A kiwo masana'antu a Rasha. A kiwo masana'antu: ci gaba da kuma matsaloli. Kiwo da kuma nama masana'antu

A wani tattalin arziki, da rawar da jihar masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci ne babban. A halin yanzu, kamfanonin a cikin masana'antu a kasar, akwai game da 25 dubu rabo daga abinci a total Rasha samar -. 10%. A kiwo masana'antu ne daya daga rassansa. Yana hada kasuwanci da samar da su samfurori daga madara. Sikelin da samarwa da kuma gane a yawan mutane, su kerawa da kuma kayyade m.

Duniya kiwo da kuma nama masana'antu

Masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci da duk States, amma cikin sharuddan da ci gaba, yana da matukar daban-daban a cikin kasashe daban-daban. Cikakkar shugabannin ne ta fuskar tattalin arziki tasowa, Bugu da kari, mutane da yawa masana'antu, ciki har da kiwo da kuma nama masana'antu, da na kasa da kasa specialization. Wannan na nufin cewa wasu States ne manyan exporters, yayin da wasu - manyan masu amfani da.

Nama masana'antu - wani reshe na kasa da kasa specialization na kasashen Turai (France, musamman a Italiya, Jamus, da Netherlands, Spain, Belgium da kuma Denmark), North America, New Zealand, Australia, kazalika da wasu kasashe masu tasowa (Brazil, China, Uruguay, Argentina). The most exporters na wadannan kayayyakin a kasuwannin duniya suna dauke da kasashen na yammacin Turai. Su asusu domin game da 50% na jimlar duniya fitarwa. Industry shugabanni da Amurka, Australia da kuma Brazil. Babbar shigo da samfurin suna dauke su Western kasashen Turai, Japan da kuma Rasha.

Dairy kayayyakin da ake kera a Turai da kuma a Amurka, Belarus, Rasha, Ukraine, New Zealand da kuma Australia. Fame ya samu cikin Finnish da kuma Faransa man shanu, cuku daga Jamus, Faransa, Switzerland, da Netherlands da kuma Lithuania, kirim mai tsami daga Estonia da kuma Finland, yoghurt daga Jamus da kuma Faransa. Shugabannin kiwo kayayyakin samar da kasuwar kasa da kasa ne kasashen Turai (musamman Arewa da kuma Tsakiya), kazalika da Australia da kuma New Zealand. Its main shigo - da CIS kasashe da kuma kasar Sin.

Musamman madara samarwa

Madara domin ta sinadirai Properties na abinci ne mafi cikakken view. Shi ne kusan daidai daidaita abun da ke ciki na gina jiki. A rabo na kiwo kayayyakin asusu domin babban rabo daga cikin abinci da na 'yan adam. Masu bincike sun kiyasta cewa su shekara-shekara amfani ne game da 16% na iri daban-daban na abinci.

Madara samarwa ne daya muhimmanci alama: shi ne sakamakon lalacewa kayayyakin. Bugu da kari, su koma zuwa kayayyakin halin high rates na amfani. Wannan yana nufin cewa su samar da ya zama babban-sikelin da kewayon - An steadily fadada.

A kadan tarihi

Milk aiki a pre-neman sauyi Rasha ya faru, yafi handicraft. A lokacin Soviet sau, da kiwo masana'antu ya zama wata babbar masana'antar. Tuni a 1930 ta samu babban ci gaba. A sa'an nan a sakamakon da collectivization na noma da kuma masana'antu na kasar da aka halicce yanayi na aiki girma na samar. A wannan lokaci, musamman rayayye ɓullo da kiwo masana'antu a Moscow, Birnin Leningrad, Kislovodsk, Sochi, Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk. Manyan dairies aka kafa a wadannan garuruwa. A cikin 1970s, cikin sharuddan samar da man shanu da madara Tarayyar Soviet sun shagaltar da na farko wuri a duniya. Yau, masana'antu da kuma Mills samar da wani babban kewayon kayayyakin. Suna sanye take da sarrafa kansa da kuma mechanized Lines ga bottling a bags, kwalabe da kuma wasu kwantena, Coolers da pasteurizers, evaporators, separators, manufacturer cuku da sauransu.

A dalilai da ajiye da kiwo masana'antu

Wadannan kamfanonin an sanya dangane da samuwar albarkatun kasa da kuma mabukaci. Suna da hankali da mafi yawa a sosai urbanized habitats.

