Wanda ya gano electromagnetic taguwar ruwa? Electromagnetic taguwar ruwa - tebur. Iri electromagnetic taguwar ruwa

Electromagnetic taguwar ruwa (Table wanda za a bai kasa) wakilci tashin hankali na Magnetic da lantarki filayen suna rarraba a sarari. Su akwai da dama iri. A nazarin wadannan disturbances ke tsunduma a cikin kimiyyar lissafi. Electromagnetic taguwar ruwa ake generated saboda gaskiyar cewa lantarki alternating Magnetic filin haifar, kuma wannan bi da bi ya haifar da lantarki.

tarihi bincike

Wannan mahanga ta farko, wadda za a iya daukan mafi tsufa bambance-bambancen karatu na electromagnetic taguwar ruwa na shiriritar, suna a kalla a cikin sau na Huygens. A lokacin, hasashe kai quantified ci gaba. Huygens a 1678, shekarar da haifar da wata irin "shaci" ka'idar - "rubutun a kan duniya". A 1690 ya kuma buga wani m aiki. An bayyana da ingantaccen ka'idar tunani, refraction a cikin nau'i a cikin abin da yake a yau ya wakilci a makaranta litattafan ( "electromagnetic taguwar ruwa", sa 9).

Tare da wannan da aka tsara Huygens 'manufa. Tare da shi ya zama zai yiwu a nazarin da motsi na da kalaman gaban. Wannan manufa daga baya sami sabon ci gaba a cikin ayyukan Fresnel. Huygens-Fresnel manufa da muhimmanci na musamman a cikin ka'idar diffraction da kalaman ka'idar haske.

A 1660-1670 shekaru na manyan adadin gwaji da kuma ka'idojin gudunmawar da aka sanya a cikin nazarin Hooke da Newton. Wanda ya gano electromagnetic taguwar ruwa? Wa gwaje-gwajen da aka gudanar ya tabbatar da su zama? Mene ne daban-daban na electromagnetic taguwar ruwa? A wannan daga baya.

hamzari Maxwell

Kafin mu yi magana game da wanda ya gano electromagnetic taguwar ruwa, shi dole ne a ce cewa na farko da masanin kimiyyar wanda ya annabta su zama a general, ya zama Faraday. Ya jarrabawa ya sa a gaba a 1832, da shekara. Yi ka'idar baya tsunduma a Maxwell. By 1865, da shekara tara shi ya kammala aikin. A sakamakon haka, Maxwell tsananin dai da ilmin lissafi ka'idar, barata da wanzuwar mamaki karkashin shawara. Ya kuma aka ƙaddara gudu daga yaduwa daga electromagnetic taguwar ruwa, daidai da darajar sa'an nan ya shafi haske gudun. Wannan, bi da bi, ya yale shi ya substantiate da suke cewa haske ne mai irin radiation dauke.

gwaji ganewa

Maxwell ka'idar da aka tabbatar a cikin gwaje-gwajen da na Hertz a 1888. Ya kamata a ce cewa Jamus likita gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da su ɓãta ka'idar, duk da ilmin lissafi akai. Duk da haka, godiya ga gwaje-gwajen Hertz ne farkon wanda ya gano electromagnetic taguwar ruwa a yi. Bugu da kari, a cikin shakka daga su gwaje-gwajen, masana kimiyya sun gano da kaddarorin da kuma halaye na radiation.

Electromagnetic Waves Hertz samu saboda da zumudi bugun jini jerin hanzari gudãna daga ƙarƙashinsu, a cikin vibrator ta wajen high ƙarfin lantarki Madogararsa. High mita igiyoyin za a iya gano ta hanyar da kewaye. A oscillation mita a wannan zai zama mafi girma, da hakan da capacitance da inductance. Amma wannan high mita ne babu tabbacin high kwarara. Don gudanar da gwaje-gwajen, Hertz amfani da wani fairly sauki na'urar, wanda a yanzu ake kira - "dipole eriya". The na'urar ne wani oscillation kewaye na bude irin.

