Higher shuke-shuke: spore da iri

Higher shuke-shuke - Waɗannan su ne nau'in da cewa sun sanya landfall kuma sun saba da su sabon mazauninsu. Akwai fiye da 300,000 jinsunan. Higher shuke-shuke suna bambanta da vegetative gabobin, kamar tushen da kuma harba, kuma suna da guda photosynthetic pigments: chlorophylls da carotenoids.

Higher shuke-shuke ga mafi part da wani hadadden kai tsarin abubuwa iya tsara da danshin ruwa via da ganye. mafi girma shuka Kwayoyin samar da nama. Sporophyte Marinjãyi a cikin rayuwar sake zagayowar (sai bryophytes).

Postpenno gametophyte an rage wa 'yan Kwayoyin. Gawan jima'i da kuma sake yiwuwar tohowarsu, na kwayar kwayoyin. Hadi da wahala jinsunan daina dogara ne a kan ruwa. Zygote bada Yunƙurin zuwa kwayar tayi.

Higher terrestrial shuke-shuke samar da girma na Duniya ta biomass - game da 90%.

Systematics na mafi girma shuke-shuke

Domin mafi girma tsire-tsire ne mafi girma da kuma mafi girma spore iri shuke-shuke.

Higher spore: rinieobraznye (kawai m) psilotoobraznye (kiyaye su game da 20 jinsin), bryophytes (23-27 dubu jinsunan), plaunoobraznye (game da 1300 jinsunan), hvoscheobraznye (game da 30 jinsin), ferns (game da 12,000 jinsunan).

Higher shuke-shuke da irin spores o hade kowa sunan - mafi girma spore. Wadannan sun hada da duka biyu a halin yanzu data kasance da kuma dadaddun nau'in. mafi girma spore jiki ne zuwa kashi sama-kasa da kuma karkashin kasa sassa, vegetative gabobin suna ci gaba. A rayuwa ta sake zagayowar kunshi cikin sãɓãwar da al'ummomi: da sporophyte da gametophyte. Sporophyte ne da raya, ya rayu na dogon lokaci (sai bryophytes). Yana tasowa kwayar sporangia, bayan meiosis na wanda aka kafa immovable haploid spores. Su ne guda-celled, kananan size, yada yafi by iska da kuma germinate a cikin gametophyte.

Hadi mafi girma spore ya auku ne kawai a gaban ruwa. Bisa ga tsari na gabobin na haifuwa rarrabe bisexual shuke-shuke (wanda da biyu namiji da mace Kwayoyin) da kuma kishili (ko namiji ko mace Kwayoyin).

Rigingimu iya zama daban-daban da kuma guda size. Higher spore shuke-shuke da cewa suna da wannan muhawara, kira ravnosporovyh da kuma waɗanda suke tare da daban-daban muhawara - heterosporous. Ya danganta da girman rarrabe microspores (kananan size) da kuma megaspory (babba).

An yi imani da cewa iri shuke-shuke shukar kai tsaye daga spore, musamman ferns.

Higher iri shuke-shuke: pinofity (gymnosperms) - game da 800 jinsunan magnoliofity (angiosperms) - 300 dubu jinsunan.

Higher iri shuke-shuke kai da ganiya a Mesozoic zamanin, lokacin da sauyin yanayi ya zama mafi m da sanyi, akwai wani canji na yanayi. A halin yanzu, ya fi na kowa jinsunan angiosperms.

Seed shuke-shuke da dama abũbuwan amfãni a kan hakan spore. Sun kunshi guda gabobin: Tushen, kuɓuta, zuriya. A akwati ne muhimmanci da karfi fiye da na spore, kamar yadda girma itace Kwayoyin. Idan wannan shi ne babban ɓangare na katako Kwayoyin - matattu.

Seed tsire-tsire ne na musamman heterosporous. Gametophyte zuwa sporophyte tasowa da kuma ciyar da a kan kudi.

Farfagandar faruwa ta hanyar tsaba da cewa an kafa kwayar tãyuna, da suka hada da samar da gina jiki. Hadi mafi girma iri Earsbe pollination - da canja wurin da pollen hatsi a cikin seminal farkon da kwai. Pollination da aka yi da iska, ruwa, da dabbobi, da kuma kwari. Hadi daina dogara ne kawai a kan ruwa kamar yadda a mafi girma spore. Shi ne saboda vegetative sel pollen wanda germinates a hirtsinta tube.