Johan Huizinga: biography, photos

Johan Huizinga (ranar haihuwa: 7 Disamba 1872.; Kwanan Mutuwa: Fabrairu 1, 1945) - Dutch tarihi, Falsafa da al'adu da kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa na zamani tarihi na al'adu. Al'amurra da ra'ayi na ya gada, Yakoba Burkhardta, Huizinga dauke tarihi suke da su, ba kawai na siyasa, amma kuma a cikin al'adu bakan. Ya fara kirkiro domin ayyana tarihi a matsayin tarin dukan al'amurran da mutum fanni, ciki har da addini, falsafa, harsuna, al'ada, art, adabi, mythology, camfi, da sauransu. Inkarin philological hanya Huizinga kokarin nuna da rai, ji, imani, ra'ayoyi, da dandani, halin kirki da kuma na ado sharudda a cikin hasken da al'adu maganganu. Ya yi kokarin yin rikodin, da wanda masu karatu iya jin ruhu na mutane da suka rayu a baya, don jin abinda ke damunsu, fahimta da tunani. Don cimma wannan, da tarihi amfani ba kawai wallafe-wallafen bayyanai, amma kuma zane-zane.

halittar

"The Autumn na tsakiyar zamanai" (1919), a fitacciyar na tarihin al'adu, hadawa da Concepts da kuma images, adabi da kuma tarihi, addini da kuma falsafa, ya zama mafi shahara rubutu Huizinga, kawo shi daraja kamar yadda ya kafa na tarihi na al'adu a cikin karni na ashirin da magaji Burckhardt. Daga baya Johan Huizinga rubuta da aikin "Man Game" (1938). A da shi ya da dangantaka da jigon da mutum tare da manufar "playfulness", yana nufin wasan da talauci m mutum da kuma kula da shi a matsayin archetype na wani iri-iri na al'adu siffofin. Huizinga nuna yadda kowane irin mutum al'adu da aka haife kuma raya, sauran gyare-gyare da kuma bayyananen na playfulness.

rayuwa

Johan Huizinga, wanda biography ba cike da Kasadar, haife shi a Groningen, da Netherlands. Duk da yake karatu a Jami'ar, ya majored a Sanskrit da kuma kare doctoral rubutun a kan topic "The rawar da jester a India wasan kwaikwayo" a 1897. Kawai a 1902, Huizinga sha'awar a tarihin na tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance. Ya zauna a kan a jami'a, koyar da Oriental al'adu, har ya samu title of farfesa janar da kuma na kasa da tarihin a 1905. Shekaru goma daga baya, sai aka nada Farfesa na Duniya Tarihi a Leiden University - inda ya sanar da har 1942. Daga wannan lokacin har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1945, Huizinga da aka gudanar a wani Nazi fursuna a wani karamin gari a kusa Arnhem. Ya aka binne shi a makabarta na Reformed Church a garin Oegstgeest.

riga shi zuwa

Wadda ta gabãta daga Huizinga Yakubu Burckhardt, wanda ya rayu a karni na sha tara, da farko da na fara yi la'akari da labarin daga cikin ra'ayi na al'ada. Burkhardt nacewa soki tartsatsi a cikin Sahaban philological da siyasa hanyoyin shawara tarihi hakikar. Johan Huizinga (photo) ya ci gaba da kuma raya precursor hanyoyin, da samar da wani sabon salo - da tarihi na al'adu.

musamman m

History of kyan gani su a matsayin wani tarin yawa al'amurran da mutum rayuwa, ciki har da addini da camfe, da al'adu, da kuma hadisai, zamantakewa hani da taboos, abin nufi da halin kirki wajibi da kyakkyawa, da sauransu. Huizinga hana na ra'ayi schematization da kuma gyara abubuwan tarihin karkashin ilhama shaci. Ya yi kokari ya kai jihar na mutum ruhu da tunani ta hanyar mafarki, fatan, tsoro da damuwa daga abin da ya gabata. Ya kasance musamman sha'awar a ji na kyakkyawa da ta aikewa ta hanyar art.

qagaggun

Amfani da ta unrivaled wallafe-wallafen basira, Johan Huizinga ya gudanar ya nuna yadda mutane rayu a baya, mun ji da kuma fassara su al'adu hakikar. Ga shi, tarihi ya ba da jerin siyasa da suka faru, bã tãre da real ji da kuma majiyai, ba tare da wanda ba zai iya rayuwa mai rai guda. Huizinga monumental aiki, "The Autumn na tsakiyar zamanai" (1919), aka rubuta daga wannan hangen zaman gaba.

Wannan aiki dole ne na farko da za a gani a matsayin tarihi da bincike, amma shi ke da nisa fiye kunkuntar horo Genre na tarihi muqala a matsayin hikimar tantance, philological nazarin jerin abubuwan da suka faru. A akasin wannan, wannan aikin Highlights da ha] in gwiwar al'adu suke da su, waxanda suke da lauye Anthropology, ilmi, falsafa, mythology, addini, tarihi da al'adu da adabi. Ko da yake marubucin biya da hankali ga m al'amurran da mutum tarihi, shi ne quite m da irrationalism "falsafar rayuwa".

A shekaru sittin da shekaru biyar da haihuwa tarihi ya wallafa wani fitacciyar - aikin "mutum game" (1938). A da culmination na shekaru masu yawa na aiki a saura na tarihi da kuma falsafa na al'ada. Huizinga daraja kuma kawo littafin na "Erasmus" (1924).

"Autumn na tsakiyar zamanai"

"The Autumn na tsakiyar zamanai" ya zama mafi shahara littafin tarihi. Shi ne da godiya ga ta fi Sahaban samu daga wanda yake Johan Huizinga, kuma sun iya samun Masana sabon cigaban kimiyya.

Yakubu Burckhardt da sauran masana tarihi na tsakiyar zamanai aka dauke a riga na Renaissance, kuma aka bayyana su a matsayin shimfiɗar jariri, da labarun almara. Burckhardt ta aikin mayar da hankali a kan Italian Renaissance, kuma kusan bai rufe tsawon Faransa al'adu, da Netherlands da kuma sauran kasashen Turai arewa na Alps.

Huizinga ya kalubalanci fassarar tsakiyar zamanai da Renaissance hangen zaman gaba. Ya yi imani da cewa na da al'ada ta wadãta, kuma tsira da ganiya ta ci gaba a cikin goma sha biyu da kuma goma sha uku ƙarni, sa'an nan ya zo da wani dakushe ta goma sha huɗu da ta goma sha biyar ƙarni. A cewar Huizinga, tarihi lokaci, a matsayin mai rai kasancewa a cikin yanayi, an haife kuma mutu. wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa Late tsakiyar zamanai ya zuwa wani lõkaci na mutuwa da kuma mika mulki lokaci zuwa a kara Tarurrukan. Alal misali, a cikin babi na "Mutuwa nada" Johan Huizinga karni na sha biyar wanda aka nuna a cikin wadannan hanya: tunanin mutuwa fi yawa a cikin zuciyar dan Adam, da kuma tune da "dance na mutuwa" zama wani ɓangare na mãkirci na zane-zane. Ya ga mafi moodiness, gajiya, kuma nostalgia for baya - bayyanar cututtuka na tsufa al'adu fiye da ãyõyin dawo da kuma fata hali na Renaissance.

Duk da ɗan iyaka ganewarsu gabatar a cikin littafin "The Autumn na tsakiyar zamanai", shi ya kasance wani classic aiki a kan tarihin al'adu da wani wuri na girmamawa a kan wani par tare da shahararrun ayyukan Yakoba Burkhardta.