Turbellarians: halaye da kuma bayanin irin aji. Wakilai turbellarians

Turbellaria ko turbellarians (Turbellaria) nasa ne da mulkin dabba, irin flatworms, fiye da 3500 jinsunan. Mafi yawansu ba su kasance free-rai, amma wasu jinsunan ne parasites cewa rayuwa a cikin jiki na rundunar. Girman mutane bambanta dangane da mazauninsu da kuma ciyar halaye. Wasu tsutsotsi za a iya gani a karkashin wani microscope, wasu isa wani tsawon fiye da 40 cm.

Parasites ne kusan duk mambobi ne na irin flatworms. Ciliated tsutsotsi - kadai aji da ya hada siffofin da yardar kaina rayuwa a cikin yanayi, amma shi ne mai predator.

Tsutsotsi za a iya samu a gishiri da kuma sabo ne ruwa, a cikin m gona, a karkashin kankara, kusa da gaba da koguna da tabkuna. Wasu rayuwa a farfajiya na ƙasa, da sauran kasa da shi. A 'yan jinsin rayuwa a cikin rundunar ta jiki surface, kasancewa a m, amma ba tare da haddasa wata cuta a gare shi. A mafi yawa da kuma m wakilan da aji ne planarian, wanda zo a cikin dukan launuka (daga baki da fari zuwa ruwan kasa da kuma blue).

Description bayyanar turbellarians

Class ciliated tsutsotsi haka mai suna saboda duk tsutsa ta jiki da aka rufe da kankanin cilia, samar da dabba motsi da kuma motsi na kananan dabbobi a sarari. Motsi ciliated tsutsotsi iyo ko rarrafe kamar maciji. Animal Jiki siffar mĩƙe, m, ko da dan kadan elongated.

Kamar yadda da dukan 'yan flatworm, su jiki ba shi da da ciki rami. Wannan bilaterally tsakaitã kwayoyin da shirya gaba hankula da bakinka a kan peritoneal sashi na jiki.

Features ciliary cover

Ciliary epithelium ne na iri biyu:

• tare da fili rabu da juna cilia.
• tare da Fused cilia a daya cytoplasmic Layer.

Cilia da ba duk mambobi ne na aji na flatworms. Ciliated irin tsutsotsi karkashin epithelial Layer na fãta gland shine yake mugunya. Gamsai saki daga gaban na jiki, taimaka tsutsa a haɗe da aka gudanar a kan substrate surface, kazalika da tafi kusa ba tare da rasa balance.

Tare da gefuna tsutsa jikin su ne unicellular gland secreting gamsai tare da mai guba Properties. Wannan gamsai ne mai irin kariya na dabba daga sauran fi girma da yara (misali kifi).

Ciliated tsutsotsi a kan lokaci, kamar yadda suka m, rasa guda na epithelium cewa yayi kama molting dabbobi.

A tsarin da fata-murdede jakar kwai

Structure turbellarians kamar tsarin flatworms. Murdede jiki Forms fata-murdede jakar kunshi uku yadudduka na zaruruwa:

• annular Layer located a kan waje surface na jiki;
• diagonal Layer wanda zaruruwa ne a wani kwana.
• a tsaye kasa Layer.

Rage, tsoka tabbatar da sauri motsi da kuma zamewa wani musamman manyan samfurori.

alimentary tsarin

Wasu wakilan turbellarians ba a fili kõma sama da hanjinsu, kuma suna beskishechnyh. Wasu suna narkewa kamar gabobin ake wakilta wani dukan tsarin na branched tashoshi, haihuwa gina jiki ga duk sassa na jiki. Yana hanji tsarin daban-daban kungiyoyin turbellarians. Bugu da kari beskishechnyh (haife konvolyut) rabo turbellarians:

• rectal (mesostom).
• vetvistokishechnyh (lactic Planaria trikladidy).

Roth mutane da branched hanji aka located kusa zuwa ga raya na jiki, a rectal - to gaban. A bakinka ne guda biyu zuwa ga tsutsa makogwaro, wanda a hankali ya ci gaba da gudana a kan makãho, hanji reshe.

Class ciliated tsutsotsi pharyngeal gland shine yake shi ne alhakin da waje (waje da jikin) narkewa.

kasafi tsarin

Excretory tsarin da aka wakilta wani jam'i na pores a raya rabo daga dabbobi jiki, ta hanyar da ta musamman tashoshin fitad da maras so abubuwa. The lafiya tashoshi suna da alaka da daya ko biyu main dab da hanji.

Lokacin da na hanji da babu selection (excreta) tara a surface na fata a musamman Kwayoyin wanda bayan ciko an shafe ta amince.

juyayi tsarin

Turbellaria siffofin hada da bambance-bambance a cikin tsarin da juyayi tsarin. A wasu irin cibiyar sadarwa shi ne wakilta wani kananan jijiya endings (ganglion) a gaba, na daga cikin jiki.

Ga wasu, akwai har zuwa 8 nau'i-nau'i daga jijiya kututturan tare da kuri'a na neuronal sashe.

The ji gabobin suna ci gaba, musamman gyarawa cilia ne alhakin tactile aiki. Wasu mutane suna da wata ma'ana da sikẽli da nauyi na musamman jiki statocyst gabatar a cikin nau'i na subcutaneous kumfa ko rami.

The ji na ƙungiyoyi da kuma irritating mataki na faruwa a waje ta hanyar sensilla - gyaran ciliary jiki a kan dukan surface.

A gaban tsutsotsi kafa statocyst alaka cikinta ortogon - kwakwalwa tsarin raga-type tashoshi.

