Hydration na Propylene: lissafi dauki

Organic abubuwa da wani muhimmin wuri a cikin rayuwar mu. Su ne babban bangaren polymers da suke kewaye da mu: shi ne roba bags, da kuma roba, kazalika da yawa wasu kayan. Propylene rufe a cikin wannan jerin ne ba na karshe mataki. Haka kuma an hada a cikin daban-daban kayan da ake amfani a mutane da yawa masana'antu kamar yi, a gida amfani a matsayin abu don roba kofuna da kuma sauran kananan (amma ba a kan sikelin samar) yana bukatar. Kafin mu yi magana game da irin wannan tsari, kamar yadda na hydration na propylene (da wanda, ta hanyar, za mu iya samun isopropyl barasa), dubi tarihin na samu wannan muhimmin abu ga masana'antu.

labarin

Kamar yadda irin wannan, da bude kwanan wata na propylene aikata ba. Duk da haka, ta polymer - propylene -was zahiri bude a 1936 ta shahara Jamus sunadarai Otto Bayer. Hakika, a rubuce, da shi da aka sani a matsayin wanda zai iya samun irin wannan muhimmin al'amari, amma, a yi wannan ba nasara. Yana yi nasara ne kawai a cikin tsakiyar karni na ashirin lokacin da Jamus da kuma Italian chemists da kuma Ziegler Nutt bude unsaturated hydrocarbon polymerisation kara kuzari (da ciwon daya ko fiye biyu shaidu), wanda shi ne baya da kuma mai suna: Ziegler-Natta catalysts. Har a wannan lokaci shi ne cikakken yiwuwa a sa Polymerization dauki irin wannan abubuwa ya tafi. Su aka sani polycondensation dauki, a lokacin da mai kara kuzari ba tare da shafi cikin abu da alaka da polymer sarkar, game da shi, ya kafa ta-kayayyakin. Amma tare da unsaturated hydrocarbons bã su cin nasara.

Wani muhimmin tsari hade da wannan abu, shi ne ya hydration. Propylene a lokacin farkon ta yin amfani da aka sallama mai yawa. Kuma duk wannan godiya ga ƙirƙira daban-daban da kuma man gas aiki da kamfanonin mai magani propene (kuma wani lokacin ake magana a kai a matsayin abu bayyana). A fatattaka danyen mai ya mai da-samfurin, da kuma lokacin da ya juya waje cewa wani wanda aka samu daga gare shi, isopropyl barasa, shi ne dalilin da kira na da yawa amfani abubuwa ne ga mutãne, da yawa kamfanonin, kamar na BASF, ya jadadda mallaka su Hanyar samar da kaddamar da wani m cinikayya a cikin wannan connection. Propylene Hydration aka gwada da kuma amfani da kafin Polymerization shi ya sa acetone, hydrogen peroxide, isopropylamine fara a baya, don samar da propylene.

A sha'awa aiwatar da rabuwa da propene daga man fetur. Yana da su da shi mu yanzu juya.

Kadaici da propylene

A gaskiya, a cikin wani msar tambayar fahimtar ainihin hanya ne zuwa daya kawai tsari: pyrolysis man fetur da kuma hade gas. Amma yanzu fasahar implementations - kawai a teku. Gaskiyar ita ce, kowane kamfanin neman samu na musamman da hanya da kuma kare ta lamban kira da sauran irin kamfanoni suna kuma neman nasu hanyoyi don har yanzu sa kuma sayar propene kamar albarkatun kasa, ko juya shi a cikin wani iri-iri kayayyakin.

Pyrolysis ( "Pyro" - wuta "lys" - halaka) - sinadaran lalata aiwatar rikitarwa da kuma manyan kwayoyin a cikin karami su a ƙarƙashin rinjayar high zafin jiki da kuma kara kuzari. Mai, kamar yadda aka sani, shi ne cakuda hydrocarbons kunshi haske, matsakaici da kuma nauyi kasarun adadi. Daga farko, da sosai low kwayoyin nauyi, kuma suna propene da ethane a pyrolysis. Wannan tsari ne da za'ayi a cikin na musamman Tanderu. A mafi m masana'antun na aiwatar da fasaha ne daban-daban: wasu yashi ake amfani da matsayin coolant, da sauran - ma'adini, da sauransu - coke. Zaka kuma iya raba tanda, a cikin tsarin: akwai tubular da kuma al'ada, kamar yadda aka kira su nukiliya.

