A mafi tsaurin karfe. Halaye na karfe

Metals - wannan shi ne ya fi kowa abu (tare da robobi da kuma gilashin), wanda aka yi amfani da mutane tun lokacin da. Ko sa'an nan, mutumin da aka sani halaye na karfe, ya yi amfani da su amfani a dukkan dũkiyõyinsu zuwa ga haifar da kyakkyawan ayyukan art, glassware, iyali abubuwa, da shuke-shuke.

Daya daga cikin manyan siffofin a cikin shawara daga cikin wadannan abubuwa ne da taurin kuma high narkewa batu. Wadannan halaye ba ka damar ayyana ikon yinsa, daga yin amfani da karfe. Saboda haka, mu yi la'akari da duk jiki Properties da kuma kulawa ta musamman da aka ba narkewa al'amurran da suka shafi.

Jiki Properties da karafa

karafa halayyar jiki Properties za a iya bayyana a cikin nau'i na hudu key maki.

1. Ƙarfe Sheen - duk da game da wannan azurfa-fari kyau halayyar luster, ban da jan karfe da zinariya. Bã su da ja da rawaya komowar ruwa, bi da bi. Alli - azurfa blue.
2. Jiki jihar - duk m karkashin al'ada yanayi, fãce ga Mercury, wanda shi ne a cikin nau'i na wani ruwa.
3. Lantarki da kuma thermal watsin - shi ne hali da duk karafa, amma da aka bayyana a cikin sãɓãwar launukansa digiri.
4. Malleability da ductility - kuma ga kowa da kowa karafa siga wanda yake iya bambanta dangane da musamman wakili.
5. Da narkewa da kuma tafasar batu - kayyade wadda tsaurin karfe, kuma a low narkewa batu. Wannan siga ne daban-daban ga dukkan abubuwa.

All jiki Properties an bayyana ta da musamman tsarin da karfe raga. Its sarari tsari, siffar da kuma ƙarfi.

Fusible da kuma tsaurin karafa

Wannan wani zaɓi ne da muhimmanci sosai a lokacin da ta je yankunan da aikace-aikace na abubuwa. Tsaurin karafa da kuma gami - shi ne tushen inji aikin injiniya da kuma Shipbuilding, smelting da kuma zaben 'yan wasa da dama da muhimmanci kayayyakin, samun mai kyau aiki kayan aiki. Saboda haka, da ilimi, da narkewa da kuma tafasar yanayin zafi taka wata muhimman hakkokin rawa.

Kwatanta karafa ƙarfi, za a iya raba su a cikin wuya da kuma gaggautsa. Idan muka magana game da bijirewarsu, a nan ya bambanta biyu main kungiyoyin:

1. Fusible - su ne waɗanda da su ne zai iya canja jiki jihar a yanayin zafi da ke ƙasa 1000 ° ^C. Misalan sun ha] tin, gubar, Mercury, sodium, cesium, manganese, tutiya, aluminum, da sauransu.
2. Tsaurin ne waɗanda narkewa zafin jiki ne mafi girma fiye da da sanya darajar. Akwai mutane da yawa ba, amma a yi da ake amfani da ko da kasa.

Table karafa da ciwon narkewa batu sama 1000 ^{° C,} da aka gabatar a kasa. Shi ne, akwai kuma shirya mafi tsaurin wakilan.

Wannan tebur karfe hada da duk wakilan, wanda narkewa zafin jiki ne mafi girma fiye da ^{1000 °} C. Duk da haka, a yi, da yawa daga cikinsu ba su yi amfani da daban-daban domin dalilai. Alal misali, saboda tattalin arziki saboda radioactivity ko ma babban mataki na fragility, daukan hotuna zuwa lalatattu hari.

Har ila yau daga cikin tebur shi ne bayyananne cewa mafi tsaurin karfe a duniya - shi ne tungsten. The mafi ƙasƙanci kudi ga zinariya. Lokacin aiki tare da karafa ne muhimmanci softness. Saboda haka, da yawa daga rijiya aka ambata a sama ana amfani da fasaha dalilai.

Mafi tsaurin karfe - Tungsten

A lokaci-lokaci tebur shi ne located a karkashin ordinal lambar 74. The sunan da aka samu da sunan sanannen likita Stephen Wolfram. Karkashin al'ada yanayi ne mai ɗamfarar tsaurin karfe silvery-farin launi. Shi yana da pronounced ƙarfe Sheen. Chemically kusan inert a dauki shiga tare da ɓacin rai.

