Ka'idojin da kuma matakai na cigaban dan Adam: Siffar, halaye

da cigaban dan Adam - wani tsari da farawa a ganewa da kuma ci gaba har zuwa mutuwa. Tare da yara zuwa} uruciyarsa jiki girma ya auku. Amma fahimi ci gaban ba ya hana na rayuwa. Menene ainihin ka'idar periodization na rayuwa sake zagayowar?

A ci gaba da mutum daga cikin ra'ayi na ilmin halitta

Daban-daban theories da kuma matakai na cigaban dan Adam suna ci gaba a bisa wasu sharudda, wanda aka dauka domin sanin matakai na rayuwa. A ilmin halitta, na farko daga cikin wadannan abubuwan ne hadi. A kimiyya sunan da cigaban dan Adam - yanayin halitta na juya. Hadakar da kwai da kuma maniyyi bada Yunƙurin ontogenesis. Tun da farko, saukarwa dauki wuri a cikin mace jiki, ontogenesis ne zuwa kashi prenatal da postnatal.

A prenatal lokacin ne zuwa kashi da amfrayo (daga ganewa to 2 months) da kuma fetal (daga 3rd ga 9th watan). A lokacin fetal rayuwa faruwa duk mafi girma karuwa a yawan Kwayoyin cewa dauka a kan daban-daban ayyuka na jiki a nan gaba. A lokacin da watan biyu na ciki gabobin fara nunawa. Dimbin yawa shugaban, wuyansa, jiki, da kuma wata gabar jiki.

Haihuwar kowane yaro yana dauke da wata ãyã. Duk da cewa duniya ne mu'ujiza faruwa a kowane lokaci, shi ya shafi mai yawa ban sha'awa fasali. Alal misali, a gabanin haihuwa tseren ne da hannu game da miliyan 300 namiji maniyyi. Aƙalla guda ne yawan mutanen da suke rayuwa a Amurka. By lokacin haihuwar jariri ta kwakwalwa an riga an sanye take da miliyan goma jijiya Kwayoyin.

Development of kwayoyin daga cikin mahaifa zuwa tsufa. girma tsalle

Daga watan uku na fetal ci gaban akwai wata karuwa a cikin jiki, wanda ya ci gaba bayan haihuwar da yaro. Kuma tun haihuwa ta fara aiwatar da karbuwa ga muhalli da yanayi. The yaro yakan mallaki sabon basira da ake lebur a gādonsa. A kara girma da kwayoyin faruwa a lokacin da dama bulan: na zamani na farkon yara (daga daya zuwa shekara uku), daga 5 zuwa 7 shekara, kuma a lokacin balaga (11 zuwa 16 years). By 20-25 shekaru ci gaban da jikin mutum ke kusa kammala. Yanzu ya zo mun gwada da barga lokaci a cikin rayuwar sake zagayowar - balaga. Bayan 55-60 shekaru, jikin mutum da aka fara samun haihuwa.

biogenetic dokar

A ilmin halitta, akwai wata dokar da Haeckal-Müller, ko biogenetic dokar. Ya furta cewa, kowane mutum a cikin ci gaban da wasu har ya mayar da matakai da suke da kakanninsa. A wasu kalmomin, wani mutum daga ta ganewa ke ta da matakai na ci gaba da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, wanda fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa cikin tarihi. A karo na farko da wannan dokar da aka saka masanin kimiyya Ernest Haeckal a 1866.

Human m ci gaba daga yara zuwa} uruciyarsa lokaci

Da al'umma ta farko kimiyya mataki na cigaban dan Adam da aka dauke a farkon karni na 20th. A lokacin da ka raba rai sake zagayowar la'akari dalilai kamar jiki girma, shafi tunanin mutum da kuma m ci gaba. A wannan lokacin, da rabo a cikin bulan aiki shahararren Rasha masana kimiyya: NI Pirogov, L. S. Vygotsky, K. D. Ushinsky. A bisa ga al'ada, an rarraba su zuwa dama, saukarwa: utero, yara, samartaka da kuma matasa.

Natal ci gaba, bi da bi, ya kasu kashi dama, saukarwa. Na farkon su - predzarodyshevaya. Its duration - 2 makonni daga ganewa. A na gaba mataki ne da ake kira germinal kuma yana watanni biyu. Biye da fetal mataki, wanda yana har da jariri da aka haife.

Bisa ga ka'idar da masana kimiyya, yara kuma zuwa kashi da dama muhimmanci, saukarwa. Wannan jariri (0 to shekara), farkon shekaru (1-3 years), makarantan nasare shekaru (3-7 shekaru) kuma makarantar firamare shekaru (daga 6-7 ga 10-11 shekaru). Wadannan lokuta ne halin da daban-daban, saukarwa na ci gaba da kai a cikin mutum. An muhimmiyar rawa aka buga da jagorantar aiki, halayyar da wasu shekaru. Alal misali, a farkon yara halin da ake kira abu-manipulative aiki. The yaro koyi yin amfani da abubuwa cewa kewaye da shi. Kuma ga matasa dalibai, misali, irin aiki ne da horo. Yara za su fara msar tambayar hanyoyin tunani. Sun koyi yadda za a koyi da su yi amfani da ka'idojin ilimi.

Abin da ya faru a cikin shimfiɗar jariri?