Amma da pyrolysis aiwatar samar da isasshen tsabta kayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kamar yadda, baya daga gare shi, akwai aka kafa a dubun of hydrocarbons, wanda sai da ya raba fairly makamashi-m hanyoyi. Saboda haka, kafin su sami wani m abu kamar amfani ga dehydrogenation na alkanes bi ta hydration: a cikin yanayin - propane. Kazalika da Polymerization tsari aka bayyana a sama kawai ba ya faru. Tsakiyan nonon daga hydrogen molkuly iyakance hydrocarbon auku a karkashin mataki na catalysts na trivalent chromium oxide da aluminum oxide.

Amma kafin motsi a kan zuwa labarin yadda hydration tsari, dubi tsarin mu unsaturated hydrocarbons.

Musamman propylene tsarin

Propen kanta - kawai na biyu memba na wata yawan alkenes (hydrocarbons da daya biyu bond). Ga sauƙi, sai ya biyu kawai ethylene (daga wanda, kamar yadda za ka iya tsammani, yi polyethylene - da polymer nauyi a duniya). A al'ada jihar propen - gas kamar yadda ta "zumunta" na iyali na alkanes, propane.

Amma wani gagarumin bambanci propane daga propene - shi ne cewa karshen yana a cikin abun da ke ciki biyu bond, wanda matuƙa, ta sauya sinadaran Properties. Yana da damar dangane da kwayoyin da na unsaturated hydrocarbon sauran abubuwa, inda a fili samu tare da mabanbanta Properties ne sau da yawa da muhimmanci sosai ga tattalin arziki da kuma iyali.

Yana da lokaci zuwa magana game da dauki ka'idar, wanda, a gaskiya, batun wannan labarin. A na gaba sashe, za ka koyi cewa kafa daya daga cikin mafi kudi muhimmanci kayayyakin, da kuma yadda ya aikata wannan dauki da kuma abin da su ne nuances a shi a lokacin da propylene hydration.

A ka'idar hydration

Don fara, bari mu juya zuwa more janar tsari - solvation - wanda ya hada da ma na sama da aka bayyana dauki. Wannan sunadarai hira, wadda ta ƙunshi a shiga da sauran ƙarfi da kwayoyin da kwayoyin da solute. Kamar haka suka iya samar da wani sabon kwayoyin, ko da haka ya kira solvates, - barbashi kunsha na solute kwayoyin da sauran ƙarfi related electrostatic hulda. Muna sha'awar kawai na farko irin kayan, saboda a lokacin da hydration na propylene aka fi dacewa a kafa irin wannan samfurin.

A sama Hanyar solvation sauran ƙarfi kwayoyin suna haɗe da solute, samu sabon fili. A kwayoyin sunadarai advantageously kafa a lokacin hydration alcohols, ketones da aldehydes, amma akwai wasu wasu lokuta, kamar samuwar glycols, amma su ba za a tattauna. A gaskiya, wannan tsari ne mai sauqi qwarai, amma a lokaci guda ne da wahala.

hydration inji

Biyu bond, kamar yadda aka sani, kunshi iri biyu atomic shaidu: pi da sigma shaidu. Pi-bond karya kan hydration ko da yaushe na farko dauki, kamar yadda shi ne kasa da karfi (yana karami dauri makamashi). A da katsewa suranta biyu wõfintattu orbitals na biyu m carbon atoms wanda zai iya samar da sabon shaidu. A ruwa kwayoyin da cewa akwai a cikin bayani a cikin wani nau'i na biyu barbashi hydroxide ion da proton, iya shiga fashe biyu bond. Cikinsa da hydroxide ion ne a haɗe zuwa tsakiyar carbon zarra da proton - zuwa biyu matsananci. Saboda haka, a cikin hydration na propylene aka kafa yawanci 1-propanol, ko isopropyl barasa. Wannan shi ne wani muhimmin abu, tun yana yiwuwa a samu hadawan abu da iskar shaka na acetone, a yi amfani da manyan yawa a cikin duniya. Muna shaida wa cewa shi ne kafa yawanci, amma wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Dole ne in ce wannan: kadai samfurin kafa ta hydration na propylene, kuma wannan - isopropyl barasa.

