke cikin sararin samaniya a cikin karamin centrifuge (ƙarfin wucin gadi) ya fi yadda sauran ratsuka ba su da karfi. A karshen, akwai canji a cikin musculature, karuwa a cikin fragility na kafafu. Saboda haka, a wani tashar sararin samaniya ta zamani, mutane suna ciyar da sa'o'i da yawa a rana akan simulators don rage yawan cututtuka na jiki marar nauyi. Kuma duk wannan ya kafa ta rodents.

Yadda za a zabi "'yan saman jannati"?

"Bion" - a cikin tauraron dan adam na jerin motoci, wanda aka sake sake shi don wani shirin na musamman, wanda ya fara da shirin na shida. A nan ne 'yan saman jannati sun zama birai na rhesus, wanda ya wajaba a tsaftace zane na jirgin, tun da dabbobi sun fi girma kuma sun fi girma fiye da nau'in da suka gabata. An zaɓa masu neman izinin zama a cikin ɗakunan Sukhumi. Sai kawai samari sun ɗauki cosmonauts, zabin ya faru a kowace shekara uku, bayan haka ya ɗauki shekaru biyu don horarwa. An koyar da birai don danna maɓalli daban-daban, sassan layi da masu leda dangane da sigina a kan haske. A matsayin ƙarfafawa, sun ba da hankali ga kare kare, wanda suka sha ta hanyar kwararre na musamman. An sanya Macaque a cikin ɗakun ciki na ciki daban tare da yiwuwar bayanin su na gani ta hanyar windows na musamman.

Daga cikin mutane ashirin da aka zaɓa waɗanda aka horar da su, rabin su ne kawai, goma macaques sun zo cikin kwarkwarima, wanda aka zaba su biyu a kan shafin kuma sanya sunayensu a cikin jerin haruffa. Saboda haka, a cikin sararin samaniya, nauyin farko shine Abrek da Bion (1983). Wannan fitarwa ita ce mafi kusa, kawai sa'o'i biyar, yayin da ɗaya daga cikin macaques ya fitar da kullun da kuma yada 'yan lantarki daga kai, daga wacce aka saka a cikin kwakwalwa. Sararin tauraron dan adam ya samu nasara a filin saukar jiragen sama da kuma bayan gyarawa na farko na biri-cosmonauts ya zauna a cikin gandun daji.

Sa'an nan kuma ya zo Proud da aminci (1985), sa'an nan kuma Erosh da Drema (1987). Wannan kaddamarwar ba ta ci nasara sosai ba, kamar yadda Erosh ya karbe daga tsarin sarrafawa, banda haka, tsarin samar da abinci mai gina jiki don rabuwa. Dole ne a yi amfani da tauraron dan adam a gaban lokaci, kuma saukowa yana da wuyar gaske, tun lokacin da wannan abu ya zauna a cikin gandun daji na hunturu na Yakutia. Kusan duk da 'yan saman jannati, ciki har da har yanzu kuma berayen, tsutsotsi, newts, da kwari na tsira, ba kawai sa'a kifi guppies. Fidel Castro ya yi mafarki don zama na dindindin, yana tabbatar da zaman lafiya da daraja a Cuba.

Duk sun dawo lafiya da sauti, amma ...

Mene ne lamarin da ke kan abin tunawa na yanzu "Bion"? Moscow ta sami wani ɓangare daga tauraron dan adam wanda ya halarci kaddamarwa na hudu. A cikin ainihin wuri, kewaye da alamar ta hanyar siffar fuka-fuki, a shekarar 1989 macaques na Jacon da Zabiyaka suka tashi cikin sarari. An yi tafiya ne a cikin 1992 zuwa 1996, tare da hadin gwiwa tsakanin Kroshi da Iwashi, da Multik da Lapika, haka nan. Dukansu sun dawo lafiya, kawai Cartoon an ƙaddara ya mutu a yanzu a duniya saboda rashin haƙuri da cutar, wanda ya yi bayan jirgin yayin aiki. An san cewa Krosh ya rayu shekaru da yawa bayan ya dawo daga sararin samaniya, kuma Lapik yana zaune a cikin dakin a Adler. Dukkanin su tare da jiragensu, tare da wasu nau'o'in dabbobi 37, sun yarda su tabbatar da yiwuwar jinkirin dan Adam a cikin sararin samaniya. Wannan shi ne abin da tauraron dan adam na Rasha ya sanya alama a Moscow, a titin Volokolamsk, gidan 30, ginin 1.