A m da kuma matsakaicin mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na bromine. Chemical Properties na bromine

Daga cikin dukan sinadaran abubuwa, ba-karafa da musamman lambar - halogens. Wadannan kwayoyin halitta samu sunayensu don musamman Properties cewa sun nuna a sinadaran interactions. Wadannan sun hada da:

• aidin.
• chloro.
• bromo.
• sunadarin flourine.

Chloro da fluoro - mai guba iskar, da suna da karfi oxidizing iko. Aidin karkashin al'ada yanayi ne mai crystalline abu duhu purple launi da ƙarfe luster furta. Yana farfado da kaddarorin a rage wakili. Kuma karo na hudu kama Halo? Mene ne Properties na bromine mahadi kafa ta su da kuma halaye kamar yadda wani kashi, da kuma a matsayin mai sauki abu? Ka yi kokarin fahimtar.

Bromine: wani janar bayanin irin kashi

Kamar yadda barbashi na lokaci-lokaci tsarin, bromo bautar wani cell jerin lamba 35. Haka kuma, kamar yadda wani ɓangare na da core 35 protons da electron harsashi ruwansa da wannan yawan electrons. The sanyi na cikin matsanancin Layer: 4s ^{2 5} p.

VII kungiyar dake a cikin babban sub-rukuni ne na halogens - musamman Properties daga cikin rukuni na sinadaran abubuwa. A total akwai game da 28 jinsuna daban na zarra isotope. Mass lambobin Range daga 67 zuwa 94. A dorewa da kwanciyar hankali, kazalika da rinjaye a kan yawan halitta san ana biyu:

• bromo ⁷⁹ - 51% na shi.
• bromo ⁸¹ - 49% na shi.
  

A talakawan atomic taro na kashi ne daidai da 79,904 raka'a. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na bromine jeri daga -1 zuwa +7. Yana farfado da karfi oxidizing Properties, amma mafi ƙaranci daga gare su a cikin chlorine da sunadarin flourine, aidin mafificin.

Tarihi na samu

Open wannan kashi da aka daga baya fiye da abokan aikinsu a subgroup. By lokacin da aka riga aka sani game da chlorine da aidin. Wanda Ya sanya wannan samu? Zaka iya kiran nan da nan uku sunayen, kamar yadda da cewa shi ne nawa da masana kimiyya sun iya haduwa kusan lokaci guda wani sabon kashi ya bayyana baya dauke zarra. Wadannan sunayen su ne:

• Antoine Jerome Balard.
• Karl Levig.
• Yustus Libih.

Duk da haka, da official "mahaifin" An dauke Balaram, na farko tun bayan da ya ba kawai samu da kuma yadda aka bayyana, amma kuma aika wani taron harkokin kimiyya na chemists wani sabon abu, wanda yake da ba a sani ba rabi.

Antuan Balar da aka bincikewa teku gishiri abun da ke ciki. Dauke da kan shi da yawa sinadaran gwaje-gwajen, shi ne wata rana ya wuce ta wani bayani da chloro da kuma gano cewa wasu siffofin da wani rawaya fili. Shan wannan a matsayin wani samfurin na hulda da chlorine da aidin a cikin bayani, an kara gano sakamakon samfurin. Hõre da wadannan jiyya:

• Ya yi aiki ether.
• tsomasu a tsanake cikin potassium hydroxide .
• sarrafa pyrolusite.
• Na ci a sulfuric acid.

A sakamakon haka, ya samu wani maras tabbas brownish-ja ruwa tare da wani m wari. Wannan ya bromine. Sa'an nan, ya yi nazarin daga cikin jiki da kuma sinadaran halaye na wannan abu. Bayan aiko wani rahoto a kan shi, ya kwatanta da kaddarorin bromine. The title, wanda ya ba da Balaram kashi ya Murid, amma shi bai tsaya.

Yau da na kowa sunan wani bromine zarra, wanda aka fassara daga Latin yana nufin "smelly", "wari". Wannan ne cikakken tabbatar da kaddarorin ta sauki abu. Shekara da bude kashi - 1825.

Zai yiwu mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na bromine

Wadanda za ka iya suna 'yan. Bayan duk, godiya ta zuwa ga lantarki sanyi, bromine na iya zama duka oxidizing da rage Properties, tare da bayyana predominance na farko. Akwai biyar yiwu zabin suna:

• -1 - ƙananan hadawan abu da iskar shaka digiri bromine.
• +1.
• +2.
• 3;
• 5;
• 7.

A yanayi, ci karo kawai ne ga waɗanda mahadi a wadda tsarin kashi a cikin wani mummunan ji. 7 - matsakaicin mataki na bromine hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Its shi farfado kunshi HBrO ₄ bromic acid da kuma bromates ta salts (NaBrO _4). A general, wannan mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na bromine ne musamman rare, kazalika da biyu. Amma fili da -1. 3 da 5 - sosai na kowa da suke da muhimmanci ba kawai a cikin sinadaran masana'antu, amma kuma a magani, aikin injiniya da kuma sauran sassa na tattalin arziki.

