Uzbekistan ta tattalin arzikin: nasara, ko da wani cikakken gazawar?

A zamani tattalin arzikin na Uzbekistan ta taso tare da Uzbek sarki statehood da ya tashi bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet. Daga cikin mambobi na CIS, wannan kasa ne daya daga cikin na farko shiga wani lokaci na ci gaban tattalin arziki. By 2001, Uzbekistan ya iya mayar da Soviet matakan samar bisa ga Manuniya na GDP. Engine na girma ya kasance, ya zauna, fitarwa (idan aka kwatanta da gida amfani, shi ne a Jihar stagnation). A sakamakon haka, ci gaban tattalin arziki da aka nuna a cikin low rayuwar.

Sarkin tattalin arzikin

Don dattako da jihar na kasar wanda ya samu fitowan da wani sabon jihar, gwamnatin Uzbekistan ya zaba a hanya na hankali garambawul. A key manufar sauka a hankali miƙa mulki daga shirya tattalin arzikin na Soviet da zamani kasuwar. Tsarin sake fasalin hada da tabbatarwa daga biyan bashin horo da kuma mafi girma farashin a cikin makamashi kansu, da canji na tsohon na gama aikin gona Enterprises cikin mutum gonaki, kazalika da kin amincewa da jihar monopolies.

A lokaci guda, da sayar da kamfanonin da kamfanonin bai zama cikakken fledged. A sakamakon haka, kafuwar tattalin arzikin tabbatar da cikakken na saba wa juna Uzbekistan. Wannan yanayin ya kai ga cewa ta miƙa mulki ga wata kasuwar tattalin arzikin ta ragae saukar da bai ƙare ga wannan rana. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kuma na kasuwanci hana jihar baki.

Banking & Finance

A shekarar 1994, Uzbekistan ta tattalin arzikin samu da kansa kasa kudin - ware Naira Miliyan Xari (a ware Naira Miliyan Xari daidai da ɗaya da ɗari tiyin). A cikin rabi na biyu na 90 ta musayar kudi da Amurka dollar ya zauna mun gwada da barga. A farkon 2000s, da Amurka kudin tashi. Lokacin da canji a cikin darajar ya faru a shirin na Babban Bankin Uzbekistan. Gaskiyar cewa musayar kudi a yankin tsakiyar Asiya al'umma ba free, kuma an kayyade ta jihar kudi a jikinsu. A babban bankin ya dauki mutane suke so matakan kawo farashin Uzbek kudi ga real kasuwar Manuniya. Kumbura - daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin tattalin kasar. Don rage high kudi na farashin girma a cikin gwamnatin shekaru 25, shi ya ci gaba da gudanar da m monetary da bashi da manufofin.

A 2003 kadai, ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki na Uzbekistan ta sanar da fara free convertibility na kasa kudin. Domin gudanar da sauye-sauye da ake bukata don gudanar da wani daidaituwa na musayar rates, wanda aka wuya ta sa'an nan ragewar darajar kuɗi. Ko ta wani hanya, amma godiya ga matakan dauka a 2003, hauhawar farashin kaya ya fadi 3%. A nan gaba, gwamnati na ci gaba a hankali a hankali hade da kudin na Uzbekistan a kasuwar kasa da kasa.

The biyar mafi girma a bankuna a kasar - da cewa National Bank, Uzpromstroybank, Asaka Bank, Agrobank da Ipotekobank (lissafin kudi don 62% na dukan kasar banki tsarin). A shekarar 2013, jimlar babban birnin kasar na sayar da bashi da kungiyoyi na kasa amounted zuwa $ 3 billion.

A shekara 1994, Stock Exchange "Uzbekistan" an halitta, wanda ya zama daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin na kudi rayuwa a kasar. Yana kafa key Brokerage, zuba jari da kuma kamfanonin inshora na Uzbekistan. A stock musayar gudanar na farko jama'a hadaya da sakandare ciniki na Securities. A shekarar 2012, wannan dandali ya sami ta hanyar sayar da miliyan 85 daloli.

external dangantakar

A zamani tattalin arzikin na Uzbekistan yana kokarin zama ba kawai a kasuwar, amma kuma bude ga sauran duniya. Babban kayan aiki ga wannan - kasar ke shiga a cikin kasa da kasa rabo na aiki da kuma tattalin arzikin duniya. A 90 sabon sarki jihar ta shiga cikin wani iri-iri na kungiyoyi da cewa sun taimaka wajen kafa cinikayya lambobi tare da kasashe daban-daban. Wannan shi ne da farko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, a cikin abin da da dama na tattalin arziki cibiyoyin. Central Asia jamhuriyar ma na musanyar taimakekkeniya da bankin duniya da kuma na kasa da kasa Finance Corporation.