A yanayi, a cikin hanyar ma'adanai dauke:

• wolframite.
• scheelite.
• Gyubnera.
• ferberite.

Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da cewa tungsten - mafi tsaurin karfe dukkan. Duk da haka, akwai shawarwari da cewa seaborgium rubuce iya doke da rikodi na wannan karfe. Amma yana da wani rediyoaktif kashi tare da wani lokaci mai tsawo na zama. Saboda haka, ya tabbatar da shi ba tukuna zai yiwu.

A wani zazzabi (sama da 1500 ^C) tungsten zama ductile da malleable. Saboda haka, zai yiwu a samar da wani bakin ciki waya a kan tushen daga gare ta. Wannan dukiyar da ake amfani da yi na filaments a yau da kullum iyali haske kwararan fitila.

Kamar yadda mafi tsaurin karfe wanda zai iya jure yanayin zafi ^na fiye da 3400 C, tungsten ne amfani a cikin wadannan filayen da fasahar:

• a matsayin waldi lantarki a karkashin argon.
• ga acid-sauri, sa-resistant da zafi-resistant gami.
• kamar yadda wani dumama rabi.
• a injin shambura matsayin filament da sauransu.

Baya tungsten karfe, yadu a yi amfani da fasaha, da kimiyya da kuma lantarki ta mahadi. Kamar yadda mai tsaurin karfe a duniya da kuma shi Forms wani fili da sosai high quality halaye: m, resistant zuwa kusan iri daban-daban da sunadarai mataki, ba batun lalata, withstanding low kuma high yanayin zafi (win, tungsten sulphide, ta guda lu'ulu'u da sauran abubuwa).

Niobium da kuma gami

NB, ko niobium, - a karkashin al'ada yanayi na azurfa-fari lustrous karfe. Shi ne kuma mai tsaurin, kamar yadda mika mulki zafin jiki zuwa wani ruwa jihar shi ne 2477 ° ^C. Yana da wannan quality, kazalika da hade da low reactivity da jejjerawa damar niobium ne mafi zama mashahuri a cikin m adam aiki a kowace shekara. Yau, da wannan karfe an yi amfani da masana'antu, irin su:

• roka kimiyya.
• Aerospace masana'antu.
• makamashin nukiliya.
• sinadaran da na'ura yi.
• rediyo aikin injiniya.

Da karfe rike ta jiki Properties ko a sosai low yanayin zafi. Bisa articles halin da lalata juriya, zafi juriya, karko, m watsin.

Wannan ƙarfe da aka kara wa aluminum kayan inganta sinadaran juriya. Daga shi nuna cathodes da anodes, shi ne doped da wadanda ba ferrous gami. Ko tsabar kudi a wasu kasashe yi tare da abun ciki na niobium.

Tantalite

Metal, a free form karkashin talakawa yanayi da kuma rufe da wani oxide fim. Yana yana da wani sa na jiki Properties cewa ya yale shi ya kasance mai tartsatsi ne da muhimmanci sosai ga mutane. Its main halaye su ne kamar haka:

1. A yanayin zafi sama da 1000 ^{° C} zama superconducting.
2. Wannan shi ne mafi bayan da tsaurin karfe na tungsten, kuma rhenium. Da narkewa zafin jiki ne 3017 ° ^C.
3. Daidai garwaya da gas.
4. Tunda yana da sauki aiki kamar yadda aka yi birgima a cikin yadudduka, tsare da waya sauƙi.
5. Yana da kyau taurin da kuma gaggautsa, retains ductility.
6. Yana da matukar resistant zuwa sinadaran jamiái (ba ta soke ko a Ruwa regia).

Saboda irin wannan halaye ya iya samun shahararsa a matsayin dalilin da dama high-zazzabi da kuma acid resistant, lalata-resistant gami. Its yawa mahadi sami aikace-aikace a nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi, Electronics, sarrafa kwamfuta na'urorin shirin. Suna amfani da superconductors. A baya can, Tantalite aka yi amfani a matsayin wani kashi a cikin filament. Yanzu ga wurin da aka dauka ta hanyar tungsten.

