Tver tashin hankali a 1327: haddasawa da sakamakon

T rebel ta Tver yayi shekaru da yawa da suka wuce. Duk da haka, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar shi ya tsira har ya zuwa yau. Mutane da yawa masana tarihi suna har yanzu suna jayayya game da sakamakon, burin da sakamakon wannan tashin hankali. An rarraba mutiny a cikin wasu tarihin da labarun. Tsarin mutiny ya zama tushen dalilin kirkirar sabon matsayi a Rasha. Tun daga yanzu, Moscow ta zama sabuwar cibiyar siyasa. Har ila yau, ya yiwu a lura da bambancin bambancin al'adu a ƙasashen da ke ƙasa da ke kudu maso gabashin Rasha.

Abubuwan da ake bukata

Tarshen Tver na 1327 shi ne sakamakon rashin jin dadin jama'a na Rus tare da yakokin Mongol. A cikin kasa da shekaru 100, fararen rukuni na mamaye sunyi tafiya a kasar Rasha. Kafin wannan, Mongols sun rinjayi kasashe da dama kuma suka yanke shawarar shiga Turai. Da kansu, mutanen Mongols sun kasance 'yan ƙananan mutane ne kuma sun jagoranci hanyar rayuwa. Saboda haka, dalilin sojojin su sojoji ne daga sauran al'ummomi da kabilu. Tare da cin nasara na Siberia na yau, wani babban matsayi a cikin matsayi na daular ya fara farawa da Tatar khans.

A cikin 1230s shirye-shirye fara don Maris zuwa Rasha. Mongols sun zaɓi wani lokaci mai nasara don kansu. By farkon na 13th karni gaba daya ya dauki siffar da rushewar Tsohon Rasha jihar. Jihar ta kasance mai raɗaɗi sosai. Makasudin faɗuwar - mulkoki - jagorancin manufofi na zaman kanta, yawancin magabcin juna. Saboda haka, 'yan kabilar Mongolia sun yanke shawarar kaddamar da mamaye shirin. Na farko, an aika da dama kayan aiki, ainihin ma'anar shine don samun bayanai game da rayuwa a Turai, halaye na filin, dakarun, da kuma halin siyasa. A 1235, Mongols sun taru a wani taro na Genghisides kuma sun yanke shawarar ci gaba. A cikin shekara guda, dakarun da ba su da yawa sun tsaya a kan iyakokin Rasha a cikin steppes, suna jiran tsari. A cikin fall, an fara mamayewa.

Fall of Rasha

Shugabannin Rasha kuma ba su iya karfafawa don yaki da abokan gaba ba. Bugu da ƙari, mutane da yawa suna so su yi amfani da bala'i na makwabcin don ƙarfafa ikon a yankin. A sakamakon haka, tsarin mulkin ya kasance daya a daya da sau da yawa mai girma ga abokan gaba. A farkon shekaru, kudancin Rasha ya kusan hallaka. Kuma a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa duk manyan garuruwa suka fadi. 'Yan bindigar da' yan wasan sun shirya mummunan fada a kowane sansani, amma a karshe an ci gaba. Rasha ta dogara ga Golden Horde.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, kowane shugaba ya sami hanyar shiga hanya zuwa mulkin Horde. A lokaci guda kuma, 'yan kabilar Mongols sun shiga cikin dukkanin rikice-rikice-rikice-rikice-rikice-rikice-rikice-rikice-rikice. Dole ne garuruwan Rasha su biya haraji. A lokaci guda kuma, duk da haka duk da haka kwararru na ci gaba da samun 'yancin kai. Kuma har ma a cikin waɗannan yanayi ci gaba da gasa gasar. Cibiyoyin al'adu da siyasa sune Moscow da Tver. Tashin tawaye na Tver ya taka rawar gani a cikin dangantakar da ke tsakanin al'ummomin.

Sabon shugaban

Tashin tawayen Tver yana da alaka da Yarima Alexander Mikhailovich. A 1236, ya samu gajerar hanya zuwa sarauta da mangolawa. Alexander ya zauna a Tver, a fadarsa. Duk da haka, kwanakin nan na gaba, Chol Khan ya isa birnin, wanda ya yanke shawarar kafa kansa a nan. Ya kori Grand Duke daga gidan sarauta kuma ya zauna a ciki. Tatars, wadanda suke da nisa daga wayewa, nan da nan ya tayar da mummunan fushi a tsakanin mazauna yankin. Jami'an Tatar sun sami dama kuma sunyi girman kai. Su, ba tare da buƙata ba, sun ƙyale dukiyar mutane kuma suka ƙirƙira wasu ƙetare. Don haka akwai rikice-rikicen addini. Tarihin ya kawo zamaninmu labarun game da zalunci da Krista da kisan kiyashi.