Mutane da yawa kungiyoyi sun bude su ofisoshin wakilci a Tashkent. Shi ne MDD, da IMF, da bankin Turai domin Ma'anar kalmar sake gini da kuma raya, da Bankin Duniya, da Tarayyar Turai Hukumar. Bayyana, kuma su na rassan. Mafi yawa daga Uzbekistan ta tattalin arzikin yana da nasaba da tattalin arziki na wasu kasashe a cikin Central Asia, Russia, Turkey, Pakistan da kuma Iran (tare da karshen musamman ne da nasaba da tattalin arziki na Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan da kuma Rasha Federation). Duk da jamhuriyar ne kunshe a 37 na kasa da kasa kudi cibiyoyin.

Don rage wuya da halittar Enterprises da waje babban birnin kasar ya gudanar da rajista da kamfanonin fata da su zuba jari a tattalin arzikin da Uzbekistan. Musamman kyau ya kasance tallafi na sabon sharudda lasisi na fitar da kaya. Amma kamar yadda kafin, da kuma yanzu key abokan of Uzbekistan - a kasa na CIS.

jawo zuba jari

Bisa kididdigar da, Uzbekistan ta tattalin arzikin yau, cikin sharuddan zuba jari, mafi m, a fannin makamashi masana'antu (mai refining, sunadarai Enterprises), kai da kuma aikin noma. A bisa ga al'ada, kasashen waje babban birnin kasar ne directed zuwa Uzbekistan da kuma Ferghana yankuna. Kamar yadda muka gani a sama, da kasuwar of Uzbekistan ta tattalin arziki shi ne har yanzu sun fi mayar da dogara a kan gwamnati. Saboda haka, da most waje zuba jari ayyukan aiwatar a kasar ne kawai a karkashin jihar saka idanu. Mafi sau da yawa, ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki na Uzbekistan da kuma sauran alhakin cibiyoyin zaba abubuwa hi-tech da kuma masana'antu, kazalika da giciye-aluma muhimmancin. Dukkan wadannan manufofi, to ta da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu girma.

Zuba jari ake nufin ba a gajere halin yanzu shirye-shirye, da kuma ga dogon lokacin da kuma zama dole don magance dabarun manufofin da aikin. Bisa ga ka'idodin da tsarin tattalin arziki da manufofin da ke jihar. Ministan harkokin wajen babban birnin kasar facilitates sauyi na wani iri-iri na masana'antu, hanzarta da zamani da kuma fasaha sake kayan aiki na samar. Uzbekistan ta tattalin arzikin yana bukatar yau da kuma zuba jari a cikin muhalli ayyukan. A tsanani matsalar shi ne halin da ake ciki a Aral Sea ƙafe saboda m amfani da albarkatun ruwa a cikin Soviet zamanin.

A yau Uzbekistan ne mafi m halin da ake ciki domin zuba jari wanzu a cikin aiki da kuma hakar ma'adinai. A bayyanar a cikin wadannan fasaha sababbin abubuwa taimaka rage hanya ta halin kaka, kunã kangẽwa, da samar da kayayyaki da low farashin a kasuwar kasa da kasa. Yau rating a Uzbekistan ta tattalin arzikin da aka fi mayar kawai tasowa, ta hanyar irin fitarwa (auduga, Textiles da sauransu. D.). Zuba jari suna da muhimmanci musamman a cikin sauyin lokaci da yake rayuwa ne yanzu da tsakiyar Asiya ta Tsakiya.

raw kayan

Mutane da yawa shekaru na ci gaba da Uzbekistan tattalin arzikin kasar ya sanya shi jagorantar masana'antu jihar a Asiya ta tsakiya, shi ne wani lamuni na kwanciyar hankali a yankin. A kasar na da yawan muhimman hakkokin abũbuwan amfãni ga kasashen waje masu zuba jari. Wannan macroeconomic da kuma zaman lafiyar harkokin siyasa, m yanayin da kuma muhalli da yanayi. Wadannan su ne siffofin ma key da uniform ci gaban da kasar baki daya.

