A segments na laka. kashin baya aiki

kashin baya tsarin yana dauke da mafi tsoho na jiki yankin. A taro na wannan sashi na fara tasawa ne game 34-38 A cikin shakka daga ci gaban da tsakiyar rabo daga cikin juyayi tsarin a lokacin juyin rabo tsakanin size na kwakwalwa da kuma laka canza a cikin ni'imar da farko. Next, dauki mukalli, abin da tsarin, wanda ya yi aikin aiki.

Janar ilmin halitta

The laka ne cylindrical jikin sababbu siffar. Its tsawon in maza - game da 45, mata - 41-42 cm Akwai daban-daban sassan na laka .. Kowane jiki sashi yana da daban-daban girma. Saboda haka, kirji rabo yana da wani sagittal girma (a cikin jirgin sama na baya zuwa ciki) - game 8 mm. A diamita na wannan yanki - 10 mm. Thickening fara a can inda na II-III kashi (wuyansa). A wannan sashe da diamita kai 13-14 mm. Kamar wancan sagittal size - 9 mm. A sashen, wanda shi ne daga farko zuwa na biyu lumbar sacral gutsure diamita na game da 12 mm. Sagittal ta size - 9 mm. A dukan jiki ne zuwa kashi wasu sassa (yawan laka segments za a gabatar a kasa). Next la'akari da tsarin da bijiro da batun kafa abubuwa.

laka segments: zane, a description na

A jikin an yi kama da juna (homomorphic) sassa. Laka segments suna da alaka da conductors jijiya da wani yanki a cikin jiki. A tsawon wannan yanki na jiki ne daban-daban. A total number of laka segments - 31. kõme abubuwa coccygeal zone. A halin yanzu tsarin:

• A lumbar segments (5).
• Sacral (5).
• Nono (12).
• Coccygeal (1).
• A segments na mahaifa kashin baya (8).

A karshe asusun for game da 23,2% daga cikin dari na gaba dayan tsarin. Mafi (56.4%) zauna da thoracic segments. 7.3% na tsawon asusun ga sacral yankin. laka segments externally ne raya da kuma gaban dama alternating shaye stubs - jijiya tafiyar matakai. Ya kamata a lura da cewa tsarin bai cika dukan tashar. A wannan batun, da kashin baya segments ne ya fi wannan sunan vertebrae. Bambanci tsakanin daya na biyu da kuma ƙaruwa daga sama zuwa kasa.

wuri

Mutane daya-daya canzawa skeletopy shafukan. Alal misali, cikin ƙananan yankin na lumbar rabo za a iya positioned a manya daga kasa na uku na jiki XI thoracic vertebrae ga Disc tsakanin farko da na biyu lumbar vertebrae. A dangane da wannan ra'ayi takamaiman fasalin. Idan babba stubs mika a mai gangara shugabanci, da m saukar da tashar, da hakan da fitarwa dangi zuwa ga shigar da rabo daga intervertebral foramen. Recent abubuwa tsaye ayan yankunan dake kasa da matakin a da laka ƙare. Duka wannan yana kewaye da kawo karshen katako filament. Ya kira da "ponytail".

filum terminale

Na biyu kashi na lumbar laka a cikin wani musamman rudimentary ilimi. Shi ne ake kira da "thread karshen." An kafa yafi Pia Mathes. A mafi yawan babba zone akwai jijiya Kwayoyin. Karshen thread ne na iri biyu. Yana iya zama ciki. A wannan yanayin da ta shimfida a meninges zuwa na biyu vertebra a sacrum. A karshen yarn iya zama waje. A wannan yanayin, da ta shimfida bayan na biyu vertebra na coccyx. A waje thread zai fi dacewa hada da ci gaba da connective zaruruwa. A ciki karshen yana da wani thread tsawon game da 16, da kuma m - 8 cm.

dissymmetry

laka segments ba gaba daya tsakaitã. Unequal tsawon da bangarori daban-daban na sallama daga tushen lura a mataki na amfrayo ci gaba. Bayan haihuwar dissymmetry kamar yadda lokaci ƙaruwa. Yana mafi fili a cikin thoracic yankin. A dorsal tushen dissymmetry ne mafi pronounced fiye da a gaban. A fili, wannan sabon abu ne saboda bambance-bambance a cikin fata da kuma tsoka innervation na hagu da kuma dama tarnaƙi na jiki.

