1918-1939 Polish Jamhuriyar ta tarihi, da kan iyakoki, da gwamnatin

Bayan karshen yakin duniya na farko a kan taswira na Turai, wani sabon Poland. Wannan kasa dauke kanta magaji na haihuwa daular mulkinsu cewa ya wanzu kafin bangare na XVIII karni. Warware daga Rasha mulki, Dogayen sanda haka ƙirƙirar biyu Rzeczpospolita. A 1939 an shagaltar da ta sojojin Nazi Jamus da kuma Tarayyar Soviet.

Ana zargin da Jamhuriyar

The hukuma Polish historiography yana dauke da cewa Jamhuriyar Poland (1918-1939) ya bayyana Nuwamba 11, 1918. A wannan rana, a Warsaw, ya aka makaman da neutralized da Jamus sojojin. Jamus suka mamaye Poland, wanda shi ne bisa ga ƙa'ida ɓangare na Rasha Empire. Wannan daular mulkinsu kasance ba. A Rasha yakin basasa da aka bugãwa, kuma shi ba har sai da Poland.

Bayan da aka kafa domin a Warsaw Regency Council an halitta. Ya mika mulki ga Yuzefu Pilsudskomu - shugaba na Yaren mutanen Poland Socialist Party da kuma na kasa gwarzo. A sabon shugaban jihar kafa gwamnati karkashin jagorancin Endzheem Morachevskii. Nan da nan muhimmanci dokokin da aka soma a kan takwas-hour rana, da jin dadin rayuwa T. D. Pilsudsky, ko da yake wani gurguzu kafin zuwan to ikon, watsi da ra'ayoyi. Duk da haka, ya yi sulhu akai tare da Hagu, domin riƙe kwalkwali na kasar.

amincewar kasashen duniya

Tuni a cikin Janairu 1919, da Jamhuriyar Poland (1918-1939) dandana farko abortive yunkurin juyin mulki. Bayan da cewa Pilsudski gwamnatin canza. Wannan ya biyo ta kasa da kasa amincewa da 'yancin kai na Poland da kuma amincewar da ikonta. Daga cikin magoya bayan Pilsudski sun Amurka, Faransa, Ingila da Italiya. A Fabrairu 20, da dokoki Sejm nada shi ga post na shugaban kasa da kuma da jagoran.

Lokacin da Jamhuriyar Poland (1918-1939) kawai ya tashi, gẽfunanta kasance har yanzu bai tabbata ba. Just ƙare yakin duniya na farko, da kuma yanzu Turai, shi ya wajaba a yarda a kan wani sabon ciki kan iyakoki. A shekara ta 1919, da yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu Versailles. Tun Jamus gane tsokana daga ta tsage tafi wani gagarumin bantara na ƙasa. Poland tafi lardin na Posen da kuma wani ɓangare na Pomerania. Gdansk da aka samu a haɗe free birni.

Shi ya kasance warware matsalar batun na Silesia. A wannan yankin muka rayu a matsayin Dogayen sanda da kuma Jamus, duk da haka yankin ya zauna cikin Jamus. A 1919-1921 gg. akwai kawai uku na kasa yunkuri na Slavs. Sabuwar kafa League of Nations yanke shawarar raba Silesia, domin kauce wa nan gaba rikice-rikice. Part wannan yankin da aka annexed zuwa Poland matsayin mai zaman kanta lardin.

Border rigingimu

Har ila yau, da wuya halin da ake ciki a gabashin kan iyakar. Da farko Polish Jamhuriyar (1918-1939) ya ci Ukrainian nationalists, wanda ya so ya kafa wani zaman kanta a jihar. Ba da da ewa da za a maye gurbinsu da 'yan gurguzun. A shekara ta 1919, da Soviet-Polish yaki. Domin Lenin da magoya bayansa, da yaƙi ne kawai mataki na farko zuwa cikin duniya proletarian juyin juya halin.

Soviet sojojin har ya kai Vistula, kuma sun kasance a cikin unguwannin Warsaw. Duk da haka, da Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin kaddamar da wani cin nasara counterattack da ya zo Minsk. Riga yarjejeniya da aka kulla a 1921. Poland aka gyarawa domin yammacin yankuna na Ukraine da Belarus.

