Victoria style of gine: siffofin da kuma gine-gine Masterpieces. A Victoria zamanin

A zamanin mulkin Sarauniya Victoria a Birtaniya ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci da kuma ko da juyin juya halin Musulunci. The biyu da rabi na karni na 19th aka lokacin gagarumin canji a duk yankunan da Turanci, da kuma wannan ya kamata a nuna a cikin gine-gine. Gaya mana abin da Victoria style of gine-gine, abin da shi ne da bayani dalla-dalla da kuma wasu da bambance-bambancen karatu wanzu.

A tarihin na zamanin

A 1837, kursiyin na Birtaniya Empire tashi matasa Koroleva Viktoriya. Ta ya jimre da daban-daban gwaji, ta zauna a cikin ikon for shekaru 60 da ya iya sa ƙasar m, al'adu da wayewar zamani. Victoria zamanin (shekaru - daga 1837 zuwa 1901) ba uniform lokacin tarihi. A wannan lokaci shi yana da m cin gaban masana'antu, da al'adu da kuma tattalin arziki. Birtaniya a tsawon shekaru ya canza gaba daya rayuwarmu, su haukan. A kasar ta zama daya daga cikin mafi iko dauloli na duniya, da karfafa tasirin da take da su a nahiyar Asiya da kuma nahiyar Afrika. A cikin 'yan shekaru, Victoria ta sarautar fara slowing saukar da ci gaba, amma da yawa daga cikin nasarori da cewa zamanin har yanzu suna da muhimmanci a cikin zamani Birtaniya. Koroleva Viktoriya an aiki husũma na tsananin kyawawan dabi'u, wanda shi ne watakila da babban ãyã daga wannan lokaci. an kuma dauke da wani muhimmanci fasaha na zamani da kuma ci gaban al'adu. Saboda haka, yana a wannan lokaci ne m flowering na Turanci adabi da kuma gine.

Victoria Al'adu

Musamman ma lokacin da Sarauniya Victoria ta sarautar ne babu yaki da fasahar albarku. Birtaniya ne quite m al'umma da girma tsakiyar aji ne babban tuki da karfi na zamantakewa da ci gaban. A lokacin halarta da aiki ci gaban ilimi, akwai irin wannan sabon abu kamar yawon shakatawa tasowa a sabon hanyar tunanin tsakanin mazaunan daular. Wadannan misalin da Birtaniya Sarauniya da'awar m da kuma ra'ayin mazan jiya halin kirki ra'ayoyi, da suka yi rowa a cikin nisha da kuma himma, da dukan abin da - wani dalilin da ya sa tattalin arzikin kasar. New ganewarsu ya zama tushen nasara a art. A akida akai shi ne Fusion na Victoria utilitarianism da aikin bishara. Last amma ba kalla irin rawa da al'adu a Turanci wallafe-wallafe. Charles Dickens, William Thackeray, C. Doyle, Bronte 'yan'uwa mãtã - wannan shi ne da hankula marubuta daga cikin lokaci. Kayayyakin ra'ayi embodies da zamanin na Pre-Raphaelites. Na musamman muhimmancin for duniya na gine-gine da shi ya zama wani Victoria style gine. Birtaniya sa'an nan biya mai girma da hankali zuwa gidanka. Saboda haka, gine da kuma dekoratorstvo zama mai matukar muhimmanci na wani sabon salon.

Common fasali na Victoria zamanin gine

Kalmar "Victoria style" na kokarin gano wata babbar lokaci, wanda aka halin da karfi heterogeneity. Saboda haka, tsananin gine-gine ji babu irin wannan na kowa mamaki. A Turanci kasashen na zamanin mamaye eclectic retrospectivism, sõyayya a karkashin 'yan kama, duk da haka jinsin kwatance. Wannan Italian style, neo-gothic style na biyu Empire, da Indo-sarantsinsky style da sauran jinsunan.