A Uzbek tattalin arzikin da aka gwamnatin shekaru 25 da godiya ta zuwa ga arziki hanya tushe da kuma m ɓangaren da (Uzbekistan aka located a cibiyar daga cikin mafi girma yankin kasuwar). Muhimmanci kimiyya da ilimi da kuma mutum albarkatun kasar. Samun raw kayan sa ya yiwu don rage kudin da shari kayan, bai inganta kudin kerarre kayayyakin.

Yau kasar ta samu 2,800 daban-daban filayen. Albarkatun ma'adinai tushe na jamhuriyar aka kiyasta a 3.5 tiriliyan daloli. Godiya mata, aka kafa wadannan da nasarorin da Uzbekistan a cikin tattalin arzikin: 9 ga watan wuri a duniya domin samar da zinariya, 9th - uranium, 5th - auduga fiber.

energetics

Central Asia al'umma ne daya daga cikin 'yan gaba daya m makamashi a duniya. Uzbekistan Industries bayar 100% da danyen man fetur, man fetur, iskar gas, kwal da wutar lantarki da kuma. Tattalin arziki da bukatun za a rufe don akalla wani shekaru 100. Akwai bincika 200 na iskar gas, da man fetur da kuma condensate.

A tattalin arzikin na Jamhuriyar Uzbekistan ne tasiri daga ra'ayi na iko. Yana ba kawai maida hankali ne akan kara bukatar, amma kuma da darajar ne sau da yawa mai rahusa fiye da ko da mafi m kasashen. Bugu da kari, akwai Unlimited m, wadda ta ƙunshi a madadin makamashi kafofin (iska, hasken rana, da sauransu. D.).

Yau a Uzbekistan yana da 45 ikon shuke-shuke da samar da 12,000 wutar kowace shekara. Wannan hadadden haifar game da rabin da makamashi na dukan duniya da makamashi tsarin na Asiya ta tsakiya. A shekarar 2012, da ikon shuke-shuke da Uzbekistan samar 52 biliyan kilowatt-hours.

noma

Aikin noma ne wani gagarumin maroki na raw kayan for masana'antu samar. Ko da kuwa wanda ya ministan tattalin arzikin na Uzbekistan, noma ya ko da yaushe ya kasance cikin girman kai na kasar. Dalili na noma - samar da auduga. Wannan shi ne wani muhimmin fitarwa samfurin. Alal misali, 3.4 ton miliyan na auduga da aka tattara a cikin shekara ta 2010. Sauran muhimmanci fitarwa abubuwa na Uzbekistan noma raw siliki, inabi, da 'ya'yan itace, kankana. Bugu da kari, da gagarumin adadin sayar da 'ya'yan itace da kuma kayan lambu (10 ton miliyan a kowace shekara).

Game da 60% na Uzbekistan ta yawan zaune a yankunan karkara. A wannan batun, noma ma'aikata babban rabo daga cikin aiki yawan tsunduma a cikin tattalin arzikin kasar. Manyan yankunan amfani ga amfanin gona, kiyaye sararin ban ruwa tsarin. Ta bayyana a cikin Soviet zamanin. Farga da muhimmancin wannan kayayyakin more rayuwa, da gwamnati yana da m Uzbekistan a kai a kai sabunta shi. Yau namo yankin da aka kiyasta a 4 kadada miliyan a kasar (noman ƙasashe dokoki game da 87%).

Bisa kididdigar da aka bayar ta hannun ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki na Jamhuriyar Uzbekistan, kasar na da fiye da 80 dubu gonaki. A talakawan yanki na irin wannan mãkirci - 60 kadada. Agrarian tattalin arzikin a kai a kai a Ban daga haraji da kuma m gudunmawar da baitulmalin Haikali. Game da dubu 10 daga gare su, ya ƙware a noma, dankalin turawa, da kuma kayan lambu, wasu 22 000 - a cikin noma da kuma viticulture (da shekara an girma game da 50 000 ton na inabõbi da 15,000 ton na 'ya'yan itace).

