Lokaci-lokaci tsarin: da rarrabuwa na da sinadaran abubuwa

A farkon rabin karni na 19th akwai daban-daban yunkurin shirya abubuwa da kuma hada karafa a cikin lokaci-lokaci tsarin. Yana bayyana wannan Hanyar bincike a cikin wannan tarihi lokaci, kamar yadda sinadaran analysis.

Daga cikin tarihi na samu na lokaci-lokaci tsarin na abubuwa

Amfani da irin wannan hanya domin kayyade takamaiman sinadaran Properties na lokacin masana kimiyya sun yi kokarin hada wani rukuni na abubuwa, shiryar da su gwada yawa halayyar, da kuma atomic nauyi.

Amfani da atomic nauyi

Saboda haka, IV Dubereyner a 1817 m cewa atomic nauyi na strontium ne kama da daidai Manuniya na barium da alli. ya kuma gano cewa tsakanin Properties na barium, strontium, alli, da kuma akwai quite mai yawa a cikin na kowa. Bisa ga wadannan lura shahara sunadarai zarcewa da ake kira triad abubuwa. A irin wannan kungiyoyin sun kasance garwaya da sauran abubuwa:

• sulfur, selenium, tellurium.
• chloro, bromo, iodo.
• lithium, sodium, potassium.

Nau'in sinadaran Properties

L. Gmelin a 1843 miƙa tebur da cewa ya sanya irin wannan a cikin sinadaran Properties daga cikin abubuwa a cikin wani m domin. Nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, an yi imani da babban abubuwa na aiki sunadarai sanya a waje da tebur.

A karkashin oxygen su aka sanya Tetrad (4 lambobi), da kuma pentads (5 lambobi) abubuwa. Metals a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur da aka tsĩrar da Berzelius terminology. Kamar yadda ta yi ciki Gmelin, duk abubuwa da aka shigar don rage electronegativity Properties a cikin kowane subgroup na lokaci-lokaci tsarin.

Hada abubuwa tsaye

Alexander Emile de Chancourtois a 1863 ya sa dukan abubuwa a kara atomic nauyi a kan Silinda, rarraba shi a cikin da dama a tsaye ratsi. A sakamakon irin wannan rabo a cikin verticals ne abubuwa da ciwon kama jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties.

A dokar octaves

D. Newlands gano a 1864 quite mai ban sha'awa juna. Lokacin da wuri daga cikin sinadaran abubuwa a kara da atomic nauyi ga kowane daga cikin takwas memba tare da na farko kama da aka gano. Wannan al'amari ya kira Newlands dokar octaves (takwas lura).

Ya lokaci-lokaci tsarin da aka sosai matukar, don haka da ra'ayin na kula da masanin kimiyyar zama da aka sani da suna "Octave" version, a haɗa da music. Wannan wani zaɓi Newlands shi ne mafi kusa ga ta zamani tsarin da SS. Amma da aka ambata dokar octaves, kawai 17 abubuwa riƙe su lokaci-lokaci Properties a sauran alamu na irin dokokin da aka iske ba.

Odling tebur

W. Odling gabatar da dama zaɓuɓɓuka saboda abubuwa na Tables. A farko version, halitta a 1857, shi ne samarwa ya raba su a cikin 9 kungiyoyin. A 1861, da sunadarai sanya wasu sabawa ainihin version of tebur, sõyayya a cikin ƙungiyar ãyõyi da irin wannan sinadaran Properties.

Option Odling Tables, samarwa a 1868, shawara da wuri na 45 abubuwa a kara atomic kaya masu nauyi. Ba zato ba tsammani, wannan tebur daga baya ya zama samfur na lokaci-lokaci tsarin D. I. Mendeleeva.

Da rabo daga valence

L. Meyer a 1864 miƙa tebur da cewa hada da wani 44 kashi. Su aka sanya a cikin wani 6-Poster, bisa ga valence na hydrogen. A tebur ne kawai sassa biyu. Takaitacciyar kawo tare shida kungiyoyin hada da wani 28 ãyõyi hawa atomic kaya masu nauyi. A da tsarin pentad da kuma kyan gani, daga tetrads da irin wannan sinadaran Properties haruffa. Sauran abubuwa na Meyer sanya shi a cikin na biyu tebur.

Gudunmawar D. I. Mendeleeva ga halittar tebur na abubuwa

A zamani na lokaci-lokaci tebur D. I. Mendeleeva bayyana dangane Mayer alluna wallafa a 1869. A karo na biyu version Mayer ya sanya ãyõyi a kan 16 kungiyoyin, sa abubuwa pentads da rubutu, ba da aka sani da sinadaran Properties. Maimakon su yi amfani da wani sauki valence lambobi kungiyoyin. Akwai cikinta boron, thorium, hydrogen, niobium, uranium.