Bromine a matsayin mai sauki abu

Karkashin al'ada yanayi da rabi a karkashin shawara ne a diatomic DNA, duk da haka, ba gas da kuma ruwa. Very mai guba, fuming a iska, da kuma wallafa wani musamman m wari. Ko da ma'aurata a low yawa zai iya haifar da konewa a kan fata da kuma hangula na mucous membranes na jiki. Idan, duk da haka, ƙetare halatta iyaka, yana yiwuwa ya shaƙa da kuma mutuwa.

A sunadarai dabara na wani ba ruwa - Br _2. Babu shakka cewa alama ce da aka kafa daga Greek sunan abu - bromos. A dangane tsakanin guda kwayoyin halitta, covalent nonpolar. In mun gwada manyan atomic radius, don haka bromo reacts quite sauƙi. Wannan ya sa ya yiwu don amfani da shi a ko'ina a cikin sinadaran syntheses, sau da yawa a matsayin reagent a cikin ingantaccen tabbatar da dalilin da gudanar da mahadi.

A wani sauki abu ba a samu a yanayi, tun da shi ne sauƙin volatilized a cikin nau'i na m-kasa-kasa hayaki ciwon lalatattu sakamako. Kawai a cikin wani nau'i na iri-iri na Multi-bangaren tsarin. A mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na bromine mahadi daga daban-daban irin dogara da rabi tare da wanda shi ne ya amsa, Ina nufin da wani abu.

jiki Properties

Wadannan halaye za a iya bayyana ta a 'yan maki.

1. Solubility a ruwa - talakawan, amma mafi alhẽri daga da sauran halogens. Cikakken bromine ruwa bayani ne kira, shi yana da m ruwan kasa launi.
2. Tafasar batu na ruwa - 59.2 ⁰ C.
3. Da narkewa batu na -7.25 ⁰ C.
4. A wari - mai kaifi, m, gagarumin.
5. Launi - m-kasa-kasa.
6. Jiki Jihar wani sauki abu - wani nauyi (high yawa), lokacin farin ciki ruwa.
7. Electronegativity bisa ga Pauling sikelin - 2.8.

Wadannan halaye shafar matakai don shirya wannan fili, kazalika da tsawwala da wajibi don cika da matsananci taka tsantsan a lokacin da yin aiki tare da shi.

Chemical Properties na bromine

Daga mahangar sunadarai, bromo behaves a hanyoyi biyu. Farfado da oxidizing da rage Properties. Kamar dukan sauran abubuwa, shi ne iya karbar electrons daga kasa electronegative karafa da kuma nonmetals. Rage wakili, ya ne mai karfi da oxidizing jamiái, kamar:

• oxygen.
• fluoro.
• chloro.
• wasu acid.

Babu shakka, da mataki na bromine cikinsa da hadawan abu da iskar shaka dabam daga -1 zuwa +7. Tare da abin da yake musamman iya amsa kashi karkashin shawara?

1. Tare da ruwa - sakamakon ne cakuda acid (hydrobromic da hypobromous).
2. Tare da daban-daban iodides yi iya kau da bromo iodo na salts.
3. Tare da duk nonmetals kai tsaye fiye da oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, da kuma daraja gas.
4. Kusan duk karafa kamar yadda wani karfi da oxidizing wakili. Tare da yawa abubuwa ko da tare da ƙonewa.
5. A halayen OVR bromo sau da yawa inganta hadawan abu da iskar shaka na mahadi. Alal misali, sulfur da sulfite tuba zuwa sulfate ions, aidin a iodides a matsayin mai sauki abu.
6. C ta samar da Alkali bromides, bromates ko gipobromatov.

Na musamman muhimmancin ne bromine sinadaran Properties idan yana da wani ɓangare na acid da kuma salts kafa ta su. A irin wannan karfi da kaddarorin matsayin oxidant. Yana da yafi pronounced fiye da na wani sauki abu.

liyafar

Gaskiyar cewa muna da la'akari da wani abu mai muhimmanci da kuma muhimmanci cikin sharuddan sunadarai, ya tabbatar da shekara-shekara samarwa a cikin adadin 550 dubu tons. A kasar shugabannin a kan wadannan Manuniya:

• Amurka.
• Sin.
• Isra'ila.

Industrial free bromine hakar Hanyar dangane da magani bayani da gishiri tabkuna, rijiyoyin da tekuna. Daga cikinsu shi ne gishiri na so kashi, wanda aka tuba zuwa acidic form. An wuce ta hanyar m iska rafi ko tururi. Saboda haka, a gaseous bromine. Sai aka bi da tare da soda ash da kuma cakuda sodium salts - bromides da bromates. Su bayani ne acidified da kanti ne free ruwa abu.