Tuki kwarewa Hertz

Rajistar radiation aka za'ayi ta wajen samun vibrator. Wannan na'urar ya guda tsarin kamar cewa daga cikin emitting na'urar. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar electromagnetic kalaman lantarki alternating filin zumudi halin yanzu hawa da sauka ya faru a cikin na'ura mai karɓa. Idan a cikin wannan na'urar da na halitta mita da kuma mita na juyi daidaita, da rawa bayyanarsa. A sakamakon haka, tashin hankali ya faru a wata liyafar na'ura tare da mafi mawadãta. Bincike gano su, kallon da tartsatsi tsakanin conductors a kananan rata.

Saboda haka, Hertz ne farkon wanda ya gano electromagnetic taguwar ruwa, ya tabbatar da ikon gani da kyau a kan conductors. Suna kusan kubutar da samuwar wani a tsaye haske. Bugu da ƙari, Hertz m gudu daga yaduwa daga electromagnetic taguwar ruwa a iska.

A binciken da na halaye na

Electromagnetic taguwar ruwa propagate a kusan duk yanayin. A sarari, wanda aka cika da wani abu na radiation iya a wasu lokuta a rarraba da kyau isa. Amma su dan kadan canza halayensu.

Electromagnetic taguwar ruwa a vacuo m ba tare da attenuation. Suna rarraba wa wani siddan manyan nesa. A babba halaye hada da rabuwa tãguwar ruwa, mita da kuma tsawon. Description of da kaddarorin ne da za'ayi a cikin tsarin na electrodynamics. Duk da haka, da radiation halaye na wasu yankuna na bakan tsunduma a mafi takamaiman yankunan kimiyyar lissafi. Wadannan sun hada da, misali, iya hada kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta.

Nazarin wuya electromagnetic radiation na short-kalaman na karshen da sashe da alaka da high makamashi. Ganin muhimmancin zamani ideas daina zama kai-da horo da kuma a hade tare da raunana interactions a guda ka'idar.

Theory amfani a karatu da kaddarorin

Yau akwai zama daban-daban hanyoyin gudanarwa da tallan kayan kawa da kuma nazarin da kaddarorin nuni da vibrations. A mafi muhimman hakkokin na tabbatar da cikakken ka'idar jimla electrodynamics an dauke. Barinta ta da daya ko wasu simplifications zama zai yiwu a samu cikin wadannan hanyoyin, wadda aka yi amfani da ko'ina a fannoni daban daban.

Description game da low-mita radiation a macroscopic yanayi ne da za'ayi ta hanyar gargajiya electrodynamics. Yana dogara ne a kan Maxwell ta lissafai. A cikin aikace-aikace, akwai aikace-aikace da ya rage wuya. Lokacin da nazarin Tantancewar kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta amfani. A kalaman ka'idar ne amfani a lokuta inda wasu sassa na Tantancewar tsarin na size kusa da zango. Jimla kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta da aka yi amfani da lokacin da gwaji watsi matakai ne, sha na photons.

Lissafi Tantancewar ka'idar - da iyakance hali a cikin abin da zango na sakaci yarda. Akwai ma da dama aiyuka da muhimman hakkokin sassan. Wadannan sun hada da, misali, hada da astrophysics, ilmin halitta na hangen nesa da kuma photosynthesis, photochemistry. Yadda ake classified electromagnetic taguwar ruwa? Tebur a fili ya nuna rarraba ga kungiyar da aka nuna a kasa.

rarrabuwa

Akwai mita jeri na electromagnetic taguwar ruwa. Tsakanin su, babu zato a mulki, wani lokacin sun zoba. Iyakoki tsakanin su ne m zumunta. Saboda gaskiya cewa da ya kwarara da aka rarraba ci gaba, da mita ne rigidly hade da tsawon. Kasa ne jeri na electromagnetic taguwar ruwa.