Jama'ar garin suna son Prince Alexander Mikhailovich kuma sau da yawa sun juya gare shi don taimako. Mutane da dama sun tayar da tayar da Tatars kuma suna kore su daga cikin mulkin. Duk da haka, sarki ya fahimci rashin amfani da wannan shawara. Wata babbar rundunar soja ba za ta iya taimaka wa Horde ba, kuma za a gurfanar da Tver tawayen.

Abokan mutane

A lokacin rani, jita-jita sun fara yadu game da shirin Chol-Khan na yin amfani da iko a cikin mulkoki, kuma ya juya dukkan Rasha zuwa Islama. Bugu da ƙari, mutane sun ce ya kamata duk ya faru a babban babban idin Abincin, wanda ya hada da wasan kwaikwayo. Wadannan jita-jita, watakila, sun kasance marasa gaskiya, amma sun kasance dabi'a ne ga zalunci da Krista. Su ne wadanda suka kaddamar da ƙiyayya a cikin mutane, da godiya ga abin da Tver tayar da 1327 ya faru. Yarima a farko ya tilasta mutane su jira. Har yanzu masana tarihi suna jayayya game da rawar da ya taka a cikin wadannan abubuwan. Wasu sun gaskata cewa shi ne wanda ya fara rikici, wasu kuma ya shiga shi. Don jin dadin karshen wannan, kyakkyawar fahimtar sarki, wanda ya fahimci wannan juriya ba tare da goyon bayan wasu mulkoki ba, zai haifar da mummunan bala'i.

Farawar tashin hankali

A ƙarshen lokacin rani, mutane suna ci gaba da tayar da hankali. Daga rana zuwa rana za a iya yin bore. Tafasar batu ne 15 ga watan Agusta. Tattara daga mai kula da Chol-khan yanke shawarar sanya doki na firist na gida. Mutane suka miƙe dominsa, yaƙin ya fara. Dikko Dudko, a fili, yana jin dadin mutunta mutane. Kuma cin zarafin dan majami'a ya sa mutanen Rasha sun fi fushi. A sakamakon haka, an kashe macijin. Dukan birnin na koyi game da tarzoma. Jinƙan mutane ya fadi a kan tituna. Tverichi ya gaggauta ya rushe Tatars da sauran Horde. Yarima Alexander a hankali zai iya kawar da tawayen kansa, amma bai yi ba, kuma ya shiga cikin jama'a.

Fushin mutane

Tatars an dukan tsiya a ko'ina. An hallaka, ciki har da masu kasuwa. Wannan ya tabbatar da halin da ake ciki na wannan rikice-rikicen, kuma ba kawai addini ko tsoma baki ba. Tatars ya fara gudu zuwa fadar sarki, inda Chol Khan ya boye. Zuwa maraice mutanen suka kewaye gidan sarki suka sa wuta. A Khan da dukan dakinsa aka kone su da rai. Da safe a Tver babu wani Horde mai rai. Wannan shi ne yadda tayarwar Tver ta faru (1327). Yarima ya fahimci cewa bai isa ba don halakar da Tatars. Saboda haka, ya fara shirye-shiryen tsere daga Tver.

Moscow

A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, dukan Rasha sun fahimci cewa Tver tashin hankali ya faru (1327). Shugabar Moscow Prince Kalita ya ga amfanin da ke cikin wannan. Ya dade yana cikin gasar tare da Tver don girmamawa. Sabili da haka, na yanke shawarar bugawa kuma canza rarraba tasiri a cikin ni'ima. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci ya tara sojoji. A gare shi Khan Uzbek ya ba da kyauta ga mutum dubu hamsin da 'yansa don taimakawa. Yaƙin yaƙin yaƙin kudu maso kudu ya fara. A cikin 'yan kwanakin baya, ƙungiyoyin Moscow da Tatar sun kai hari kan mulkin. Hukuncin da aka yi wa mutum ya yi mummunan aiki. An kashe kauyuka, biranen ƙonawa, an kashe mutanen. Mutane da yawa sun kama fursuna. Kusan duk yankunan da aka rushe.

