Abin da shuke-shuke suna kira mafi girma? Misalai, fasali da kuma halaye na mafi girma shuke-shuke

Shin, kowa da kowa ya san abin da tsire-tsire suna kira mafi girma? Wannan nau'in na da peculiarities. Don kwanan wata, da lãbãri ga mafi girma shuke-shuke:

• Club mosses.
• Mosses.
• Ferns.
• Horsetails.
• Gymnosperms.
• Angiosperms.

Akwai fiye da 285 jinsunan wadannan shuke-shuke. Su tsaya a yafi hakan kungiyar. Jikinsu dauke da wani kuɓuta, kuma wani tushen (ban da mosses).

halaye na

Higher shuke-shuke rayuwa a ƙasar. Wannan zama ne daban-daban daga ruwa-ruwa matsakaici.

Halaye na mafi girma shuke-shuke:

• A jikin aka yi sama da kyallen takarda da kuma gabobin.
• Tare da vegetative gabobin kwashe abinci mai gina jiki da kuma na rayuwa ayyuka.
• Gymnosperms da angiosperms haifa ta hanyar tsaba.

Mafi yawa daga cikin mafi girma da shuke-shuke da tushen, mai tushe da kuma ganye. Jikinsu da ake gina shi ne wuya. Wannan nau'in na sel (tracheids), kwanoni, sieve shambura, kuma su nama coverslips samar da wani hadadden tsarin.

A babban alama mafi girma shuke-shuke - shi ne wani canzawar zamaninsu. Sun je da haploid lokaci zuwa diploid, da kuma mataimakin versa.

Asalin mafi girma shuke-shuke

Duk da ãyõyin mafi girma shuke-shuke yana nuna cewa sun iya sun samo asali daga algae. Very mai kama da algae ne dadaddun wakilan da suka kasance a saman rukunin. Suna son canzawar zamaninsu, kuma da yawa wasu siffofin.

Akwai ka'idar cewa mafi girma shuke-shuke da ka fito daga kore algae da ruwa tare. A farko ya tashi Rhyniophyta. Lokacin da tsire-tsire suna mayar da su cikin ƙasar, sai suka fara girma cikin sauri. Mosses ba a matsayin mai yiwuwa kamar yadda na bukatar ruwa a droplet form cewa sun wanzu. Saboda wannan, su bayyana a wuraren da zafi.

Don kwanan wata, da shuka ya yada a ko'ina cikin duniya. Su za a iya gani a cikin jeji, da yammacin sahara da kuma a wuri mai sanyi. Su samar da gandun daji, swamps, fadamun.

Duk da cewa da tunani da shuke-shuke suna kira mafi girma, za ka iya kiran dubban zabin, amma har yanzu ba za su iya a haɗe a cikin wasu guppies.

mosses

Lokacin da ya fara nuna wanda shuke-shuke suna kira mafi girma, ba za mu iya manta game da mosses. A yanayi, emit game da 10 000 na jinsi. Outwardly, wannan karamin shuka, ta tsawon ba ya wuce 5 cm.

Mosses ba Bloom, ba su da wani tushe, da jijiyoyin bugun gini tsarin. Sake bugun faruwa da spores. Haploid gametophyte na mosses aka mamaye a sake zagayowar na rayuwa. Ne mai shuka da cewa na zaune da shekaru da yawa, kuma zai iya samun growths kama da asalinsu. Amma da short-rayu sporophyte na mosses, ta ƙẽƙashe daga, yana da kawai a kafa, wani akwatin inda akwai wani maturing spores. A tsarin da wadannan wakilan yanayi ne mai sauki, ba su iya zuwa kai tushen.

