A amfani da roba a magani da kuma masana'antu. A amfani da halitta roba: Misalan

Roba ne Organic fili wanda babban aka gyara su ne carbon da hydrogen. Samun shi daga musamman woody shuke-shuke, sau da yawa kira na roba. Wadannan wakilan da Flora 'yan qasar zuwa yammacin sahara. Su gabobin ( 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, ganye, da rassan, akwati, Tushen) dauke da latex. Wannan ba shine Milky ruwa sap, botanists, masana kimiyya har yanzu shakka da bayani dalla-dalla na da muhimmancin ga rayuwata da shuka jiki. Yana Latex a lokacin coagulation samu m na roba taro, wanda shi ne na halitta da na halitta roba.

Tarihi na samu na halitta roba

Taimako Hristofora Kolumba a ci gaban duniya wayewa ba iyakance zuwa babban Gwargwadon binciken. Shi ne ya jirgin, da ma'aikacin kotu zuwa tsibirin Hispaniola a 1493, ya zuwa Spain, da farko samfurin na roba. Yana da aka rubbery bouncy ball, wanda da yan unguwa sanya daga sap na roba itatuwa - shuke-shuke samu a kan bankunan na Amazon. Ganin matsayin Indiyawa farincikin jefa banmamaki abu, wanda aka kai da ƙasa, kuma ko da bounced, a matsayin mai rai, kamar yin da Jump, da Spain ba tsanani mamaki. Bayan kokarin rike da bouncy ball, da suka je wa Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa shi ne m isa, kuma ko da biya da hankali ga ta stickiness da halayyar wari da hayaki.

A amfani da roba daga Indiyawan ba haka ba ne mai iyaka. Local kabilan ba kawai buga ball, amma amfani da shi a cikin daban-daban na addini bikin. Kuma da sap na itace, daga abin da aka samu, dauke da tsarki kuma ya kira shi da "roba samfurin", wanda yake nufin "itace hawaye."

Daga cikin curiosities mayar da Columbus a Spain, akwai kuma wannan sabon abu ball. Daga wannan lokaci ya fara da tarihin yin amfani da roba.

A farko yunkurin yin amfani da

Amma Turawa ba biya isa da hankali ga abin mamaki na Indiyawan. Kuma har zuwa karni XVIII bai tunanin yadda m kuma bambancin ikon yinsa, daga roba. Kawai a lokacin da 'yan Faransa balaguro zuwa ziyarci wurare masu zafi da gandun daji na Kudancin Amirka, ya aka sake kawo zuwa Turai, za mu biya da hankali ga shi. Na ma fi girma amfani zo a lokacin da Faransa masanin kimiyya S. Condamine, magana a majalisar Paris Academy of Sciences, ya nuna samfurori da wannan abu, ya nuna hanyoyi na yiwu aikace-aikace da kuma kayayyakin da aka yi da shi.

m da amfani da halitta roba a Turai fara a kusa da 1770, lokacin da wani sabon m ya bayyana a makarantu - gummilastik, wanda aka yi amfani da su shafe da fensir Lines.

Sa'an nan ya fara wani aiki search for yiwu yankunan amfani da roba. Yana da su lokacin da ira Katakon da kuma roba zaren. A Scotland kirkiro Charles Macintosh gane sa a kan wani bakin ciki Layer na roba tsakanin biyu yadudduka na masana'anta, haka samun wani mai hana ruwa masana'anta. Wannan abu yana da wani mahaukaci shahararsa cloaks shi samu da sunan daga kirkiro. Suka kira Macs.

A auka na roba masana'antu

Harufan yunkurin inganta samar da mai hana ruwa takalma kasance m. Galoshes, ko sun zama quite gaye na wani dan gajeren lokaci, amma practicality ba daban-daban. A cikin sanyi, da suka iya crack, amma a cikin zãfi kusan narke, kuma ya kashe wani m wari.

Ir babbar sha'awa dade ba. A daya daga cikin wadanda shekaru a yankunan da yawa na Turai da aka sosai zafi lokacin bazaar. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar high zazzabi kayayyakin roba masana'antu juya a cikin mugun-ƙanshi a taro. All Enterprises daga wannan masana'antu sa'an nan ya tafi fatara.

Opening na Charles Goodyear

Kuma babu wanda zai yi tunanin mafi game da galoshes da Macs, idan ba don dagewa da American Charles Goodyear. Ya kishin gano hanyoyin da halittar kyau roba abu domin shekaru masu yawa.