Shin wadannan mafi muhimmanci tattalin arziki dalilai na sakawa na kiwo masana'antu:

• da wuri daga gonaki dangane da dacewa kasuwanni, kazalika da kasancewar a cikin wannan wuri na aiki Enterprises. Jihar hanyoyi da kuma wajen kai. samuwan kwantena ga ajiya na karshe kayayyakin da albarkatun kasa;
• m iya aiki, bayyana, a wani data kasance dabbobi, masana'antu da gine-gine da kuma Tsarin domin aikin gona dalilai.
• yadda ya dace fitarwa daga ra'ayi na tattalin arzikin.
• zaman lafiya da kuma siffofin da Inter-shiyya dangantakar a filin daga da kiwo.
• arziki na wajen samar, wanda kai da masana'antu.

The hali na zamani kasuwar

Yawan kamfanonin cuku da kiwo samarwa ne mun gwada da barga. Duk da haka, kasuwar yanzu yana da hali to haifar da babban siffofin. Manyan kamfanonin sau da yawa saya kananan shuke-shuke, ta haka ne fadada fannin tallace-tallace da kuma samar iya aiki. Bugu da kari, da saye kayayyakin zamani, wanda ba ka damar inganta samfurin inganci da kula da suna na manufacturer, a] en da farko manyan kamfanoni. Industry riba a shekara daya, daga 2009 zuwa 2010, ya karu da 36,8%. Wannan shi ne saboda da nasara aiki na kasa da kasa da na yankuna kasuwar shugabannin.

Kasawa na raw madara

Enterprises domin samar da kiwo kayayyakin fuskantar wata yawan kalubale. Daya daga cikin manyan - samar da raw madara. Gaskiyar cewa madara samarwa ne kullum ƙunci a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wannan yana nufin cewa kafin aiki Enterprises akwai matsala na rashin albarkatun kasa, wanda a bi take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa a farashin. Bugu da kari, raw madara, saki da Rasha kera, sau da yawa yana da matalauta inganci. Wannan halitta ƙarin matsaloli a samar da high quality kayayyakin. Kamfanoni suna tilasta amfani da bushe da wucin gadi Additives, wadda take kaiwa zuwa wani karuwa a cikin kudin na samar da rage darajar da dukiya.

ƙungiya matsaloli

A halin yanzu, da kiwo kasuwar kasar mu ne fuskantar munanan matsaloli. Yana yiwuwa a lura da rashin hadade dabarun na ta ci gaba, ciki cuta. Babu bayyana tsarin da goyon baya ga masana'antu da jiha.

Rasha kiwo masana'antu ne a halin yanzu rarraba. Kowane processor da kuma masu sana'anta ne kokarin jimre da shawarar da kamfanin ta matsaloli. A sakamakon haka, da ci gaba da kiwo masana'antu a kasar mu, muhimmanci slows saukar. Industry ƙungiyoyi da cewa kawo tare kera da kuma sarrafawa da madara, da rashin alheri, sami ikon yin aiki fitar da na kowa dabarun domin kariya da masana'antu.

to samfurin Manufacturing bukatun tasowa daga jami'an gwamnati, daban-daban kwatance da kuma siyasa. Kowane jam'iyya, kowane memba hidima da masana'antu da su shawarwari da kuma bukatun, sau da yawa mai saɓani. A jihar amsa ta miƙa nasu hangen nesan na warware matsalolin da ke fuskantar da kiwo masana'antu - wanda shi ne m ga jami'ai. Duk da haka, da kasuwar sau da yawa ba zai iya yarda da shi. A Jihar yanzu wajibi ne don yin kasuwanci shirin 30-50 shekaru gaba.

A kiwo masana'antu a Rasha ƙwarai rududdugaggu. Sarrafawa da kuma madara kera ne sau da yawa a cikin 'yan adawa ga juna. Common ji da kuma kwarewa duniya bayar da shawarar cewa biyu masana'antu - da madara samar da aiki - wani bangare ne na wannan tsarin. Ba shi yiwuwa a tãyar da masana'antu, idan kawai don kula da madara samar, saboda wani karuwa a cikin juz'i na ta saki za bukatar aiki. Hakazalika, ci gaban da wani aiki masana'antu za su kai ga karancin albarkatun kasa. Da sauri sa up for shi iya kawai shigo.

wasu matsaloli

By sama na asali matsaloli impeding ci gaban da kasar mu da irin wannan masana'antu a matsayin kiwo masana'antu, shi wajibi ne don ƙara da wadannan:

• seasonality na samarwa a kasar mu ta madara.
• molokosborochnyh maki gaira, rashin refrigeration raka'a a gonaki.
• halin kirki da kuma ta jiki depreciation na gyarawa dukiya shuka, gina mafi yawan abin da Dates baya ga 70-80 shekaru na karshe karni.

