Zamani a gine. Styles na architecture. Modern styles na gine-gine

Zamani a gine da kuma art wani lokacin gauraye da wayewar. Irin wannan kuskure ne ne m, tun da shi ya zo daga saba dabaru: cognates nuna game da wannan abu, amma a yi da halin da ake ciki ne daban-daban. Nouveau - wani lokaci da cewa ma'anar tarihi lokaci a cikin mahallin art, alhãli kuwa zamani - tabbataccen shugabanci, wanda aka halin ba sosai ta musamman abubuwa, kamar yadda wani dauke sharadi kwarewa da kuma mayar da hankali na baya shekaru.

Yana iya kuma ya kamata a kyan gani, ba kawai a matsayin m, amma kuma a tarihi sabon abu. By kuma manyan, shi ne wata litmus gwajin cewa amsa to duk abin da ya faru ba kawai a duniya da kuma al'umma gaba daya, amma kuma a zukatan mutane. Zamani - style view rayuwa, wata alama ce da fatan na da lokaci.

Inda?

ajalin kanta fãra daga cikin Italiyanci, inda kalmar modernismo fassara a matsayin "ta zamani a ko'ina." Kullum, da harsuna a cikin wannan ma'ana, abin mamaki United - yana da irin wannan ma'anar, da kuma Faransa kalma moderne, da kuma Turanci - zamani.

Zuwan zamani aka jawo by so su matsa zuwa wani qualitatively sabon matakin na rayuwa a duk da manifestations. A sabon karni da kuma sababbin hanyoyin fasaha, Mun halitta mai sadaukarwa na kimiyya a hypertrophied nau'i, wanda za a iya gano wannan "hyperboloid na Engineer Garin". The yawan Turai, a 20-ies na XX karni Ya barranta da Legacy of baya da kuma cika fuska updated da styles na architecture.

A cewar masana tarihi, da ci gaban zamani ya samu wani goyon baya a sakamakon juyin, duka a cikin fagen siyasa, kazalika da a zukatan mutane. Bugu da kari, wani sabon Trend ya a dauki ga wuce haddi na pathos, tsohon-kera da kuma affectedness, wanda suka muhimmi a cikin wannan Victoria style. Kara kuzari ga bunkasuwar karfe fasaha ci gaba da cewa sun yarda ka yi amfani da, a cikin halittar kayan, a baya m saboda da primitiveness na samar da tsari.

farko

Asalin zamani farkon da aka dage farawa a tsakiyar karni na karshe. A tsari tabbatar da wuya sosai: shi dogara a kan kananan abubuwa, ga alama yanzu daga gine. Wannan lokaci da aka alama ta wata karuwa a cikin tarihi na ci gaba da masana'antu. A yawa na mutane sun tafi wurin aiki a cikin manyan birane saboda da ambaliya sababbin gidaje suka zama 'yan kasa da aka ma kananan, hastily gina sabon gine-gine a wadda Apartments aka takalman musamman sababbin. Ado gina izgili gare ilmi da aka bayyana a monograms, babu sauri, yana fifita yin tsayayya austerity. A wasu kalmomin, da gine-gine na biyu da rabi na karni na 19th biyã na musamman m amfanin.

Ka'idodi na zamani

Kananan abubuwa ba za ka iya duba ga wani rashin iyaka dogon lokaci, don haka mayar da hankali kan muhimman abubuwan da.

• Modern gine halitta da mafi gaye, mafi m kayayyaki da kuma yi bambanta m, wadanda ba misali form. Ranka ya daɗe, juyin juya halin masana'antu! Gine-gine gina daga gilashi, karfe da kankare. Saboda gaskiya cewa mafi Enterprises samar da classic tubali, da ma kadan ilmi game da hardware, da yawa daga cikinsu ya tafi fatara, iya shiga sabon kalaman.
• Organization na ciki sarari an fuskantar da farko a kan aiki. Rationality sa a gaba, kamar yadda tsayayya wa na farko da rabi daga cikin XIX karni. Gine-gine domin mutane, ba mutane ga gine-gine - duk batun adam saukaka, da takarar a wannan zamanin.
• Complete renunciation na ado abubuwa a na kowa da baya kwarewa. A general, manufar "ƙawa" saukar kamar yadda bai dāce da wani sabon zamanin, ya yaba m m.
• A rashin na kasa nuna bambanci bayyana a cikin takamaiman ginin ko ta zane, nan gaba ne daya ga duk.

headwaters

Zamani a gine da aka gani a matsayin fadan da wayewar, amma shi ba gaskiya ba ne idan kawai saboda gaskiya cewa lokaci ya bari a baya, daskarewa a cikin eighties na karshe karni. A wannan yanayin, wannan Trend ne ba a dukan - saboda ta gabar da sãɓã, shi ya haifar da yawan rassan, iri dabam-dabam a tsakãninsu.