A tsarin da lokaci-lokaci tsarin a cikin nau'i na wanda aka wakilta a cikin halin yanzu bugu bayyana nan da nan. Uku main saukarwa za a iya bambanta, a lokacin da na lokaci-lokaci tsarin da aka halitta:

1. A farko version of tebur da aka gabatar a tsarin raka'a. Gano lokaci-lokaci yanayi na alaka tsakanin Properties na da abubuwa da kuma dabi'u na atomic kaya masu nauyi. Wannan wani zaɓi kiwon rarrabuwa Mendeleev da shawarar a 1868-1869 gg.
2. Scientist barta asali tsarin, saboda shi ba ya gani da sharudda a kan wanda abubuwa zai fada a cikin wani musamman shafi. Ya yayi sanya ãyõyi a kan kwatankwacinsa daga cikin sinadaran Properties (Fabrairu 1869)
3. A 1870, Dmitri Mendeleev aka gabatar a duniyar kimiyya na zamani lokaci-lokaci tebur.

Version Rasha sunadarai m da kuma matsayin da karafa a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur, da kuma musamman wadanda ba karafa Properties. A cikin shekaru da suka wuce tun da farko edition na m dabara na da lokaci-lokaci tebur ba halartar wani manyan canje-canje. Kuma a cikin wadanda wuraren da cewa an bar blank a cikin sau na Dmitry Ivanovich, sabon abubuwa gano bayan mutuwarsa.

Features na lokaci-lokaci tebur

Me an yi imani da cewa da aka bayyana tsarin - lokaci-lokaci? Wannan bayani da peculiarities na tsarin da tebur.

A total akwai 8 kungiyoyin, da kuma kowane yana da biyu subgroups: primary (main) da kuma sideline. Sai dai itace cewa duk subgroups na 16. Suna located tsaye, cewa shi ne, daga sama zuwa kasa.

Bugu da kari, a tebur, akwai kwance layuka kira lokaci. Su ma suna da su kara rabo a kananan da manyan. Halaye na lokaci-lokaci tsarin ya shafi kiyaye kashi wuri, ya kungiya da kuma subgroup lokaci.

Yadda za a canza da kaddarorin a manyan subgroups

Dukkan manyan subgroups na lokaci-lokaci tebur na abubuwa fara na biyu lokaci. A cikin ãyõyin na ga wannan babban rukunin, da yawan matsanancin electrons da wannan, amma da nisa tsakanin electrons da latest m kwaya canje-canje.

Bugu da kari, a saman su da kuma akwai wata karuwa a cikin atomic nauyi (zumunta atomic taro) na kashi. Wannan wannan adadi ne mai kayyade factor a gano alamu na canji a cikin kaddarorin da babban subgroups.

Tun da radius (nesa tsakanin tabbatacce core kuma korau electrons waje) zuwa ga babban sub-kungiya ƙaruwa, nonmetallic Properties (ikon lokacin sinadaran rikirkida dauki electrons) rage-rage. Game da canje-canje ƙarfe Properties (sunadaran da sauran recoil electrons), shi zai kara.

Amfani da lokaci-lokaci tsarin za a iya idan aka kwatanta da juna Properties na daban-daban da wakilan wannan babban rukunin. A wani lokaci a lokacin da Mendeleev lokaci-lokaci tsarin da aka halitta, babu bayanai game da tsarin kwayoyin halitta. Abin mamaki shi ne gaskiya cewa da zarar ya samo asali da ka'idar atomic tsarin, yi karatu a makarantu da kuma ilimi profile na sinadaran jami'o'i da kuma a yanzu, ta tabbatar da jarrabawa na Mendeleev, kuma ba ƙaryata game da zato a kan tsari na kwayoyin halitta a cikin wani tebur.

Electronegativity rage-rage zuwa kasa a manyan subgroups, Ina nufin ƙananan kashi ne dake cikin kungiyar, saboda haka da ikon hašawa kwayoyin halitta za ta kasance ƙasa.

Change na kaddarorin da kwayoyin halitta a gefen subgroups

Tun da Mendeleyev lokaci-lokaci tsarin, da canji a cikin kaddarorin da irin subgroups ya auku a baya domin. A subgroups hada da abubuwa daga lokaci 4 (d kuma f wakilan iyalan). By kasa na wadannan subgroups an rage ƙarfe Properties, amma yawan m electrons da guda ga duk 'yan wannan subgroup.