A iyakar kudancin jihar na Czechoslovakia da aka amince da hukumomi a lokacin rani na 1920. Sa'an nan, kasashen biyu raba tsakanin Cieszyn yankin. Wannan guda kaka da dakarun na Marshal Pilsudski kãma Vilnius. Saboda haka, Na biyu Rzeczpospolita ta kafa ikonta a yankunan inda Yaren mutanen Poland harshe ya kasance na farko ko na kowa daga mazaunanta. Jihar cibiyoyin da aka kafa a cikin hargitsi. Poland, Rasha da kuma sauran kasashen Turai warke daga yakin duniya na farko na dogon lokaci.

A May juyin mulki

A 1924, wani muhimmin kudi garambawul da aka za'ayi. A sabon kudin zloty a Poland maye gurbin tsohon mark. Amma, duk da gwamnatin ta tattalin arzikin, da halin da ake ciki a Poland ya m. A kasar ta kiyaye hyperinflation. Talakawa da kuma, mafi muhimmanci, da soja suka yi shaƙãwa. Biyu Rzeczpospolita iya ba zauna tare da guda sanyi. Mai ci gaba da fatan for Yuzefa Pilsudskogo.

Goyon bayan zama leftists, masana da sojojin. Pilsudski taimake Żeligowski War Ministan, wanda ya izini da m horar da. Tun da zubar da Marshal bayyana da sojoji da yawa. A May 1926, shi ya koma Warsaw. Yãki tare da magoya bayan gwamnati dade kwanaki uku. A karshe, a kan May 15 da babban birnin kasar da aka karkashin iko da Pilsudski. Makonni biyu daga baya ya aka sake zabe shugaban kasar Poland, amma murabus.

Brest tsari

A 1931-1932 gg. Pilsudski karshe samu kawar da abokan adawar siyasarsu. Bisa ga m zargin, hukumomi sun kame tsohon mambobi ne na Saeima, suka saɓa wa sabon readjustment tsarin mulki.

Brest shari'a da aka gudanar a kan su. Ya aka mai suna a wurin da ake tsare. Suka bautar sentences a Brest sansanin soja. Wasu 'yan adawa ya iya yi hijira zuwa Czechoslovakia ko France. Sauran bauta wa kurkuku lokaci, kuma a gaskiya da an jẽfa shi fita daga cikin kasar ta siyasa. Wadannan matakan yarda da magoya bayan Pilsudski ta cigaba da mulki har fall na biyu Polish Jamhuriyar.

readjustment

Pilsudski goyon bayan takarar na Ignacy Mościcki matsayin shugaban kasa. Ya zama shugaban kasar har sai 1939, lokacin da shi ya shiga Wehrmacht. Yana da aka kafa wani amincewa da gwamnatin, wanda ya dogara ga soja. A karkashin sabon tsari na gwamnati a cikin Jamhuriyar Poland ya rasa da yawa na iko.

Kafa yanayin da aka kira debridement. A 'yan adawa da kuma abokan adawar mana Pilsudski (kuma ya yi matukar yin tasiri jama'a da manufofin) suka gurfanar da hukumomi. Hukumance mulkin a matsayin mai matuƙar Karkasa dalĩli aka shika-shikan a kan sabon tsarin mulki a shekarar 1935. Ya gano wasu muhimman tushe na jihar tsarin, misali, cewa, gwamnatin Poland ta gane kawai, duk da kasancewar kabilu a wasu yankuna.

Yarjejeniyar tare da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Jamus

Pilsudski a 1926 ya zama Ministan for Soja Harkokin. Shi ne a cikin cikakken iko na kasar kasashen waje da manufofin. Ya gudanar da dattako dangantaka da makwabtanta. A 1932 ya aka sanya hannu a yarjejeniya tare da nonaggression Tarayyar Soviet, da kuma iyakar da Poland sun amince da warware. A irin wannan yarjejeniya tare da Jamhuriyar Jamus a 1934.

Duk da haka, wadannan yarjejeniyoyi sun unreliable. Pilsudski bai amince da gurguzu, da kuma ko kasa da Nazis zo iko a Jamus. Poland, Rasha, ta Uku Reich da su m, kuma hadaddun dangantaka tushen tashin hankali a dukan Turai. Kokarin wasa da shi lafiya, Pilsudski aka neman goyon baya daga Birtaniya da kuma Faransa. Ministan Soja Harkokin, ya rasu May 12, 1935. Saboda mutuwar marshal a farko da kuma karshe lokaci a cikin tarihi na biyu Polish Jamhuriyar aka ayyana zaman makoki.