A ciki fasali na abubuwa

Bari mu ɗan bincika tsarin da laka kashi. Kowane rabi ne ba Disc - farantin located horizontally. A matakin na wannan sashi mika neuronal sadarwa. Matsayin su, kuma horizontally. Tsakanin fayafai akwai tsaye neuronal sadarwa. Saboda haka, abubuwa za a iya wakilta a cikin nau'i na faranti na tari. Su, bi da bi, garwaya interneuron sadarwa. A samuwar da agara tushen ne da hannu axons na sel m kaikaice zankayen laka. Sun ƙunshi preganglionic m da efferent motor zaruruwa. a dorsal tushen ƙunshi afferent tsarin. Su matakai ganglion neurons. A jimla ba a cikin dorsal tushen zaruruwa - game da miliyan 1 na kowane gefe. abubuwa a gaban da aka gano a cikin hadaddun na game da 200 000. Kamar yadda shi dai rabo na 5: 1. A wakilan

namun daji, ruwan dare na yawan dorsal tushen kan waɗanda zaruruwa da suke ba a gaban, ba haka ba ne ya hurta. Alal misali, a beraye, da rabo daga 2.5 berayen da karnuka: 1. Wannan, saboda haka, bayyana daya daga cikin juyin alamu na ci gaba da juyayi tsarin na vertabrate. Shi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa samuwar na shigar da tashoshi ne mafi aiki fiye da karshen mako. Tare da karshen ne mafi barga. Yawan na jijiya zaruruwa a cikin na baya da kuma agara Tushen a daya kashin baya sashi ayan bambanta. Bambanci iya zama har zuwa 59% na Tsarin a gefe inda suka lissafa kasa.

m al'amarin

A gicciye-bangaranci siffar shi ne kama da malam fuka-fuki bayyana ko harafi N. Akwai baya, gaban da kuma gefen ƙahoni. Su siffar dabam tare da laka. A shafin, wata iyaka a kaikaice da kuma na baya ƙahonin, shi ne da reticular samuwar na raga irin. Gray al'amari šaukar kimanin 5 cm ³ (game da 17.8%) daga cikin jimlar girma daga cikin laka. Yawan neurons ba a shi ne game 13.5 miliyan. Su suna da ha in uku kungiyoyin: intercalary, katako, radicular. Gray Matter ne na musamman na'urar tsarin. A nan, aza wasu daga cikin ayyuka na laka. Hangula da cewa ya zo tare afferent zaruruwa godiya ga sadarwa zai iya ya faru duka a cikin downlink kuma a cikin uplink shugabanci. Su, a cikin ochred tsokane tartsatsi motor martani.

fari al'amarin

Ya ƙunshi wani tsinkaya, commissural da associative na tsarin jijiya tafarkin. A karshen ne bim mikawa circumferentially m tsarin, da laka. Commissural hanyar kafa fari karu. Shi ya ta'allaka ne tsakanin gaban tsakiyar tsaguwa da launin toka al'amari (ta hanyar hada ta halves). Tsinkaya hanya (zuwa ƙasa (efferent) da kuma hawa (afferent)) sadarwa tare da kwakwalwa.