Mosses wasa da irin wannan rawa a cikin yanayi:

• Ƙirƙirar musamman biocoenosis.
• Cover gansakuka garwaya da rediyoaktif abubuwa, rike su.
• Tsara ruwa balance saboda da wuri mai faɗi da cewa sha ruwa.
• Kare da ƙasa daga yashewa, wanda damar gaba ɗaya fassara dake kwarara.
• Wasu irin mosses amfani ga magunguna.
• Amfani da sphagnum peat gansakuka da aka kafa.

lycopsids shuke-shuke

Bayan gansakuka, akwai sauran mafi girma shuke-shuke. Misalai na iya zama daban-daban, amma suna da ɗan kama da juna. Alal misali, kama mosses lycopsids shuke-shuke, amma su ci gaba shi ne mafi m, kamar yadda wannan gizo-gizo jinsunan. Sun kunshi cikin tushe, kananan ganye suna rufe. Suna da tushen da kuma jijiyoyin bugun gini nama ta hanyar abin da abinci zo. A gaban wadannan abubuwa suna kama da kulob din mosses ferns.

A yammacin sahara, emit epiphytic kulob mosses. Sun rataya daga itatuwa, da samar da wani irin Geza. Wadannan shuke-shuke da wannan muhawara.

Wasu Lycopodiaceae shuke-shuke da aka jera a matsayin miyagun.

Psilotovidnye shuke-shuke

Wannan irin shuka ba ya zama shekara guda. Wadannan sun hada da nau'o'i biyu na wakilan da yammacin sahara. Suna da kafa mai tushe, kama da rhizome. Amma hakikanin tushen da suke yi. Jijiyoyin bugun gini tsarin located in kara hada da phloem, xylem. Amma da ruwa ba ya samun a cikin shuka leaf-kamar appendages.

Photosynthesis auku a tushe, rassan samar spores, tana mayar cikin cylindrical rassan.

fern

Abin da shuke-shuke suna kira mafi girma har yanzu? Wadannan sun hada da fern na da jijiyoyin bugun gini sashen. Su ne herbaceous da woody.

A tsarin da wani fern jiki ya hada da:

• Petiole.
• Sheet farantin.
• Tushen da kuma harbe.

fern ganye aka mai suna vayyami. A kara ne yawanci short, shi ci gaba a conductive masana'anta. Koda tushen girma fronds. Suna isa manyan masu girma dabam, sporulation yi photosynthesis.

A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar na alternating sporophyte da gametophyte. Akwai wasu theories cewa ce cewa ferns sun samo asali daga gansakuka. Ko da yake akwai masana kimiyya suka yi imani da cewa da yawa mafi girma shuke-shuke da ka fito daga psilophytes.

Mutane da yawa jinsunan fern ne abinci da dabbobi, da kuma wasu m. Duk da wannan, wadannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da magani.

horsetails

Domin mafi girma shuke-shuke da horsetails ne. Sun kunshi segments da nodes cewa bambanta su daga sauran shuke-shuke na mafi girma jinsuna. Horsetails wakilan kama wasu conifers, flowering shuke-shuke da kuma algae.

Wannan shi ne na musamman wakilin namun daji. Suna da autonomic cututtuka kamar irin waɗanda hatsi. kara tsawon iya zama da dama santimita, da kuma wani lokacin tsiro zuwa mitoci da dama.

gymnosperms

Na mafi girma shuke-shuke ma emit gymnosperms. A yau, akwai 'yan na jinsi. Duk da wannan, daban-daban malamai sun yi jãyayya da cewa angiosperms samo asali daga gymnosperms. Evidence na daban-daban shuka zauna samu. DNA nazarin da aka yi, bayan da wasu masana kimiyya sun deduced da ka'idar cewa wannan nau'in nasa ne a monophyletic kungiyar. Suna kuma ya kasu kashi da yawa azuzuwan da kuma rarrabuwa.

angiosperms

Wadannan shuke-shuke suna kira flowering. Sun kasance a cikin m hankali. suka bambanta daga sauran 'yan gaban flower, wanda ake amfani da haifuwa. Bã su da wani fasalin - biyu hadi.

Flower janyo hankalin pollinating jamiái. Ganuwar da kwai girma, canji, juya cikin 'ya'yan. Wannan zai faru idan hadi ya faru.

Saboda haka, akwai daban-daban mafi girma shuke-shuke. Misalan wadannan za a iya jera na dogon lokaci, amma dukkan su sun ta wargaza wasu kungiyoyin.