Wannan, ba shakka, duk tausasãwa. A gaskiya, duk abin da zai iya zama da sauƙin bayyana. Kuma yanzu mu san yadda za a rubuta a makaranta hanya na wani tsari irin na hydration na propylene.

Reaction: yadda ta faru da

A sunadarai don nuna a fakaice duk abin da yake mai sauki: tare da taimakon dauki lissafi. Wannan sunadarai canji na al'amarin a karkashin tattaunawa za a iya bayyana wannan hanya. Hydration na propylene, da dauki lissafi ne mai sauqi qwarai da kuma daukan wuri a matakai biyu. Da farko keta pi-bond, kashi na biyu. Sa'an nan da ruwa kwayoyin a cikin nau'i na biyu barbashi hydroxide anion da hydrogen cation, dace propylene kwayoyin ciwon aiki lokaci na biyu wõfintattu kujeru ta samar da shaidu. Hydroxide ion Forms bond tare da carbon zarra kasa hydrogenated (Ina nufin da, to wanda wani kadan adadin hydrogen atoms), da kuma wani proton, bi da bi, - da sauran matsananci. Saboda haka, guda samfurin na: iyakance cikin monohydric barasa ne isopropanol.

Yadda za a yi rikodin amsa?

Yanzu za mu koyi yadda za a rubuta da harshen da sinadaran dauki, nuna wani tsari irin na hydration na propylene. A dabara da cewa shi ne amfani a gare mu: CH ₂ = CH - CH _3. Wannan ne da dabara na fara abu - propene. Kamar yadda ka gani, shi yana da biyu bond aka nuna ta alamar "=", da kuma a wannan wuri zai prisoednyatsya ruwa a lokacin da hydration na propylene zai faru. Reaction lissafi za a iya rubuta kamar: CH ₂ = CH - CH ₃ + H ₂ Ya = CH ₃ - CH (OH) - CH _3. A hydroxyl kungiyar a cikin zance yana nufin cewa wannan kashi ne ba a cikin jirgin sama na dabara, da kuma a kasa ko a sama. Ga ba za mu iya nuna da kusassari tsakanin uku kungiyoyin, yana tsawaita daga tsakiyar carbon zarra, amma ce cewa su ne kamar daidai da juna da kuma sa har zuwa 120 digiri.

Ina shi amfani?

Mun riga mun ambata cewa ya samu a cikin shakka daga cikin dauki abu ne yadu amfani ga kira na sauran muhimmanci abubuwa a gare mu. Yana da matukar kama a tsarin to acetone, daga abin da ya bambanta kawai a cewa maimakon tsaye a can gidroksogrupp keto (ie, oxygen zarra da alaka da wani biyu bond zuwa nitrogen zarra). Kamar yadda aka sani, acetone kanta da ake amfani a varnishes da kaushi, amma a Bugu da kari, shi ne amfani da wata reactant domin kara kira na karin hadaddun abubuwa irin polyurethanes, epoxy guduro, acetic anhydride , da sauransu.

acetone samar dauki

Muna tunanin shi da amfani bayyana da canji na isopropyl barasa, acetone, musamman tun lokacin da wannan dauki ba haka ba ne mai rikitarwa. Don fara, propanol kuma evaporated a 400-600 digiri Celsius oksilyayut oxygen a wata na musamman mai kara kuzari. A sosai m samfurin da aka samu ta hanyar dauke da fitar da dauki a wani azurfa raga.

dauki lissafi

Ba za mu tafi cikin cikakken bayani na dauki inji ga hadawan abu da iskar shaka na propanol a acetone tun yana da matukar hadaddun. Tsare na al'ada sinadaran hira lissafi: CH ₃ - CH (OH) - CH ₃ + O ₂ = CH ₃ - C (Ya) - CH ₃ + H ₂ O. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Students duk quite sauki, amma shi wajibi ne in je zurfi a cikin tsari, kuma za mu fuskanci wata yawan matsaloli.

ƙarshe

Saboda haka muka dismantled da propylene hydration aiwatar da lissafi ga dauki karatu da ginshikai na da ya faru. Dauke da fasaha ka'idojin su ne tushen ainihin matakai faruwa a cikin masana'antu. Kamar yadda ya juya waje, su ne ba sosai hadaddun, amma suna da wani real amfani ga mu rayuwar yau da kullum.