Goodyear ciyar da yawa experimentation, hadawa roba da kusan kowa da kowa. Ya kara da cewa da shi, da kuma gishiri, da kuma barkono, da yashi, kuma ko da miya. Bayan shafe dukan kudi da kuma iko, da ya kirkiro an riga an rasa su da bege. Amma kokarin da aka lashe tare da nasara ba tukuna. Ƙara da sulfur fili, shi ne cewa samu karfin da elasticity, da kuma inganta thermal kwanciyar hankali.

Saboda haka, ya ya iya inganta roba. Properties da kuma aikace-aikacen kwamfuta wani sabon dangane sake zama abu na binciken masana kimiyya da kuma industrialists. Goodyear sakamakon kayan mu yanzu kira roba, da kuma wani tsari a cikin abin da aka samu - vulcanizing roba.

A roba albarku

Bayan wani abin sa mamaki bude ga farin ciki masanin kimiyya fadi da yawa tayi saya da lamban kira ga sabuwar dabara abu. A amfani da roba domin samar da roba ya zama babban. Don wannan karshen, kusan dukan kasashe sun fara nemi hanyoyi na namo a yankin ƙasarsu daga roba itatuwa. A wannan batun, mafi m na Brazil, domin wannan shi ne abin da jihar shi maigidan sararin hannun jari na irin shuke-shuke. Brazil ta gwamnati ne yin mai yawa kokarin ci gaba da zama a kenkenewa a cikin wannan yankin, an tsananin haramta fitarwa na tsaba da kuma matasa shuke-shuke roba itatuwa. Domin wannan laifi kisa da aka ma ya gabatar.

Amma da Banasare Vikgem da ciwon leken asiri yi, gudanar a samu to bankunan na Amazon, inda asirce cirewa da kuma aika zuwa ga UK 70,000 roba itace tsaba. Kuma ko da yake gida shayarwa ba nan da nan ya juya a kan ƙasa na wani daban-daban sauyin yanayi zuwa girma a wurare masu zafi da shuka, godiya ga kokarin da bayan wani lokaci ya bayyana a kan kasuwar mai rahusa da kuma araha English roba.

A halin yanzu, amfani da halitta roba ya zama haka m cewa adadin roba ya wuce 100 000. Yana da aka kaddamar da samar da wata babbar yawan sababbin kayayyakin: injin mai mota da kuma rufi, "danko" for lilin, roba takalma, yara balloons da sauransu. . Duk da haka, babban amfani da halitta roba an hade tare da masana'antu na mota a lokacin da na farko hawa-ƙirƙira shi, kuma sa'an nan da tayoyin.

A amfani da roba da kuma roba a kasar mu ya na dogon lokaci bisa laákari da samar da waje raw kayan. Kawai a lokacin da suka samu dandelions a Kazakhstan, da tushen da wanda dauke da roba, na farko roba kayayyakin daga m abu. Amma shi kuwa yana da lokaci-cinyewa tsari, kamar yadda roba selection na Dandelion tushen daukan lokaci mai tsawo muna saboda da low taro (16-28%).

Shiri na roba roba

Albarkatun halitta roba ba ya sadu da high bukatar yawan for kaya sanya daga wannan abu. Yanzu wani yawa ya fi girma sikelin ne samar da roba roba.

SV Lebedev a 1910 a karon farko samu wani roba roba. The abu don samar da butadiene aka kasaftawa daga ethanol. Daga baya, ta hanyar aikata Polymerization dauki amfani da ƙarfe sodium da aka samu butadiene roba roba.

Masana'antu samar da roba roba

A shekara ta 1925, SV Lebedev kafa kaina da aiki na gano wani m Hanyar kira na roba. an samu nasarar warware a cikin shekaru biyu. Laboratory Hanyar farko 'yan kilo roba aka hada. Yana Lebedev soma nazarin Properties na roba, da kuma tasowa girke-girke cire dole mabukaci kaya.

Kuma a cikin wadannan shekaru da yin amfani da roba ya na da muhimmanci haƙiƙa na S. V. Lebedeva. Yana yana kan hanyar zuwa duniya ta farko shuka cewa samar da wannan abu da aka samu ta hanyar da rukunin farko na wannan abu ga masana'antu sikelin.

A lokacin daga 1932 zuwa 1990, Tarayyar Soviet ya kasance wani shugaban cikin sharuddan samar a cikin masana'antu. Amfani na roba roba yiwu fadada kewayon fasaha roba kayayyakin, musamman: kayayyakin da aka yi da taushi roba, takalma soles, daban-daban shambura da hoses, sealants da adhesives, Paints da sauran latex-tushen.