Victoria-zamanin gine riddled tare da practicality, kazalika da dukan al'adu, da kuma eclectic. Ta na da irin wannan fasali a matsayin mai hade da abubuwa daban-daban daga epochs. Da gine-gine da aka yi amfani da wani babban yawan sassa, cikakken launi, thread tare da facade. Towers, balconies, friezes, peaked rufin, da yawa windows na daban-daban masu girma dabam, baranda, high entrances tare da wani shirayi mai yawa da laushi da kuma kayan ado - duk wannan Victorianism.

Periodization na Victoria gine

A ake kira Victoria style of gine fitowa kamar mai mayar da martani ga baya dazamani - georgianstvu da style of Sarauniya Anne, wanda ya sãɓã, a babban rigor da hani. The gine na Victoria al'ada kasu kashi uku manyan lokuta:

1. Early (1835-1855). Wannan lokaci neostiley, historicism ayukan hutu. A wannan lokaci akwai zabin da prefix neo- irin shahara styles kamar Gothic, Rococo, Moorish, Byzantine, Sin.

2. Average (1855-1870). A wannan lokaci ya zama dole flowering na Pre-Raphaelite motsi, kerawa na artist William Morris. A wannan lokacin, akwai wani koma tamanin da musamman kuma aikin hannu da bambanci da baya lokacin, a lokacin da mamaye taro-samar abubuwa. Sake babban darajar individuality aka gane.

3. Late (1870-1901). Wannan zamani ne kuma ake kira Victoria Renaissance. An Alamar rashin da Baroque al'adar Gothic. Gine-ginen tuna Tudor, kuma a yi amfani da sabon shiri dabaru, wasu zamanin na 16th karni.

Gothic Tarurrukan

The gine na duniya, bayan da zamanin "babban" styles, akwai wani lokaci-lokaci magani ga daban-daban hadisai na gine-gine, ya ba tsere wadannan "dawo" da kuma Ingila. A karni na 19th, musamman ta biyu rabin - yana da lokaci zuwa sake tunani kuma sabon abu karatu dabaru da kuma mafita daga daban-daban styles kuma dazamani. A cikin 40s na karni na 19th Ingila da kalaman na cigaban Gothic. Lancet windows, turrets da spiers, arches a cikin ruhu na tsakiyar zamanai suna zama musamman rare. Kuma da daban-daban abubuwa na na da majami'u suna yanzu rayayye amfani ga ado na zama da kasuwanci da gine-gine. A Ingila a lokacin da Sarauniya Victoria ta sarautar, aka gina shi da yawa gine-gine a cikin Gothic Revival style. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu su ne London majalisar tare da shahararrun Agogon hasumiya Big Ben, da London Royal kotun hadaddun, kamar aljanna-labari na da gidan sarki, da haske St Pancras Station na ja bulo. Wannan salon da aka haka rare a Victoria zamanin da wani lokacin da wadannan biyu sharuddan sinonimiziruyutsya.

Italian Victorianism

Sarauniya Victoria zamanin ne halin da wani eclectic gine da take kokarin hada sassa daban-daban styles kuma daban-daban na kasa hali. A wannan lokaci, zama mashahuri Italian style, shi ne musamman da kyau bayyana a cikin na zama gine-gine, a ƙasar gidaje a Amurka. Its main ãyõyi ne low, m rufin, colonnades, arches, Roman gables da kuma arziki inlay facades. Wannan salon ne cikakke ga ado na gidaje, wadda gina tsakiyar aji a lardin da kuma unguwannin London.

Biyu Empire Style

Faransa da al'adu da kuma gine-gine na daban-daban lokaci da wani gagarumin tasiri a kan duniya gine. Ba na iya tsere wannan tasiri, da kuma Ingila, cikin karni na 19th wanda wani lokaci na kyau Empire style, da ake kira na biyu Empire. Duk da hadaddun dangantaka na Turanci da kuma Faransanci al'adu a lokacin daga 1855 zuwa 1885 Birtaniya biya haraji ga gine-gine na lokacin Napoleon III. Babban alama na wannan style of rufin karfe rufin, wanda aka dauke sosai aikin, kazalika da tsayi, kunkuntar kofofin da manyan lankwasa windows. Style a Ingila dade wani ɗan gajeren lokaci da kuma yafi amfani ga ado na jama'a gine-gine da kuma Apartment gidaje.