Ultrashort haske za a iya raba micrometer (sub-millimeter), millimeter, santimita, decimeter, mita. Idan da zango na electromagnetic radiation na kasa da mita, sai ta kira oscillation na super high mita (SHF).

Iri electromagnetic taguwar ruwa

Sama, jeri na electromagnetic taguwar ruwa. Mene ne daban-daban na gudana? Group of ionizing radiation hada gamma da X-haskoki. Ya kamata a ce abin da yake iya ionize kwayoyin zarra da ultraviolet da haske, kuma ko da a bayyane haske. A ribace-ribace wanda suke gamma da X-ray juyi, a tsare sosai matukar. Kamar yadda wani janar fuskantarwa yarda iyaka 20 maddî - 0.1 MeV. Gamma-gudana a cikin kunkuntar ji jefarwa da tsakiya, X - e-atomic harsashi a lokacin ejection daga low-kwance falakinsu na electrons. Duk da haka, wannan rarrabuwa ba nema wa tukuru radiation generated ba tare da nuclei da kwayoyin halitta.

X-ray juyi generated lokacin da decelerating sauri cajin barbashi (protons, electrons, da sauransu) sabili da haka da matakai da cewa faruwa a ciki da atomic electron bawo. Gamma oscillations faruwa a sakamakon tafiyar matakai a cikin atomic nuclei da kuma hira da na farko barbashi.

rediyo kõguna

Saboda da manyan dabi'u na tsawo daga cikin shawara na wadannan taguwar ruwa iya za'ayi ba tare da shan la'akari da atomistic tsarin da matsakaici. Kamar yadda wani togiya bauta wa kawai cikin gajeren kõguna da suke dab da infrared yankin. A rediyo jimla Properties oscillations faruwa quite rauni. Duk da haka, suna bukatar su yi la'akari da, misali, a lokacin da nazarin kwayoyin misali na lokaci da kuma mita a lokacin da sanyaya na'ura zuwa da zazzabi na 'yan digiri Kelvin.

Jimla Properties aka ɗauke shi zuwa lissafi a cikin bayanin oscillators da amplifiers a millimeter da santimita jeri. Radio Ramin aka kafa a lokacin da motsi na AC conductors dace mita. A wucewa electromagnetic taguwar ruwa a sarari murna da wani alternating halin yanzu, m ga shi. Wannan dukiyar da ake amfani a cikin zane na antennas a rediyo.

bayyane gudana

Ultraviolet da infrared radiation ne bayyane a cikin m ma'anarta ake kira Tantancewar na yankin. Haskaka wannan yanki ne ya sa ba kawai da kusanci na Game da yankunan, amma suna kama da na'urorin amfani a binciken da kuma raya yafi a cikin binciken na bayyane haske. Wadannan sun hada da, musamman, da madubai da ruwan tabarau na mayar da hankali da radiation, diffraction gratings, prisms, da sauransu.

Frequency Tantancewar tãguwar ruwa ne m ga waɗanda na curin kwayoyin halittu da sunadaran, kuma su tsawon - tare da intermolecular nisa da kwayoyin girma. Saboda haka muhimmanci a wannan filin ne mamaki cewa an sa ta atomic tsarin da abu. Saboda wannan dalili, da haske da kalaman, kuma yana da wata jimla Properties.

Ana zargin Tantancewar gudana

Mafi shahara tushen ne da rana. Star surface (photosphere) yana zazzabi na 6000 ° Kelvin, kuma emit mai haske fari haske. A mafi darajar da m bakan da aka located a cikin "kore" zone - 550 nm. Akwai kuma wani matsakaicin gani ƙwarai. Hawa da sauka a cikin Tantancewar kewayon faruwa lokacin tsanani jikinsu. Infrared gudana ne sabili da haka kuma ake magana a kai a matsayin zafi.