Bisa ga shawarar da marigayi shugaba Islam Karimov na Uzbekistan acceded ga International Asusun bunkasa aikin noma. A taron na unforeseen yanayi, da gwamnati za su iya fita daga shi rangwamen ruwa rance ga ci gaban harkokin noma. A cewar daban-daban kimomi, a cikin wannan fannin na da Uzbek tattalin arzikin zuwa kwanan kashe game da 700 miliyan daloli daga kasashen waje kudi. Yana da kudi na Asiya Development Bank, Bankin Duniya da kuma Islamic Development Bank. A kowace shekara, da jamhuriyar ta noma tsirarwa, jimlar kudin da wanda aka kiyasta a 12 tiriliyan soums. A sinadaran masana'antu na Uzbekistan an jẽfo, zuwa kasuwa fiye da miliyan 1 ton na takin daban-daban.

A tabbatacce factor ga ci gaban aikin noma na Uzbekistan ne da kusanci zuwa iri-iri na kasuwanni. Its tattalin arzikin halin da suka ci gaba kai kayayyakin more rayuwa. An hadedde cikin overall sadarwa tsarin hada da dukan Eurasia. Alal misali, Basulake kamfanoni, wanda zuba jari a Uzbekistan, damar yin amfani da biyar most da kuma fi sauri girma kasuwanni (CIS).

ma'aikata

Central Asia jamhuriyar ya rage wani gagarumin tushe na aiki. Uzbekistan - kamfanin dake da wata da kuma yawan jihar, wanda shi ne a tsaka-tsaki na cinikayya hanyoyi tsakanin Gabas da Yamma. Tun zamanin da, shi ne a cibiyar taro na ilimi da kuma cibiyoyin bincike, kazalika da smithy na sosai m ma'aikata.

Yau Uzbekistan a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya, ta dogara ne a kan aikin na digiri daga 65 jami'o'i na kasar (musamman m sana'a da masana'antu da kuma fasaha yankunan). Tun 1943, aiki a jamhuriyar Academy of Sciences. Ya kunshi goma sha takwas da cibiyoyin bincike. Wannan key bidi'a cibiyoyin ba kawai kasar, amma dukan Tsakiya yankin Asia. A gagarumin yawan Uzbek aiki da hannu a cikin Rasha tattalin arzikin. Domin jobs a cikin RF aiki da matasa tafiya da mafi yawa.

ciniki abokan

Don gane yadda tattalin arzikin na Uzbekistan ya ci gaba a kasar shekaru 25 da samun yancin kai, ya kamata a lura da cewa shi ne a hankali nasaba da dama tsauri kasuwanni - CIS, Kudancin Asia, Gabas da kuma Kudu-East Asia, da Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afghanistan, da kuma tsakiya da gabashin Turai.

Hadewa ba kawai yayi abũbuwan amfãni, amma kuma ya sa na jamhuriyar m zuwa waje bala'i daga kasashen waje. Alal misali, tattalin arziki na duniya rikicin na 2008-2009. Yana haifar da halin kaka ga kasa tattalin arziki. Don jimre da kalubale, da gwamnatin soma wani anti-rikicin shirin. A cikin shakka daga an kara zamani, updated key masana'antu, rage yawan kuzarinka halin kaka, ta ƙara gasa na masana'antun, da ci gaban zamani kayayyakin more rayuwa, da cika fuska ƙarfafa liquidity da kuma AMINCI na banki da kuma kudi tsarin. Bisa ga shirin, ta kaddamar fiye da 300 muhimmanci ayyukan, wanda totaled game da biliyan 43 daloli.

Domin su tsayar da harkokin tattalin arziki da waje duniya, a shekaru 90 da kasar da ya haifar da daga karce 'yan cibiyoyin. A farko wuri shi ne ma'aikatar harkokin wajen huldar cinikaiya, kwastam, da kuma National Bank for harkokin wajen harkokin tattalin arziki. Wadannan Tsarin ake sarrafawa da majalisar ministocin kasar da Uzbekistan. A cikin hali na da muhimmanci musamman abokan kafa bẽnãye kasuwanci (tare da UK, Amurka, Jamus da wasu ƙasashe). Yau, na da hakkin ya shigar da waje kasuwa ne rayayye amfani da game da dubu biyu da manyan kamfanonin na Central Asia jamhuriyoyin (hukumomi, da kungiyoyin, da sauransu. D.). A fitarwa m of Uzbekistan ya ci gaba tare da hankali da walwalar na kasar ta kasa da kasa hadin gwiwar tattalin.