jinin samar

jinin samar aka za'ayi da yawa jijiyoyin bugun gini cibiyar sadarwa. Su tashi a sama na subclavian, thyroid da vertebral jijiyoyi. Har ila yau receptacles mika daga sashi inda na biyu da kuma na uku sassan na laka. A wannan yankin, jinin samar ne daga rassan da lakã. Fiye da sittin guda biyu radicular arteries, wanda aka kafa a kusa da ramuka intervertebral bambanta kananan (150-200 micrometers) a diamita. Sun bayar da jini to kawai da tushen, da kuma harsashi dab da shi. The abinci, a gaskiya, na laka da hannu game da 5-9 manyan jijiyoyi (400-800 mm) zamo. Duk da kayayyakin Gypsy irin. Sun shigar da tashar a bangarori daban-daban ta hanyar da dama, da bar ta hanyar rami. Su kira da jijiya da gangar jikin ko da baya-medullary. Number daga cikin mafi girma da su duk tsawon lokacin. Saki uku jijiyoyin bugun gini gadaje:

• Upper ko cervico-dorsal. Ya na da zone inda akwai segments na laka C1 - Th3.
• Intermediate ko talakawan. Yana hada sassan Th4-Th8.
• Lower. Yana amfanin jiki yankin kasa Th9 kashi matakin.

Anterior kashin baya jijiya kara kawai 'yan da wani ɓaɓɓake daga cikin tsarin. Bugu da ari, shi ba ya wakilci a guda jirgin ruwa. Shi ne sarkar mahara anastomoses radicular-medullary manyan jijiyoyi. Jini ya kwarara a cikin agara kashin baya jijiya faruwa a daban-daban kwatance. A cikin manya sassan - daga sama zuwa kasa, a tsakiyar - daga kasa zuwa sama, da kuma kasa - sama da kasa.

babban ayyuka

Akwai biyu main ayyuka na laka. A farko - a reflex, na biyu - madugu. Kowane sashi ake dangantawa da wasu gabobin da kuma tabbatar da aiki da kuma ayyuka. Alal misali, sacral abubuwa ne da kafafu da kuma pelvic gabobin da suke da alhakin aiki na wadannan yankunan na jiki. Daya ko wasu thoracic kashi interacts tare da dacewa gabobin da tsokoki. Upper abubuwa dangantaka da shugaban da hannuwanku. Reflex aiki na laka ne sauki reflexes muhimmi yanayi. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, sun hada da martani ga zafi - wani mutum jan hannunsa, misali. Har ila yau a cikin wannan category an san gwiwa-jerk dauki. A bayyanuwar wadannan halayen, cikin kwakwalwa ba zai iya shiga. Wannan ka'idar tabbatar da na kowa kwarewa da dabbobi. A babu wani rana ta kai don amsa biyu da karfi da kuma rauni zafi samuwar kasashe. Conductive laka a kewaye a cikin bugun jini watsa. Na farko, shi ke sama. Uplink hanya turu samun a kwakwalwa, kuma daga can ya aiko a matsayin baya umurnin mu da wani dalĩli. Saboda wannan waya dangane da aka nuna, wani shafi tunanin mutum aiki: dauki, ya tafi, tashi, daga, da yanke, da gudu, ya jefa, zana. Kamar yadda shugaba na laka aiki a tabbatar da aiwatar da ayyuka da cewa mutane ba su lura, yin kowace rana a wurin aiki ko a gida.

kaikaice Kakakin

Wadannan abubuwa suna da nasu ayyuka. A kaikaice zankayen (matsakaici yanki a launin toka al'amarin) ana shirya m autonomic juyayi tsarin tantanin halitta. Tare da su taimako, da hulda da kayan ciki. Wadannan Kwayoyin suna da matakai da ake da alaka da cikin agara asalinsu. Wannan sashi an kafa ta hanyar: a cikin segments daga cikin manya biyu sassan na laka ne reticular yankin - wani cuta na babban adadin jijiyoyi da cewa suna hade da yankunan cortical kunnawa a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma reflex aiki. Aiki na launin toka da fari al'amari bim, gaban da dorsal tushen kira reflex dauki. Sami reflexes haka ya kira, da definition, Pavlov, unconditioned.