A karfi dumama jiki faruwa, da hakan mita inda bakan ne iyakar. incandescence lura a wani zazzabi ake tãyar (haske a bayyane range). Lokacin da ta fara bayyana ja, sa'an nan rawaya sa'an nan. Kafa rajista na Tantancewar kwarara iya faruwa a nazarin halittu da kuma sinadaran halayen, daya daga wanda aka yi amfani da photo. Domin mafi halittun da rayuwa a duniya a matsayin makamashi Madogararsa aikin photosynthesis. Wannan nazarin halittu dauki daukan wuri a cikin shuke-shuke a ƙarƙashin rinjayar da na gani hasken rana radiation.

Features na electromagnetic taguwar ruwa

A Properties daga cikin matsakaici da kuma tushen shafi kwarara halaye. Saboda haka ya hau, musamman, a lokacin dogara da filin, wanda ƙayyade da ya kwarara irin. Alal misali, sa'ad da nisa daga vibrator (kara) da radius daga curvature zama mafi girma. A sakamakon haka ne wani jirgin saman electromagnetic kalaman. Hulda da kayan faruwa kamar yadda daban. A sha da kuma watsi matakai fluxes iya kullum a iya bayyana ta amfani da na gargajiya electrodynamic rabo. Domin tãguwar ruwa na Tantancewar fuska da kuma karin wuya-haskoki ya kamata a dauka a asusun su jimla yanayi.

kafofin kõguna

Duk da jiki da bambance-bambance, a ko'ina - a wani rediyoaktif abu, a talabijin watsawa, da kwan fitila - electromagnetic taguwar ruwa ake m da lantarki zargin da matsawa da hanzari. Akwai biyu main iri kafofin: microscopic da macroscopic. A farko ya auku ba zato miƙa mulki na cajin barbashi daga daya zuwa wani matakin a cikin kwayoyin ko kwayoyin halitta.

Microscopic kafofin emit X-ray, gamma, ultraviolet, infrared, a bayyane, da kuma a wasu lokuta, dogon-kalaman radiation. Kamar yadda wani misali na karshen ne hydrogen na line wanda yayi dace da kalaman na 21 cm. Wannan sabon abu ne da muhimmanci musamman a rediyo ilmin taurari.

Sources macroscopic irin wakiltar emitters a wadda free electrons conductors an sanya synchronous lokaci-lokaci oscillation. A tsarin wannan category ake generated gudana daga millimeter ga mafi tsawo (a cikin ikon Lines).

Tsarin da kuma ƙarfin gudana

An wutar lantarki motsi da hanzari da kuma canza lokaci zuwa lokaci igiyoyin shafi juna tare da wasu sojojin. Su girma da kuma shugabanci ne dogara a kan irin abubuwan da size da kuma sanyi na filin, wanda ya ƙunshi igiyoyin da zargin, su girma da kuma zumunta shugabanci. Ma rinjayi da lantarki halaye da kuma musamman matsakaici kazalika da canje-canje a cikin cajin taro da kuma rarraba tushen igiyoyin.

Saboda haduwar da sauran matsala sanarwa gabatar da dokar da karfi a cikin nau'i na guda dabara iya ba. A tsarin kira wani electromagnetic filin da kuma daukan matsayin dole matsayin ilmin lissafi abu, ƙaddara da rarraba zargin da igiyoyin. Yana, bi da bi, Halicci ba source, shan la'akari iyaka yanayi. Sharuddan ayyana form hulda zones da kuma halaye na kayan. Idan shi ne da za'ayi a kan wani Mai girma sarari, wadannan yanayi suna taimaka. Kamar yadda na musamman ƙarin yanayin a irin haka ne radiation yanayin. Saboda shi tabbas ne ta hanyar "daidai" hali na filin a rashin iyaka.