Style Sarauniya Anne

a zamanin mulkin Sarauniya Anne - farkon na 18th karni. A da heyday na Turanci Baroque, da ya so ga dũkiya da alatu kayan ado. Gine-gine Masterpieces na zamani da aka reinterpreted a Victoria sau. Babban ideologist na Sarauniya Anne Revival style ne m Richard Norman Shaw, aikinsa a Ingila, akwai mutane da yawa gidajen, wanda ya zama wani take classic Birtaniya gine. Wadannan sun hada da wani gidan "Swan" a Chelsea, na farko Apartment gini kusa da Albert Hall, 'yan gidaje a St. James Street, babban ɓangare na ginin unguwar waje na Bedford Park, da yawa gidajen a sassa daban daban na UK, kazalika da a New Zealand da kuma India.

Romanesque

The gine-gine da style of cikin Victoria zamanin kokarin samun wani sabon fassarar da binciken gine-ginen na farko. A cikin marigayi 19th karni gine-ginen tuna da zamanin d Roman al'adar gina haikalin da kuma gidãjen na 11-12 ƙarni. A Victoria sau m gini dutse da farko tsara don ɗan adam habitation ko ga jama'a dalilai. Daga baya, Genri Gobson Richardson rayayye ciyar da style a Amurka na zama gine-gine. Babban alama ne laconic monumentality da mutunci. M gidaje tare da hasumiyai na launin toka dutse ne sosai na son wannan wakilan da kunno kai bourgeoisie.

jama'a style

Folk (mutãne) Victoria style gine ya zama wani kwayoyin hade da tsohon Turanci hadisin domin gina gidaje ga iyalan ma'aikatan da kuma sababbin hanyoyin fasaha a lokacin. Saboda haka akwai mansions ado itace ko itace siding tiles (shingles). Wannan salon ne fiye da kawai kama a kuma samu wata babbar baza a Amurka gine. Yan gudun hijira daga Birtaniya ya so ya gina a sabuwar ƙasar yanki na tsohon Ingila, da kuma akwai fili katako gidaje tare da turrets, balconies, baranda da kuma cornices. Cheap kayan damar aiki iyalansu don samun wasu gida da kuma kusa da tsakiyar aji misali na rai.

Stick

A Victoria zamanin, musamman ma daga baya lokacin, gine-ginen nemi sabon haduwa da abubuwa na daban-daban styles. Saboda haka a jamsin na Gothic style, kuma Sarauniya Anne bayyana itace - wani irin rabin timbered yi. Architecture matsayin art hade da tsohon hadisai da kuma sababbin hanyoyin fasaha da neman samun sabon mafita ga mai kyau da kuma dadi gidaje. Gidaje a cikin style of sanda kusan gaba ɗaya gina na itace a kan frame fasaha. Amma ya rage wuya da kuma rage kudin da yi ne yafi amfani da tara da kuma pinion fasaha. Wannan salon da aka fi zama mai farin jini a Amurka.

Indo-Saracenic style

UK gine ba kawai nemi fassara da styles na Turai gine-gine, amma kuma kula da kasa da hadisai na mazauna. Saboda haka, a Burtaniya India, ya zo da Indo-Saracenic style tare da mulkin mallaka so ya nuna su ci gaba da asalin shugabanni na kasa. Birtaniya kafa manyan gidãje, muhallinsu, stylized yi moguls. Wannan hadisin ya gaugawa tsince ta gida aristocracy, wanda ya fara gina a cikin wannan na karya-kasa style of su manyan gidãje. Daga baya India motifs da Saracenic gine fara shiga a gidaje yi, musamman a cikin cottages ga lardin tsakiyar aji a kasar Birtaniya da kuma Amurka.