Mutane da yawa daga cikin matsalolin da dole ne a warware a jihar matakin sama. Suna bukatar da kokari na Enterprises. The kawai hanyar warware matsaloli da yawa daga cikin kiwo masana'antu.

Rasha a kasuwannin duniya na kiwo kayayyakin

Our kasar ne mai babbar kaya, amma ba za a iya dauke manyan player a cikin duniya kasuwar. A gaskiya ma, Rasha ba wakilta a duniya ta manyan ƙungiyoyi. A kan ci gaban masana'antu da aka shafa sosai barnatar. A kasuwar kasar mu ba sa hannu a cikin tattaunawa na duniya al'amurran da suka shafi. Shi bai sani ba game da abin da duniya trends a cikin wannan masana'antu a matsayin kiwo masana'antu. Umurnai, bidi'a da bincike da ci gaban da suke amfani da duniya most ƙungiya, ya kuma ba nema. Ana rinjayar biyu sarrafawa na madara da kuma ta masana'antun kazalika karshen masu amfani.

Babban kera

Yau, akwai quite 'yan kera wannan masana'antu a kasar mu. Duk da haka, kawai wasu kamfanonin na kiwo masana'antu sayar da kayayyakin a mafi yankuna na Rasha. A cewar masana, da wadannan kamfanoni (data 2012) ne shugabanni na kasar mu kasuwar:

• "Unimilk."
• "Wimm-Bill-Dann".
• Ochakovo Dairy Shuka.
• Voronezh kiwo hada.
• Piskarevskiy Dairy Shuka.
• Permmoloko.
• "Danone".
• "Rosagroeksport".
• "Hermann".
• Campina.

Competition a kasuwa

A rabo na kamfanin "Wimm-Bill-Dann", shugaba a kasuwannin cikin gida na kiwo kayayyakin, da aka kiyasta a 10.8% a shekarar 2012. Ka lura cewa da rabo daga ta kusa gasa ne game da 4 sau da ƙananan. Daya iya cewa da abinci da kiwo masana'antu a kasar mu ne halin a gwada babban matakin gasar. Amma dole ne mu tuna cewa da yawa daga cikin kayayyakin da kananan shiryayye rai. Bugu da kari, su ake bukata musamman ajiya yanayi. A wannan batun, da mataki na gasar a gida da kuma na yankin kasuwanni ne muhimmanci ƙananan. A sakamakon haka ne cewa a wasu yankuna, na gida masana'antu shugabannin ko masana'antu shugabannin ne daga 30 zuwa 70% na kiwo kasuwar. Sauran rabo rabo sauran gida kamfanonin ko kamfanonin a makwabta yankuna.

shigo da kaya

Shigo da kaya gasa da Rasha kayayyakin. A general, da rabo daga kananan shigo, shi ne kiyasta zuwa Range daga 15 zuwa 19%. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da kiwo kasuwar da na halitta da kariya da waje fafatawa a gasa, a matsayin kayayyakin ne lalacewa da bukatar yanayi na musamman na harkokin sufuri da ajiyarsa.

Duk da haka, a wasu Categories, da ƙara shiryayye rayuwa, da aka shigo da kayayyakin ne a cikin gubar a cikin Rasha kasuwar. A musamman, kasashen waje alamomi sun gane 30% man shanu da kuma 60% cuku. Rayayye girma da kuma shigo da kiwo kayayyakin da madara. A girma daga shigo da na takaice madara da kuma cream ga shekara ta 2012 ya karu da 124,6%, cuku - by 34%, man shanu - by game da 21%.

Production kundin na kiwo kayayyakin a Rasha bai isa ba, saboda haka kasar mu ke tilasta su shigo cikin takaice madara, cuku da kuma man shanu, a babban kundin. Amma ga kasuwar na dukan-madara kayayyakin, shi ne gaba daya bayar da m samar. A lokacin daga 2009 zuwa 2012, jimlar shigo da cuku da aka US $ 7.5 biliyan, na man shanu - 2.15 dala biliyan. A shekara-shekara albarkatun cuku da kuma man shanu rabo daga kayayyakin shigo cikin kasar daga kasashen waje ne game da 40%.