• The halitta gine. In ba haka ba, shi ne ake kira Organic. Daga cikin sunan kansa shi ne bayyananne abin da manufar wannan Trend, duk da haka, yana da "amma." Mabiya da shi ne ya sa a zuciyar wani halitta, taushi da siffofin muhimmi a cikin abubuwa na duniya, tare da kayayyakin amfani a yi ba ko da yaushe iyakance zuwa "dutse, da itace." Babban abu ne cewa albarkatun ne mai lafiya, samar da - shi ne nazarin halittu da kuma wuri mai faɗi - halitta.
• Bauhaus. Ayyuka a cikin m form. Gaudily-danda gini, cikakken rashin ado abubuwa, a hade da saukaka, kuma mai amfani identically kyakkyawa.
• Art Deco. A cikin nazarin zamani shugabanci ya kamata a lura da cewa wannan shi ne mafi m, mafi kalubale. Style taka a kan bambanci da Bauhaus, dangane da m lissafi, eclecticism, m tsari (kowane dakin da kuma for yarda da lokaci da kuma wuri), tsoro siffofin da rashin craving for alatu kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin boldest kayan daga hauren giwa zuwa kada.
• Brutalism. Bayyana, a bushe technicality, babu magani na surface tsarin. Kamar yadda shi ne idan akwai lokacin da sunan cikakken nuna ainihi.
• Internationalism. Ainihin ra'ayin ne da kin amincewa da duk wani al'adu.
• Rationalism da Constructivism. Key styles a cikin gine na Tarayyar Soviet, fiye da a kan waɗanda suke a kasa.

Materials da misalai

Style zamani a gine suka fara samar ƙarƙashin rinjayar inganta a yi na sabon kayan fasahar. Alal misali, wannan yanki gare ta haihuwa zuwa lambu Zhozefu Mone, wanda Ya halitta karfafa kankare. Abin sha'awa abin da muka samu shi da hatsari: da aka asali shirya don kawai yin for wani akwati shuka, wanda zai gamsar da duk bukatun.

Constructions da aka gina daga wannan kankare, bambanta da unprecedented sauƙi, daya ma iya ce, haske da wani bango da saba ƙato Tsarin.

Sai ya fara samo aikace-aikace a masana'antu yi (ba laifi ga wani abu da asali aka kamata ya zama cikin baho, ko ba haka ba?), Kuma a sa'an nan ya koma cikin Sphere na yi na zama gine-gine. Saboda wannan zo a cikin kasancewa da ban mamaki domin cewa lokaci, aiki na gine-gine, da ban mamaki kallo tare da ikon yinsa.

Lightness da kuma inganta karfin karfafa kankare zamani. Style na gine-gine daga wannan lokacin juya a cikin wani duniya: shi yarda ka gina overlapping dandamali a tashoshin, da wuraren da mai ban mamaki most Al'arshinSa, kuma mafi. Ya kamata a ambata a matsayin wani misali da Crystal Palace a London, da Brooklyn Bridge kuma, ba shakka, da Dancing House a Prague. Ga shi wajibi ne don magana dabam.

Shin, zã mu yi rawa?

A abun da ke ciki kunshi sassa biyu a cikin nau'i na cylinders - daya daga cikinsu da aka sanya a cikin classic style, da kuma na biyu - a cikin hallakaswa. Dancing gidan kira domin shi da siffar kama da dancing mace - wani adadi tare da wani bakin ciki kugu da kuma sunã gudãna skirt halitta da mafarki na motsi. Bukatarsa ce da tsarin ne a stark bambanci da na gargajiya gine-gine da cewa tsaya gefe da gefe.