Roba roba: Properties da kuma aikace-aikacen kwamfuta

Yanzu cikin kewayon roba roba ƙara muhimmanci idan aka kwatanta da na tsakiya na XX karni. Daban-daban iri ta iya zama sosai daban-daban sinadaran abun da ke ciki da kuma mabukaci Properties. Nau'in roba roba dangane da bambanci na monomers cewa an yi amfani da shirye-shiryen. Saboda haka, akwai isoprene, butadiene, chloroprene da sauran jinsunan. A cewar wani rarrabuwa, rubbers ya kasu kashi daban dangane da halayyar kungiyoyin na kwayoyin halitta da suke kunshe a cikin abun da ke ciki. Ga misali, da aka sani da iri polysulfide, silicone rubbers da kuma kama. D.

A farko Hanyar samar da roba roba - da Polymerization na dienes da alkenes. Mafi na kowa monomers a wannan harka za a iya kira butadiene, isoprene, ethylene, acrylonitrile da sauransu.

Wasu iri polysulfide, polyurethane roba aka samar a cikin wani sandaro dauki.

Rubbers na janar da kuma manufa ta musamman

A daidai da aikace-aikace filayen rubbers za a iya raba janar da kuma manufa ta musamman kayan. Wakilai na farko kungiyar da hade da kaddarorin wadda sa shi yiwuwa a yi amfani da su domin samar da daban-daban kayayyakin, na roba Properties dole ne faruwa a talakawa yanayin zafi. Amma da amfani da musamman-manufa roba roba ya shafi ceton Properties kuma a cikin matsananci yanayi, msl, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar sanyi da kuma wuta, lemar sararin samaniya da kuma oxygen, da sauransu. D.

Isoprene roba: aikace-aikace

A cikin abun da ke ciki na isoprene roba ne sosai kama da na halitta. Saboda haka, cikin kewayon Properties daga cikin wadannan abubuwa sun fi mayar da daidaita.

Its disadvantages hada da matalauta jure high yanayin zafi, lemar sararin samaniya da kuma hasken rana kai tsaye. Low cohesive ƙarfi daga cikin roba dangane da su - shi ne mai alama da ta sa shi kasa rare isoprene roba. aikace-aikace yana da wuya saboda ya karu stickiness, rashin firam da kuma kwarara. Amma a monolithic kayayyakin da ba su bukatar wani babban yawan sassa na fili, isoprene rubbers amfani yadu.

roba faci

A amfani da roba a magani ma ya auku. Mafi na kowa samfurin a kan kiwon lafiya masana'antu, sakamakon daga yin amfani da roba - filasta. Yana da wani cakuda roba da kuma magani related abubuwa. A abũbuwan amfãni daga wannan faci:

• dogon lokaci adana tackiness.
• karfinsu da yawa kwayoyi.
• harmlessness.
• 'yanci na amfani.

A samar da tsari kunshi rushe 1 part roba a 12 sassa na fetur. Kuma a sa'an nan ya gabatar a cikin bayani da sauran related aka gyara: turpentine (qara stickiness), lanolin (ya hana bushewa), tutiya oxide (raunana hangula), kwayoyi (warkewa sakamako halitta).

Implants sanya daga roba

Lalle ne m roba articles za a iya kira mutum sashin jiki implants. A amfani da roba a su samar ne mun gwada kwanan nan da kuma shi ne farkon wani sabon zamanin a cikin ci gaban da magani.

Tracheal implants ne kayan da poliaktilatov, polysiloxanes, polyamides. Artificial zuciya da sassansa ake yi na polyurethane da polioksilanov. Polyethylene kuma propylene ne abu don samar da implant sassa esophagus, da kuma polyvinyl chloride ne babbar bangaren na implant wasu rabo na narkewa kamar tsarin. A wucin gadi jini sanya daga polyethylene terephthalate, polytetrafluoroethylene da propylene. Don samun mutane da nakasa, sabon ƙasũsuwa da gidajen abinci taimaka polyacrylates, polyamides, polyurethanes.

A amfani da roba a masana'antu kayayyakin

Tamanin da roba a cikin kasa tattalin arzikin ne babban. Duk da haka, da amfani da halitta roba a cikin purest siffan - a rarity. An fi amfani da matsayin roba. Products, Ya sanya daga wannan abu da ake samu a rayuwar yau da kullum a kowane bi da bi. Wannan waya rufi, da kuma yi daga takalma, da tufafi, da kuma mota tayoyin, kuma mafi.

A takalma masana'antu suna amfani, kamar yadda mai mulkin, da wadannan iri roba: porous (tafin kafa), fata-kamar (ƙananan ɓangare na takalma), m (sheqa).

A amfani da halitta roba da kuma ta roba analogues ba bazata zama ubiquitous. Su suke da alhakin mafi mutum bukatun, kasancewa daya daga cikin mafi m kayan.