Chromium kuma ta gami

Daya daga cikin mafi wuya karfe a cikin halitta nau'i ne bluish-farin launi. Its narkewa batu ne m fiye da gani har yanzu da abubuwa da kuma shi ne ^{game da} 1907 C. Duk da haka, shi ne har yanzu amfani a cikin art da kuma masana'antu cikin, kazalika amenable zuwa inji tsoma, sarrafa da kuma wanda ya canja.

Musamman m chromium kamar yadda napylitelya. An amfani da articles ba su da kyau haske, da kariya a kan lalata da kuma inganta lalacewa juriya. A tsari shine ake kira Chrome plating.

chromium gami ne Popular. Saboda ko da adadi kaɗan na wannan ƙarfe a cikin gami ma qara taurin da kuma juriya da sakamakon karshen.

zirconium

Daya daga cikin mafi tsada karfe, don haka ta yin amfani da fasaha aikace-aikace ne da wuya. Duk da haka, da jiki da halaye sa shi kawai irreplaceable a wasu masana'antu.

Karkashin al'ada yanayi, wani kyakkyawan azurfa-farin karfe. Shi yana da isasshe high narkewa maki - 1855 ^C. Yana yana da kyau taurin, lalata juriya, tun da chemically aiki. Har ila yau farfado kyau kwarai biocompatibility tare da fata da kuma dukan kwayoyin. Wannan ya sa shi mai muhimmanci da karfe don amfani a magani (kida, wucin gadi wata gabar jiki, da kuma a kan haka).

Main aikace-aikace na zirconium da mahadi, ciki har da gami, kamar haka:

• makamashin nukiliya.
• pyrotechnics.
• alloying karafa.
• magani.
• bioposudy yi.
• tsarin abu .
• kamar superconductor.

Zirconium da gami ko kayan ado da aka sanya a kan tushen daga gare ta, da iya influencing da inganta lafiyar dan adam.

molybdenum

Idan ka gano abin da ya fi tsaurin karfe, a Bugu da kari da sanya tungsten da molybdenum iya kira. Its narkewa zafin jiki ne 2623 ° ^C. Kamar wancan shi ne quite wuya, ductile da aiki wanda ake iya yi.

Ana amfani da yafi ba a tsarkake form amma a matsayin na game bangaren na gami. Su, godiya ga gaban molybdenum ƙwarai ƙarfafa a cikin lalacewa juriya, zafi juriya da kuma anticorrosion.

Wasu molybdenum mahadi aka yi amfani a matsayin fasaha lubrication. Har ila yau, wannan ne doping karfe kayan lokaci guda rinjayar da ƙarfi, kuma anticorrosion, wanda shi ne sosai rare.

vanadium

Gray karfe da silvery luster. Yana yana da wani fairly high kudi na dab (1920 ° ^C). An yafi amfani a matsayin mai kara kuzari a da yawa matakai saboda ta inertia. Energy da ake amfani a duka biyu da sinadaran halin yanzu tushen a cikin yi na inorganic acid. Babban muhimmancin ne ba su da tsarki karfe, wato wasu da mahadi.

Rhenium kuma ta gami

Mene ne mafi tsaurin karfe tungsten bayan? Yana rhenium. Its narkewa kudi ne ^game 3186 C. Domin m ƙarfi da tungsten, da kuma molybdenum. Plasticity shi ne, ba ma high. Neman rhenium ne manya-manyan, amma samarwa ne mawuyaci. Saboda wannan, shi ne mafi tsada da karfe a zama a yau.

Ana amfani ga yi na:

• jet injuna.
• thermocouples.
• filament yarn for spectrometers da kuma sauran na'urori.
• matsayin mai kara kuzari a man refining.

Duk aikace-aikacen masu tsada, don haka aka yi amfani da kawai idan akwai matsananci larura, a lokacin da ya maye gurbin wani abu dabam ba zai yiwu.

titanium gami

Titan - wani sosai hur karfe azurfa-farin launi, wanda aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin metallurgical masana'antu da kuma karfe. Yana iya fashewa idan a wani finely raba jihar, don haka ne a wuta Hazard.

Ana amfani da jirgin sama da kuma roka samar, da samar da jiragen ruwa. Yadu a yi amfani magani saboda biocompatibility tare da jiki (wucin gadi wata gabar jiki, da hujin, implants, da dai sauransu).