A farkon matakai na cigaban dan Adam - wani lokaci idan akwai ta socialization, kuma ta zama wani cikakken memba na jama'a. } Ananan yara, yana dauke da shekaru a wadda kafa m balaga daga cikin mutum. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa, tsawon lokacin da yara a zamaninmu ne ba daidai lokacin da aka bai wa wannan mataki na rayuwa kafin. A daban-daban sau a lokacin suna yara dade daban-daban lokaci, kuma haka shekaru periodization ko da yaushe dauke da wani samfurin da wani al'adu da wayewa. Alal misali, a cikin farkon karni na 20th. samartaka lokaci ya zo karshe sosai da sauri - a farkon 13-14 shekaru, da yawa yara suka fara aiki a matsayin manya. Mataki na ci gaba da al'ummar dan Adam ayyana iyakokin shekaru lokaci, da hankula ya zamanin.

Samartaka da kuma matasa

A na gaba lokaci na ci gaba ne samartaka. Wannan ya hada da mataki na samartaka, ko mafarki (shi yana ga wani talakawan na shekaru 15) da kuma matasa (zaunanniya har zuwa 22-23 shekaru). A wannan lokaci a cikin matasa fara dauki siffar wani ganewarsu, fahimtar su wuri a cikin al'umma.

Daban-daban masu bincike daban-daban ma'anar daga cikin mataki na ci gaba da rayuwar mutum, kamar samartaka da kuma matasa. Wasu malamai sun gano farkon matasa (15 zuwa shekaru 18), kuma marigayi (18 zuwa shekaru 23). Duk da haka dai, nan da karshen zamanin samartaka ƙare da samuwar wani physiological adam. A wannan lokaci da karshe siffar da ya sani, zo da fore al'amurran da suka shafi na sana'a biya. A farkon matakai na cikin bukatun da matasan da ake kafa, da tsare-tsaren na nan gaba, da bukatar aiki, ya tabbatar da mutum 'yancin kai, ciki har da kudi.

adulthood

A na gaba mataki na rayuwa sake zagayowar ne adulthood. Ta kuma wakiltar da mafi tsawo mataki. A raya ƙasashe, misali, da balaga ne zuwa kashi uku na] aukacin rayuwa. A wannan mataki, shi ne kasaftawa uku lokaci: farkon adulthood ko youthfulness. talakawan dattijo. da kuma marigayi adulthood (wanda ya hada da tsufa da kuma tsufa).

Babban alama cewa shi ne halayyar da lokaci na tsufa, ne tara hikimar rayuwa. Sa'an nan abin da zai zama mutumin a cikin tsufa, a mutunta mutane da yawa dogara a kan ta hanyar rayuwa a cikin adulthood. Babban wajibcin tsofaffi ba kawai kula da masõyansa, amma kuma damar da za su raba abubuwan.

Rayuwa saye a adulthood

Masana kimiyya jaddada cewa balaga da kuma balaga ba m Concepts. Ba kamar baya, saukarwa a cikinsa akwai wani jiki ripening adulthood mafi alaka fahimi ci gaba. A wannan mataki, mutane koyi dauki alhakin su yanke shawara. A cikin mutane, wani hali dabiu suna kafa. Wannan, misali, taurin, gaskiya, iya aiki domin tausayi. Scientist E. Erickson bayar da hujjar cewa a wannan mataki na cigaban dan Adam ne da samuwar kai-ainihi. } Uruciyarsa, ya ce da bincike, shi ne yana da shekaru a wanda ya aikata manyan ayyukan. Babban fasali na wannan lokaci ne wasan kwaikwayon, kerawa, kazalika da wasu restlessness. Man neman cimma Heights a su masu sana'a filin, ya zama mafi iyaye, don tallafa wa iyali.

Aiki da kula ne matakai ne na fara tasawa. Idan mutum calms ƙasa a game da wani yanki na rayuwa, stagnation na iya faruwa a nan kuma ko da ƙasƙanci. Wadannan korau mamaki bayyana a cikin sha na su matsalolin, kuma kai-tausayi. Shawo kan wadannan matsaloli da taimakon kafa halaye domin shawo kan matsaloli, maimakon ta hanyar m gunaguni game da m rabo.

mataki na cigaban dan Adam bisa ga Freud

Gargajiya psychoanalysis bai rasa ta munasaba a yau. A halin yanzu, Freud ka'idar ne daya daga cikin muhimman hakkokin Concepts hali. A ra'ayinsa, da cigaban dan Adam - shi ne mai aiwatar da karbuwa ga waje yanayi na duniya. Masana sun gano uku yadudduka da psyche na wani mutum - abin da ake kira "Yana" ko "id". "I" ko "Izza". da kuma "superego" - "superego." "Eid" sume, ko da wani m kashi na hali. "Izza" - don gane shi da m part. "Super-Izza" shi ne wani irin manufa zuwa ga abin da mutum ke hada a nan kamar yadda lamirinsa. A wannan bangare daga cikin mutum a aiwatar da ci gaban kafe iyaye shuka, kazalika da zamantakewa norms yarda a cikin al'umma.

A halin yanzu, mutane da yawa theories da kuma matakai na juyin halittar mutum, musamman a Psychology hada da bayanai samu ta hanyar Freud. Ya yi imani da cewa babban matakai na cigaban dan Adam - shi ne mai baka (daga haihuwa zuwa goma sha takwas watanni), tsuliya (ta har zuwa shekaru 3), phallic (3 zuwa 6 years), latent (daga 6-7 shekaru 12), da kuma kuma al'aura (12-18 shekaru). Austria masanin kimiyya yi imanin cewa, ci gaban mataki ne mai irin matakai don wani mutum a kan kõwa daga gare su, ya iya "samun makale" har zuwa karshen rayuwa. Sa'an nan wasu aka gyara na infantile jima'i zai zama wani ɓangare na wani hadadden neurotic adult.