Tarayyar Soviet

Zamani a gine bai wuce da kuma kasar mu. Wannan ne mafi fili ya nuna kansa a cikin twenties karni na karshe, ya nuna a cikin kwatance na rationalism da constructivism. Bari mu bincika kowane daga cikinsu.

rationalism

Da kalmar da aka fassara daga Latin yana nufin "m", kuma shi ke nan. Ya bayyanar da aka sa ta wannan ci gaban fasaha. Ado bukatun mutane sun canza, kuma a Rasha - Monogram ba hanya zuwa dunkule hanya, kowane ɗauke da takamaiman aiki. Yawan sarari, sauki, practicality, jihãdi ga cikakkar, babu "kyakkyawa ga kyakkyawa ta sake." Zamani na karni na 20th amfani da sauran hanyoyin da tasiri a ji na mutum. Ya kamata a lura cewa wannan shi ne shugabanci na wani more "live" fiye da wanda zai gaje shi constructivism: rationalism kokarin ba da gine-gine a santsi, m to gane Lines da siffofi.

Wani sabon abu ne yawanci daura wa mutane, ba ya wuce wannan kofin da wannan salon. Asalin inspirer da kuma shugaban na trends shi ne m, kuma malama Nicholas Ladovsky. Ko da definition na gine-gine da aka Ribar da aikin wani mai rayuwa: ya rubuta cewa gine aiki tare da sarari, kuma cikin sarari ne cibiyar da duk muka so ya ce mabiya rationalism. A lokaci guda aukuwa daga baya shekaru ba a hana, da kuma yarda da aiwatar daidai da ra'ayoyi. Wannan shugabanci ne wani muhimmin mataki a cikin samuwar wani sabon image na Soviet gine-gine, duk da cewa shi ya kasa rare fiye constructivism, wanda shi ne zafi a kan duga-dugansa.

constructionism

Wannan zane aukuwa cewa alama zamani na karni na 20th daga total number. Wannan Trend za a iya dauke da apotheosis na practicality da fasahar ta zamani.

The mabiya constructivism, sabanin da rationalists, shugaba jaddada da ayyuka na ginin, yayin da sakaci da saukaka mutane. Yana da aka sadaukar da grand burin ganin na m ideas. Aukuwa daga baya ta nanatawa da ƙarfi, sun ƙaryata, don ƙirƙirar wani sabon abu, radically daban-daban.

A aikace, wannan ya sa a cikin sananne ƙungiya-gidaje (a cikin kowa "da zamantakewa"), wanda karyata yiwuwar kawaicin da nake yi: kankanin dakuna, shared wanka da shower, shared kitchen. Duk abin da yake batun m dabaru da kuma dokokin. Duk abin da ya lafiya a kan takarda, amma basa aiki a rayuwar yau da kullum.

Idan muka dauki a general, da style of Rasha gine na cewa lokaci ya daya burin - maza maza su taka a cikin gaba, to rasa da ƙuƙumma da suka gabata da shekaru na stagnation kuma bi kowane mataki na zamani practicality, m tsabta Lines.

wayewar

Don kwanan wata, babu guda gaye style, wanda za a yi amfani a cikin aikin gina gine-gine. Hawansa permissiveness yarda ka dulmuya a duk tsanani - yanzu kowa da kowa yana gina kamar yadda ya gani. Duk da haka, na duk iri ne har yanzu yiwu a rarrabe da wadannan zamani gine-gine styles:

• Hi-tech - wani Ode ga ci gaban fasaha, da aiki 'yan adawa na naturalness.
• Bio-tech - wani Ode zuwa yanayi, da m na farko sakin layi: gudãna halitta Lines, kwaikwaiyo na wani rai gabar.
• Postmodernism - wani Ode to tarihi da eclectic quirkiness siffofin, kira zamani a duk da daukaka.
• Kitsch - wani Ode zuwa wata hauka da kuma mummunan dandano. Grotesque, karin gishiri bayani. Ilmi shi ne na biyu, da Babban abu - jefa wani kalubale ga al'umma da kuma tsaya daga taron.

sakamakon

Zamani a gine ta m kanta ga 80-th shekaru karni na ashirin da. Hakika, da gine-gine gina a cikin daidai da ta canons, har yanzu aiki samu nasarar, amma kome sabon aka gina. Duk da cewa da shekaru na shahararsa a baya, ba za a iya underestimated zamani - shi ne wani muhimmin mataki wajen ci gaban gine a general.