The hawa hanya

Front igiyoyinsu da fari al'amari ne mai yawan hanyoyi, kowanne daga abin da ya aikata wani takamaiman aiki:

• Corticospinal (pyramidal gaban) ne alhakin da canja wurin da mota hasken dake fitowa daga kwakwalwa bawo zuwa gaban a dorsal ƙahoni.
• Front spinothalamic samar da tactile ji na ƙwarai.
• A katako Leventhal da Gel'd - fari al'amari zaruruwa daddaure vestibular nuclei 8 nau'i-nau'i daga girman kwanyar jijiya motor neurons a gaban ƙahoni.
• Tectospinal hanya Forms m reflex, wanda ake dangantawa da wani gani ko auditory samuwar kasashe. Wannan yana cika ta hanyar sadarwa cibiyoyin karkashin gani bawo a cikin kwakwalwa tare da nuclei a cikin agara ƙahoni.
• Tsaye katako samar da daidaituwa da kuma sauran ocular tsokoki, da dauri da babba segments na laka da ganga.
• By hawa hanyoyi kara zurfin turu ji na ƙwarai. A sakamakon haka ne a ji na jiki a cikin mutane. A hatsaisai ratsa cikin spinothalamic, tectospinal da cortico-kashin baya canal.

saukowa hanya

lokacinta canja daga bawo a cikin kwakwalwa to m kwayoyin halitta a cikin agara zankayen ɗauke da kaikaice cortico-kashin baya canal. Krasnoyaderno cerebrospinal hanya samar atomatik gyara tsoka sautin da motsi a kan wani tunaninsu da lamirinsu matakin. Wannan tashar da aka located a gaban laterally-pyramidal. By krasnoyaderno cerebrospinal hanya m spinnotalamichesky spinnomozzhechkovy gefe da kuma raya.

shekaru siffofin

Wucin gadi canje-canje damuwa da biyu da tsarin da laka, da kuma ta topography. A cikin rabi na biyu na fetal ci gaban zamani alama wasu jinkirin da girma. A musamman, shi ~ uka komai, da ci gaba da kashin baya shafi. Kuma shi ke kan dogon isa lokaci. A jarirai kwakwalwa mazugi aka located a cikin na uku lumbar vertebra, kuma ya ƙare da ya fara tasawa a farko ko na biyu. A dukkan lokaci na girma a tsawon na tsarin ne ta ƙara 2.7 p. Wannan ne advantageously samu godiya ga thoracic segments. Weight tsarin qara game 6-7 sau. A ci gaba da fari da kuma m al'amari na laka wuce isa m. The girma da aka ƙara a farkon 14 da kuma na biyu - 5 sau. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a yadda segmental naúrar ci gaban da aka kammala a baya fiye da tsinkaya daga cikin jijiya tafarkin.

a ƙarshe

Tsakanin laka da kwakwalwa, ta tsakiya m tsarin, duk da gabobin da kuma wata gabar jiki na mutum kafa wata musamman bond. An dauke da wani "mafarki mutummutumi". Don kwanan wata, babu daya, ko mafi m robot ba zai iya yin dukan yiwu ayyuka da kuma ƙungiyoyi, wanda su ne batun mai nazarin halittu kwayoyin. Wadannan zamani inji aka kaddara yin takamaiman ayyuka. Mafi sau da yawa wadannan mutummutumi aka yi amfani a kan sarrafa kansa taro-line samar. laka taro kamar yadda wani kaso daga daban-daban da wakilan na dabba duniya daban-daban dabi'u. Alal misali, rana - 45, kunkuru - 120, berayen - 36, macaque - 12 karnuka - 18, da kuma a cikin mutane - 2. A laka tsarin quite a fili bayyananne kowa zane fasali da kuma alamu ne na tsakiya m tsarin yankunan.