Laboratory hanyoyin domin kira dangane da korar bromine tare da chlorine salts daga gare matsayin karfi halogen.

Kasancewa a cikin yanayin

A m tsari, mun duba yiwuwar wani abu ba a samu a yanayi, kamar yadda aka fuming a cikin iska na maras tabbas ruwa. Amma, wani ɓangare na mahadi wanda ya nuna wani m mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na bromine -1. Wannan gishiri hydrobromic acid - bromides. A yawa na wannan kashi accompanies halitta gishiri chlorine - Silvina, carnallite, da sauransu.

Ma'adanai na bromine sun bude daga baya fiye da kansa. Mafi na kowa daga cikin wadannan uku:

• Embolism - cakuda chlorine da bromine tare da azurfa;
• bromarginit.
• bromsilvinit - cakuda potassium, magnesium, kuma bromine tare da mamaye ruwa (crystalline hydrate).

Har ila yau, wannan abu ne kunshe dole a abun da ke ciki na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Its karanci take kaiwa zuwa daban-daban juyayi tsarin cututtuka, cuta, barci cuta da memory hanawa. A mafi matsanancin barazana rasa haihuwa. Kifi, marine dabbobi m bromo tara a gagarumin yawa a cikin nau'i na salts.

The nauyi abun ciki na ɓawon burodi ya kai ta 0,0021%. Ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na gishiri da ruwa da kuma dukan duniya ta hydrosphere.

Mahadi bromine da ƙananan hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar

Abin da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka a bromine a mahadi da karafa da kuma hydrogen? The mafi ƙasƙanci, wanda shi ne yiwu ga wannan abu - debe daya. Yana da wadannan sadarwa da kuma wakilci mafi girma m sha'awa ga mutum.

1. HBr - hydrogen bromide (gas) ko hydrobromic acid. A gaseous tara jihar da ba ta da launi, amma sosai kaifi da kuma m wari, da yawa hayaki. Yana yana da lalatattu mataki a kan mucous membranes na jiki. Sosai narkewa a cikin ruwa, kafa acid. Ta, bi da bi, yana nufin da karfi Wutan, shi ne mai kyau rage wakili. An readily tuba zuwa ga free bromine da mataki na sulfuric acid, nitric acid da oxygen. Industrial muhimmancin matsayin tushen bromide ion ta samar da salts tare da karfe cations.
2. Bromides - ya ce acid salts a cikin abin da mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na bromine a cikin wannan shi ne daidai -1. Practical sha'awa su ne: LiBr, kuma KBr.
3. A mahadi kwayoyin halitta dauke da bromide ion.

Mahadi tare da wata babbar digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka

Wadannan sun hada da wani adadin na asali abubuwa. The mafi girma mataki na bromine hadawan abu da iskar shaka ne 7, don haka a cikin wadannan mahadi shi ne kawai ta kuma ya kamata.

1. Perbromic acid - HBrO _4. Mafi iko na duk aka sani acid don wannan abu, amma a lokaci guda kuma mafi resistant to harin da karfi rage jamiái. Wannan shi ne saboda da musamman lissafi tsarin da kwayoyin, wanda yana cikin siffar wani tetrahedron sarari.
2. Perbromates - acid salts nuna a sama. Domin su, kamar yadda halin da matsakaicin mataki na bromine hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Su ne karfi oxidizing jamiái, kuma ta haka ne aka yi amfani a cikin sinadaran masana'antu. Misalai: NaBrO _4, KBrO _4.

A amfani da bromine mahadi da kuma

Yana yiwuwa a designate da dama a cikin yankunan da bromo fili da kuma samun kai tsaye aikace-aikace.

1. Production dyes.
2. Domin yi na daukar hoto kayan.
3. Kamar yadda medicaments a mutum (Bromine salts).
4. A cikin mota masana'antu, wato, kamar yadda wani ƙari a fetur.
5. Ana amfani da a matsayin magani domin rage da flammability wasu kwayoyin kayan.
6. A samar da hakowa muds.
7. A noma, samar da m kwaro sprayers.
8. A matsayin disinfectant kuma disinfection naúrar, ciki har da ruwa.

A nazarin halittu sakamako a kan kwayoyin

Da suka wuce haddi ko rashin bromine a cikin jiki da sosai m sakamakon.

Ko Pavlov farko domin sanin da tasiri na wannan kashi a kan halittu masu rai. Animal karatu sun nuna cewa tsawon lokaci shortfall na bromide ions take kaiwa zuwa:

• hargitsi na juyayi tsarin.
• jima'i tabarbarewa.
• rashin da kuma rasa haihuwa.
• girma raguwa.
• rage haemoglobin matakin.
• rashin barci da sauransu.

Wuce kima jari a cikin gabobin da kyallen takarda kaiwa zuwa hanawa na aiki da kwakwalwa da kuma laka, daban-daban m fata cututtuka.