Avilable lokaci a PS

Kowane sabon zamani, sai dai da farko, a cikin Table Rasha sunadarai fara aiki Alkali karfe. Bugu da ari tsĩrar amphoteric karafa, exhibiting a dual Properties na sinadaran canje. Sa'an nan kuma akwai da dama da ba na ƙarfe ba abubuwa Properties. Period ƙare tare da wani inert gas (ba karfe, wani m, ba exhibiting reactivity).

Ganin cewa lokaci-lokaci tsarin, a cikin lokaci akwai wani canji na aiki. Daga hagu zuwa dama zai rage rage aiki (ƙarfe Properties) ta ƙara hadawan abu da iskar shaka aiki (ba na ƙarfe ba Properties). Saboda haka, haske karafa a cikin lokaci a kan hagu da kuma dama da ba-karafa.

A tsawon lokaci, kunsha na biyu layuka (4-7), kuma ta bayyana ambata hali, amma saboda gaban wakilan da d ko f na iyali, da ƙarfe abubuwa a cikin jerin yafi.

Sunayen da babban subgroups

Sashe na daga cikin rukuni na abubuwa samuwa a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur da nasu sunayen. Wakilai na farko kungiyar A subgroup kira Alkali karafa. Similar sunayen karafa da ake bin su aiki zuwa ruwa, sakamakon samuwar caustic Alkali.

A subgroup na biyu kungiyar an dauki alkaline duniya karafa. Lokacin da hulda da ruwa, wadannan karafa samar oxides, da zarar ya kira asashe. Shi ne daga wannan lokacin, kuma aka sanya wa membobin wannan subgroup na kama sunan.

Non-karafa oxygen subgroup kira chalcogens, da kuma wakilan 7 A rukunin da ake kira halogens. 8 A subgroup kira daraja gas saboda ta kadan sinadaran aiki.

PS a cikin makaranta Hakika

Ga dalibai yawanci miƙa bambance-bambancen da lokaci-lokaci tebur, a cikinta, a Bugu da kari ga kungiyoyin, subgroups lokaci ma nuna dabara kuma mafi girma maras tabbas mahadi kuma mafi girma oxides. A irin wannan zamba damar da samuwar dalibai 'skills a shiri na sama oxides. Isa a lieu kashi canza alama ce wakilin subgroup don samun shirye domin mafi girma oxide.

Idan ka duba a hankali a general nau'i na maras tabbas hydrogen mahadi, yana bayyana a fili cewa su ne musamman don ba karafa. A kungiyoyin 1-3 ne dashes, kamar yadda hankula wakilan wadannan kungiyoyi ne karafa.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin wasu litattafan na sunadarai ga kowane alama na electron rarraba zane nuna makamashi matakan. Wannan bayani bai zama a cikin tsawon Mendeleev, kamar hujjojin kimiyya sun bayyana yawa daga baya.

Daya iya ganin da dabara waje lantarki matakin a wanda yake da sauki tsammani ga abin da iyali sun hada da aiki kashi. Wadannan tips Ba a yarda a jarrabawa zaman, don haka digiri na 9 da 11 azuzuwan, yanke shawarar nuna su sinadaran ilimi ga OGE, ko jarrabawa, ba da classic baki da fari version na lokaci-lokaci tebur, a cikin abin da akwai wani karin bayani game da tsarin da zarra, dabarbari na mafi girma oxides, hada da maras tabbas hydrogen mahadi .

Irin wannan hukunci ne quite ma'ana da kuma m, saboda ga waɗanda dalibai da suka yanke shawarar bi sahun Mendeleyev da Lomonosov, ba zai zama da wuya a yi amfani da classic version na tsarin, su kawai ba bukatar tips.

Wannan ita ce dokar da lokaci-lokaci tsarin D. I. Mendeleeva taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin kara ci gaba da na atomic-kwayoyin ka'idar. Bayan ka ƙirƙiri da tsarin, masana kimiyya ya fara biya fiye da hankali ga nazarin abun da ke ciki na kashi. Table taimaka wajen bayyana wasu bayanai game da sauki abubuwa, kazalika da yanayi da kaddarorin da abubuwa na abin da suka suna kafa.

Mendeleyev kansa zaton cewa sabon abubuwa za a bude nan da nan, da kuma bayar da matsayi na karafa a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur. Shi ne bayan bayyanar karshen, wani sabon zamanin ya fara a cikin sunadarai. Bugu da ƙari kuma, tsanani farko da aka bai samar da wata jam'i na related sciences, suna hade da tsarin kwayoyin zarra da mayewa daga abubuwa.