kasuwanci

A cikin shekaru 10 da shekaru, kamfanoni ƙwarai ƙara nasu taimako ga GDP na Uzbekistan (daga 30% zuwa 50%). Musamman m wani kananan kasuwanci a yi masana'antu, noma, kasuwanci da sabis kansu. Da muhimmancin ci gaba da girma a cikin haske masana'antu.

uku daga cikinsu suna aiki a wani kananan kasuwanci (ko su kansu da ake rubutu, ko aiki da irin wannan ma'aikata) na kowane hudu aiki mutane a Uzbekistan. Wadannan alkaluma an kawai kara. A kowace shekara, kamfanoni bada kasar a rabin miliyan jobs (kusan rabin su ne a aikin noma, 36% a cikin sabis na kansu, 20% ga masana'antu). Barga kasuwa a Uzbekistan Qarfafa matsayi na babban yankin iko.

Bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet kafin gwamnati ya zama dole don ƙirƙirar wani m shari'a tsarin domin kafa da kuma aiki na kananan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Daga bisani, da hanya na rajista da mutum kasuwanci kawai facilitates da kuma sabunta hanyoyin. A layi daya tare da wadannan sauye-sauye da aka za'ayi, alaka haraji (kafa sabon haraji code).

Business, kuma gwamnati

Yana da muhimmanci cewa, kwanan nan, 2011 aka ayyana shugaban na Central Asia jamhuriyar Islam Karimov "Year of kananan kasuwanci da kuma masu zaman kansu da harkokin kasuwanci." Ministan tattalin arzikin na Uzbekistan (yanzu wannan post ne shagaltar da Saidova Galina Karimovna) a madadin na farko mutum sallama zuwa ga gwamnatin wani shirin matakan zama dole don jawo hankalin sabon zuba jari da kuma fitowan da sabon jobs. A musamman, kasafin kudin da samar da mutum bashi Lines ga mafi fice ayyukan da manufofin kananan kasuwanci a kasar.

A raba shirin aiki a fagen harkokin kasuwanci a fannin aikin gona. Jihar co-kudi gidaje a yankunan karkara na Uzbekistan. Riga shi kadai wannan ababen more rayuwa ne a m asa ga m kasuwanci ci gaba. Girma kiri cinikayya, da sabis kansu, iyali kasuwanci. Bashi, manoma sama da fifiko a na rance da kuma kudade zama dole ga aiwatar da masu zaman kansu da ayyukan.

A cewar jihar "Shirin na ci gaba a yankunan karkara" ne karkara kananan yi kamfanonin. Game da dubu wannan kamfanonin bayar da dubu arba'in jobs for gwani yi ma'aikata. Domin Uzbekistan, kazalika ga duk wata ƙasa a mika mulki, yana da muhimmanci don ƙirƙirar wani m yanayi a duk yankuna, a domin su ci gaba da tallatar da kanta iya gwada kansu.

Kananan kasuwanci rinjayar ba kawai aikin yi, amma kuma ga sauran zamantakewa halin da ake ciki a jihar. Kawai da ci gaban harkokin kasuwanci, sa mafi ingantaccen amfani da mutum aiki albarkatu. Yana inganta walwala da kuma amincewa da al'umma a nan gaba, kuma shi ne wani muhimmin tuki da karfi, sunã shiryarwa da kasar zuwa ga ci gaba.

Success, ko da wani cikakken gazawar?

Daya daga cikin key kasawan na zamani tattalin arzikin na Uzbekistan ne ta dogara a kan hatsi shigo. Domestic samar maida hankali ne akan daya kawai-kwata daga cikin jimlar bukatar wannan hanya. Fasali, da jamhuriyar ta tattalin arziki shi ne kamar haka: noma na samar da 17% na GDP, da sabis na kansu - 50%, masana'antu - 25%.

A halin da ake ciki a Uzbekistan kasashen waje saba da gamayyar kasa da kasa wajen na waje. A kasar na da rufaffiyar bayanai sarari. A nuances na tsarin tattalin arziki da aka sani kawai da m tacewa da hukuma gwamnati bayanai. A general, da amincewa da yanayin da jihar a Uzbekistan nuna a cikin tattalin arzikin da kanta. Shi ne mai kawo rigima, idan kawai saboda, a hannu daya, kamar yadda kasuwar tasowa, da kuma a daya hannun, ji da matsa lamba na hukuma yunƙurin sarrafa ta fi muhimmanci masana'antu.