Polonization

A interwar lokaci, Poland ya kamfanin dake da wata kasa. Yana da alaka da cewa a karkashin iko da Commonwealth sun yankuna cewa shiga da farko ta soja ci kamfen a kasashe makwabta. Dogayen sanda sun kasance game da 66% a kasar. Musamman kaɗan daga gare su sun kasance a cikin gabashin Commonwealth.

Ukrainians lissafta ga 10% na yawan jama'ar, Yahudawa - 8%, Rusyns - 3%, da dai sauransu Wannan kasa kaleidoscope babu makawa ya kai ga rikice-rikice ... Domin ko ta yaya santsi daga cikin saba wa juna, hukumomi da za'ayi polonization siyasa - tsaye na Yaren mutanen Poland al'ada da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland harshe a yankunan da kananan kabilu ke zaune.

Těšín rikici

A cikin rabi na biyu na 30-ies na kasa da kasa halin da ake ciki ci gaba da deteriorate. Adolf Hitler nace a kan dawowar Jamus ƙasar dauka daga ta bayan yakin duniya na farko. Shahararren Munich Yarjejeniyar da aka sanya hannu a shekara ta 1938. Jamus samu da Sudetenland, wanda mallakar Czechoslovakia, amma zaune yafi by Jamusawa. A daidai wannan lokaci Poland bai gaza da damar yin wani kuka ga ta kudancin makwabcin.

Satumba 30, 1938 Czechoslovakia aka aiko wani ultimatum. Prague nema su koma cikin Cieszyn yankin, wanda saboda kasa peculiarities na yankin da'awar da Poland. Yau, saboda jini events na yakin duniya na biyu, wannan rikici yana da wuya ya tuna. Duk da haka, shi ya kasance a shekara ta 1938, Poland mamaye Tesin, shan amfani da Sudeten rikicin.

Hitler ta ultimatum

Duk da Munich Yarjejeniyar, Hitler ta ci kawai girma. A watan Maris 1939, Jamus bukaci Poland komawa zuwa Gdansk (Danzig) da kuma samar da wani corridor a Gabas Prussia. A Warsaw, duk da'awar ƙaryata. Maris 28, Hitler karya ba ta'adi yarjejeniya tsakanin Jamus da kuma Poland.

A watan Agusta, ta Uku Reich kammala wata yarjejeniya tare da Tarayyar Soviet. Asirin daftarin aiki yarjejeniya hada da wata yarjejeniya a kan rabo daga Gabashin Turai cikin duniyoyin da tasiri. Stalin da Hitler samu a cikin rabin na Poland. New mulkin kasashen waje ya ciyar a Curzon line. Yana corresponded zuwa kabilu na yawan jama'a. Don gabas na shi ya rayu da Lithuania, Belarusians da Ukrainians.

A zama na kasa

Satumba 1, 1939 sojojin na Nazi Jamus haye Jamus-Polish iyaka. A gwamnati tare da Ignacy Mościcki makonni biyu sun gudu zuwa kasar Romania. A Yaren mutanen Poland sojojin yawa weaker fiye da Jamus. Wannan qaddara transience yaƙin neman zaɓe.

Bugu da kari, Satumba 17, Soviet sojojin farmaki gabashin Poland. Da suka isa Curzon Line. Lions Red Army da Wehrmacht kutsa tare. Dogayen sanda, kewaye a kan bangarorin biyu, ba zai iya dakatar da makawa. By karshen watan dukan ƙasar da aka shagaltar. Satumba 28 da Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Jamus sun ƙa'ida amince a kan ta sabon iyakoki. Biyu Rzeczpospolita daina wanzuwa. A Tarurrukan na Yaren mutanen Poland jihar shi bayan yakin duniya na biyu. A kasar da aka shigar kwaminisanci tsarin mulki da aminci ga Tarayyar Soviet.

A Yaren mutanen Poland gwamnati a lokacin yaki, da ke cikin gudun hijira. Bayan da manyan kasashen yammacin Duniya sun amince tare da Tarayyar Soviet a nan gaba na tsakiya da gabashin Turai, shi daina gane a Amurka da kuma Birtaniya. Amma duk da haka, gwamnatin gudun hijira ya ci gaba da zama har sai 1990. Kuma a sa'an nan mu aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga sabon shugaban kasar regalia jagoranci Uku Rzeczpospolita Lech Walesa.