Mass selection a shuka kiwo: Misalan

Kiwo ne kimiyya da cewa nuna sabon iri na shuke-shuke, da dabbobi, da kwayoyin duwatsu. Babban rarrabẽwa ga zabin da wani sabon da kuma mafi abu ne mutum da taro selection matsayin selection Hanyar.

Yawancin lokaci waddan-aka gudanar crossover kuma maye gurbi na genes iyaye misali sa'an nan ya yi wucin gadi selection. All sabon breeds, iri, damuwa, mutum-yi, da wasu morphological kuma physiological Properties. Kowane irin saba for musamman yanayin zones. All sababbin abubuwa samu bari, idan aka kwatanta da sauran iri a musamman tashoshin.

Mass shuka selection Hanyar

A m selection a waddan sabon iri na shuke-shuke shafi pollination na wani babba yawan shuke-shuke. Mafi sau da yawa, wannan hanya da ake amfani da kiwo na sabon iri na hatsin rai, masara, sunflower, alkama. A screenings daga wadannan amfanin gona, sabon iri an hada da wakilan da heterozygous irin da da musamman genotype.

A m selection a kiwo na samar da sabon iri da inganta halaye. Duk da haka, wannan hanya yana dauke su m saboda da high yiwuwar samun wani unplanned giciye-hadi (kwari, tsuntsaye).

Mass selection na shuke-shuke - da definition daga cikin rukuni na shuka samfurori, kama da juna bisa ga kafa sharudda. An misali ne mai Hanyar waddan wani sabon ƙarni na hatsi. Kullum, da samar da iri da kiwo-taro Hanyar shafi seeding babban adadin kofe tare da kara kimantawa da bunkasuwa, cuta juriya, kwaro. Har ila yau kimanta matakin precocity, sauyin yanayi, yawan aiki da bukatun. Lokacin da kiwon waddan sabon iri na hatsin rai shayarwa zaba kawai ne ga waɗanda samfurori da tsire-tsire da suke more resistant zuwa daban-daban da tasirinsa da kuma tare da babban kunne tare da most yawan hatsi. Lokacin da reseeding sakamakon kayan sake ance kawai jinsin cewa, ya nuna ya fi kyau gefe. A sakamakon wannan aikin da muke samu wani sabon iri-iri, tare da irin wannan kwayoyin halittu. Wannan shi ne wani m selection. Misalai hatsin rai kiwo show yadda selection ne da za'ayi shuke-shuke.

Mass selection yana da abũbuwan amfãni mãsu yawa, daga cikinsu da babban ne sauki, kudin-tasiri da ikon da sauri samu sabon iri na shuke-shuke. A disadvantages sun hada da rashin samun wani cikakken kima na zuriyarsa.

A tasiri na taro selection

Lokacin aiki tare da kai-pollinated kuma gicciye-pollinated amfani da salla selection matsayin selection Hanyar. Ingancinta ya dogara da gene, gadar hali, da aka zaɓa samfurin darajar.

Idan kwayoyin halittu suke da alhakin bayyanar cututtuka su ne m bayyanar cututtuka, da sakamakon selection zai zama high.

Lokacin da gadon shuke-shuke kyawawa halaye selection aka kare, aji da ake sa wani sunan. A hali na rashin tabuka ya ci gaba da aiki a kan selection. Yana yana muddin shayarwa ba su samu duk da ake so sakamakon cikin sharuddan yawan amfanin ƙasa, da 'ya'yan itace size, jure cutarwa dalilai, kwari, cututtuka. Kuma tare da wani m selection na baya zaba zuriyarsa wani lokacin ya bambanta daga baya, dauka daga iyayensu tare da matalauta yi.

Domin nasara kiwo muhimmanci samfurin darajar. Idan abu ne dauka tare da low rates, sa'an nan da shuka iya bayyana inbreeding ciki, wanda a cikin sa rage da ake samu.

Mass selection ne mafi tasiri a lokacin da a hade tare da ƙarin selection dabaru. A mafi yawan lokuta, shi ne amfani a tare da hybridization, polyploid shuke-shuke da kiwon waddan.

hybridization

Hybrid - wannan ƙarni na farko shuka wanda ya karu tukunya rai, kuma mafi girma yawan aiki idan aka kwatanta da iyaye siffofin. Ci gaba da yin amfani da iri hybrids genes muhimmi iyaye hallaka.

polyploid selection

polyploidy Hanyar kuma ya shafi matasan. A lokacin da samar da sabon iri, shayarwa amfani polyploidy, wadda take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa a cell size da kuma shuka multiplication chromosomes.

A manyan yawan da chromosome qara juriya na shuke-shuke zuwa cututtuka daban-daban da kuma daban-daban m dalilai. Idan lalacewa chromosomes a tsire-tsire da dama wasu kasance canzawa. All shuke-shuke samu polyploid selection Hanyar da kyau kwarai viability.

Misalai taro selection

Misalan da shiri na matasan da taro selection ne triticale. Wannan inji aka samu ta hanyar su tsallaka alkama da hatsin rai. A sabon aji na da babban sanyi juriya, ruggedness, da kuma juriya da yawa cututtuka.

Rasha ilimi alkama da wheatgrass sabon shuka iri da aka samu da ciwon high jure masauki. Duk da haka, na farko shuke-shuke ba su dace da shiri na dasa kayan, kamar yadda a cikin su genome žunshi daban-daban chromosomes ba da hannu a meiosis. A kara karatu, shi da aka samarwa da su rubanya yawan wasu chromosomes. A sakamakon haka shi da wani aiki amphidiploids.

Shayarwa hybridization da aka yi tare da radish kabeji. Wadannan shuke-shuke da wani m yawan chromosomes. A karshen sakamakon da aka dauke 18 chromosomes, amma shi ya ɓãci. M maimaitawan da yawan chromosomes ya kai ga samar da shuke-shuke da ciwon 36 chromosomes da 'ya'yan itace. A sakamakon jiki da ãyõyin kabeji da radish.

Duk da haka wani misali ne hybridization masara. Sai ya zama da m na heterosis hybrids. Harvest index da matasan al'ada yana sama da talatin bisa dari, fiye da iyayensu.

ƙarshe

Kawai tsaftace shuke-shuke suna zaba a lokacin da wani sabon line. A lokacin gwaje-gwajen m mafi nasara hade hybrids. A sakamakon da aka rubuta da kuma amfani da shi don kara samar da matasan amfanin gona.

A ci gaba da sabon iri da suke kawai taro selection, sanya shi yiwuwa a sami high-samar da gwaggwabar riba irin alkama, shinkafa, masara, hatsin rai. Misalan irin ayyukan irin ci gaba da Rasha shayarwa. Yana shũka "Saratov-29", "Saratov-36," "Bezostaya-1", "Aurora". Su ne resistant zuwa masauki, kusan m, iya samar da wani kwari girbi a wani yanayin damina.