Alexander Mikhailovich ya fahimci cewa ba zai iya tsayayya da irin wannan sojojin ba. Saboda haka, ƙoƙarin ƙoƙarin korar da sakamakon mutanen Tver, ya tsere tare da wakilinsa daga garin. Bayan ɗan lokaci sai ya shiga Novgorod. Duk da haka, Horde da Muscovites sun kama shi da can. Prince na Novgorod ya ba da kyauta mai yawa na fansa da kyauta, don kada dukiyarsa ta sha wahala irin wannan. Alexander ya gudu zuwa Pskov. Ivan Kalita ya bukaci yunkurin 'yan tawaye. Yin aiki a kan umarnin Moscow Metropolitan Feognost ya sanar da cewa yana kiran musayar Pskovites daga coci. Mazaunan kansu suna ƙaunar sarki sosai. Ambassadors sun zo gari suka ba Alexander damar sallama. Ya shirye ya miƙa kansa domin zaman lafiya da wasu. Duk da haka, 'yan Pskovites sun bayyana cewa suna shirye su yi yaƙi da Alexander, idan ya cancanta.

Harshen Lithuania

Sanin haɗarin halin da ake ciki kuma sanin abin da zai faru da Pskov a yayin da aka mamaye, Alexander Mikhailovich har yanzu bai tsaya a nan ba. Ya tafi Lithuania. Bayan yawon shakatawa, har yanzu ya yi kokari tare da Khan Uzbek kuma ya koma Tver. Amma Ivan Kalita ba ya son wannan. Shugabar Moscow ya riga ya ba da tasiri a ƙasashe da dama kuma ya ga sabon barazana a Tver. Alexandra na jin dadin mutane. Ya sau da yawa ya raina wasu shugabanni da kuma kaurace wa rashin amincewa, ya ba da babbar murya kan khan ga ƙasar Kirista. Kodayake ba shi da babbar runduna, kalmar Alexander Mikhailovich na da iko sosai.

Duk da haka, bayan jerin rikice-rikicen ra'ayi da maƙaryata, Tatars ya sake kama shi. Bayan wata daya daga bisani Prince Alexandra Mikhailovich ya yanke masa hukumcin kisa. Ya sadu da sakamakonsa tare da mutunci mai daraja kuma, kamar yadda tarihin ya ce, "tare da kansa ya yi girma, ya tafi ya sadu da masu kisansa." Shekaru da yawa bayan mutuwarsa, Ikkilisiya na iya bautar da sarki kuma ya furta shi mai tsarkake martyr saboda bangaskiya.

Tver tashin hankali na 1327: muhimmancin

Wannan tashin hankali a Tver shine daya daga cikin masu zanga-zangar adawa da Horde. Ya fallasa matsalolin matsalolin Rasha kuma ya ba da fahimtar tsarin siyasa. Rivaling tsakanin juna, shugabannin dattawan Orthodox basu iya zama tare a gaban abokin gaba ɗaya ba. Har ila yau, mahimmanci shine halin da ake ciki na tashin hankali. A cikin waɗannan shekarun da suka faru, an ƙirƙira gaskiyar Rasha da 'yan uwan Kirista. Misali na Tver zai taimaka wa mutane don maganganu masu yawa. Kuma bayan bayan shekaru masu yawa, Rus ƙarshe ya karya karfin Horde kuma ya yantu daga karkiya.

Tashin tawaye na Tver yana da muhimmiyar mahimmanci a game da rarraba tasirin rinjaye. A wannan lokaci ne Moscow, saboda kokarin Kalita, ya zama birni mafi karfi kuma ya karfafa tasiri fiye da ƙasar. Wadannan sune farko da ake bukata don kafa mulkin Moscow, wanda za'a iya la'akari da shi na farko na tsarin mulkin Rasha a cikin hanyar da yake akwai yanzu.

Ƙungiyoyin Tver (1327): sakamako

Duk da irin wannan bala'i, musayar Muscovites ta kawar da wannan tashin hankali ya ba da damar kawo sauyi ga ƙasar Rasha. Har ila yau, Horde sun kasance da yawa kuma suna ba da damar yin hakan.

Tuntun Tver da aka yi a shekara ta 1327 an nuna shi a yawancin waƙa da labaru. Har ila yau, akwai rubutun game da shi a cikin shekaru daban-daban. A jini events aka bayyana da sanannen marubuci Dmitry Balashov a littafinsa "The Great Table".