Chronology na binciken

Corpuscular-sanadin motsi Lomonosov ka'idar a wasu daga mukaminsu kãfin wasu ka'idojin da electromagnetic filin ka'idar .. "lobe" (rotational) motsi na barbashi, "zyblyuschayasya" (kalaman) ka'idar haske, ta tarayya da yanayi na wutar lantarki, da dai sauransu Infrared gudana aka gano a 1800 ta Herschel (Burtaniya masanin kimiyya), kuma a cikin gaba, 1801-m, Ritter aka bayyana ultraviolet. Radiation guntu fiye ultraviolet, kewayon da aka bude Roentgen a 1895 shekara, a kan Nuwamba 8. Daga bisani, shi zama da aka sani da X-ray.

Rinjayar electromagnetic taguwar ruwa da aka yi karatu da masana kimiyya da dama. Duk da haka, na farko, don gano yiwuwa na qarqashinsu, su ikon yinsa, ya zama Narkevitch-Iodko (Belarushiyanci kimiyya adadi). Ya yi karatu da kaddarorin gudana dangane da al'adar magani. Gamma radiation aka gano by Paul Villard a 1900. A daidai wannan lokacin Planck gudanar msar tambayar karatu na da kaddarorin a baki jiki. A lokacin binciken da suka kasance bude jimla tsari. Aikinsa shi ne farkon da ci gaban na jimla kimiyyar lissafi. Daga bisani, da dama Planck da Einstein aka buga. Su gudanar da bincike kai ga samuwar irin wannan abu a matsayin photon. Wannan, bi da bi, ya zamo farkon halittar jimla ka'idar electromagnetic kwarara. Its raya ci gaba a cikin ayyukan da manyan kimiyya Figures karni na ashirin da.

Bugu da ari, bincike da kuma aiki a kan jimla ka'idar electromagnetic radiation da hulda da al'amarin ya jagoranci ƙarshe ga samuwar jimla electrodynamics a cikin nau'i a wadda ta wanzu a yau. Daga cikin fice masana kimiyya suka yi karatu wannan batu, ya kamata mu ambaci, ban da Einstein da Planck, Bohr, Bose, Dirac, de Broglie, Heisenberg, Tomonaga, Schwinger, Feynman.

ƙarshe

The darajar a zamani duniya ta kimiyyar lissafi ne isasshe manyan. Kusan duk abin da aka yi amfani da yau a cikin rayuwar mutum, ya bayyana godiya ga m amfani da bincike na girma masana kimiyya. A samu daga electromagnetic taguwar ruwa da kuma su yi karatu, musamman, ya haifar da ci gaban da na al'ada da kuma daga baya mobile phones, masu watsa rediyo. Na musamman muhimmancin m aikace-aikace na irin wannan msar tambayar ilmi a fagen magani, masana'antu, da kuma fasaha.

Wannan shi ne saboda da tartsatsi amfani da gwada yawa kimiyya. All jiki gwaje-gwajen da akan ji, kwatanta da kaddarorin mamaki ana karatu tare da data kasance nagartacce. Shi ne da wannan maƙasudi a cikin horo raya hadaddun ma'auni kida da raka'a. Da dama alamu ne ga kowa da kowa data kasance abu tsarin. Alal misali, da dokokin kiyayewa da makamashi suna dauke kowa jiki da dokoki.

Kimiyya a matsayin dukan da aka kira a lokuta da dama na asali. Wannan shi ne saboda da farko ya nuna gaskiyar cewa wasu tarbiyya ba kwatancin abin da, bi da bi, ku yi biyayya da dokokin kimiyyar lissafi. Saboda haka, a cikin Chemistry karatu kwayoyin halitta, a abu samu daga gare su, kuma canji. Amma sinadaran Properties na jiki ƙaddara da jiki halaye na kwayoyin da kwayoyin halitta. Wadannan Properties bayyana irin sassan na kimiyyar lissafi, kamar electromagnetism, thermodynamic, da sauransu.