Raya ji na wari da kuma gani

Turbellarians yana olfactory gabobin, wanda taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rayuwarsa a matsayin predator. Shi ne da godiya ga su turbellarians sami abinci. A tarnaƙi na gaba da raya iyakar jiki ana shirya ramuka da suke da alhakin da canja wurin da sakonni daga waje da kuma kwayoyin ƙanshi abubuwa a kwakwalwa sashin jiki.

Tsutsotsi ba su da hangen nesa, amma akwai wani zato cewa wasu manya-manyan terrestrial jinsin su ne iya gani bambanta abubuwa, da suka kafa da ruwan tabarau. Ko da yake ido, kuma a mafi yawan lokuta da dama dubun guda biyu da kuma unpaired ido located a tsutsa a cikin yankin na cerebral ganglia a gaban surface na jiki.

Light dũkan da m retinal gani Kwayoyin a kan concave rabo ido tsokani siginar tsara, wanda aka tsĩrar da kwakwalwa domin bincike da jijiya endings. Retinal Kwayoyin suna da kama da na gani jijiya wanda Ya aika bayanai zuwa cerebral ganglia.

numfashi dabbobi

Class Halaye ciliated tsutsotsi ne daban-daban daga cikin irin flatworm cewa free-rai mutane da suke iya zuwa sha oxygen - numfashi. Bayan duk, mafi flatworms - anaerobes, cewa shi ne, dake zaune a wani oxygen-free yanayi na jiki.

Numfashi ne m kuma na faruwa ne ta dukan jiki surface cewa garwaya da oxygen kai tsaye daga ruwa ta jam'i na microscopic pores.

ikon turbellarians

Mafi yawan waɗannan dabbobi ne da yara da kuma masu yawa daga cikinsu da wani waje narkewa kamar tsarin. Attaching bakin wani m aka azabtar, da tsutsa tsame musamman m, samar da pharyngeal gland, wanda digests da abinci a waje. Bayan wannan, da tsutsa tsotsa gina jiki juices. Wannan sabon abu ne da ake kira waje narkewa.

Hay irin flatworms Class ciliary mafi yawa kananan crustaceans da sauran kwaro. Ba kasancewa iya hadiye da crack da harsashi manyan crustaceans, tsutsotsi asirce gamsai a cikin wani musamman cike da enzymes. Yana softens aka azabtar, kusan zuwa nike shi, da kuma tsutsa to, kawai tsotsa da abinda ke ciki da harsashi.

A gaban hakori tsutsotsi sauya pharynx, da abin da suke hadiye abinci dukan. Idan aka azabtar ne manyan, da tsutsa kaifi tsotsa ƙungiyoyi daga bakin hawaye daga ta wani abu kaɗan yanki, hankali mamaye duk ganima.

haifuwa

Class ciliated tsutsotsi gabatar hermaphrodite, da ciwon biyu namiji da mace gonads. Maza mãsu Kwayoyin a cikin testes. Sun fita daga musamman iri tashoshi da cewa isar da maniyyi zuwa wurin taron da qwai.

Mace jima'i gabobin suna wakilta ovaries daga wanda ya hadu da kwan a cikin fallopian shambura an aiko kara shiga cikin farji, sa'an nan a kafa a cikin al'aura cloaca.

Jima'i hadi faruwa ta giciye. Tsutsotsi alternately takin juna, alternately alura maniyyi ta hanyar copulatory Gabar da yayi kama da azzakari cikin bude al'aura cloaca.

Seminal ruwa fertilizes da kwai da kwai da aka kafa, rufi harsashi. Excreted tsutsa dake qwai wanda ƙyanƙyashe misali yana da irin wannan bayyanar da adult tsutsa.

Kawai a turbellarians (irin ciliated flatworms Class) daga kwai bayyana kama da adult microscopic larvae cewa iyo da taimakon cilia da plankton har suka girma, kuma ba za a canza kama zuwa wani adult tsutsa.

Wadannan tsutsotsi iya girma kamar yadda asexually. A wannan yanayin, jiki na tsutsa bayyana a kugu, wanda a hankali ya raba shi kashi biyu daidai sassa. Kowane yanki ya zama mai raba mutum da ke tsiro da kanta zama dole ga gabobin aiki.

An ban mamaki iya aiki domin farfadowa

Wasu wakilan da ciliated tsutsotsi, misali, planarian, suna iya sake mayar da lalace yankunan na jiki. Ko guda da jiki size of a bisa ɗari na dukan mutane na iya sake girma a cikin wani cikakken fledged sabon tsutsa.

Daga cikin tsari Planaria trehvetvistyh koyi ga tsira a karkashin fi karfinsu domin ta muhalli. Lokacin da wani gagarumin karuwa a ruwa zazzabi, tare da karancin oxygen tsutsotsi spontaneously karya up cikin guda da za a mayar da sake ta farfadowa a lokacin da waje yanayi komawa zuwa al'ada.

Turbellarians Planaria - mafi girma wakilin aji da cewa na zaune a cikin tafkunan. Predator ciyarwa a kan kananan kwaro. Kansu a matsayin abinci ga kifi tsutsotsi ba su samu saboda gland da cewa samar da mai guba abubuwa.

ƙwarƙwata

Domin parasitic turbellarians sun hada da:

• Temnotsefaly cewa rayuwa a kan fata na ruwa tare kwaro da kunkuru, kwanciya a kan surface na jiki na rundunar qwai. Temnotsefaly kananan size (15 mm) na lebur jiki, akwai da dama tentacles. Turbellaria ne hermaphrodite da ya rataya, yafi a kudancin yammancin duniya.
• Udonellidy - baya classified a matsayin flukes, amma yanzu suna zaba a tawagar turbellarians. Bã su da wani jiki a cylindrical siffar da wani kananan size (har zuwa 3 mm). Da taimakon tsotsa kofuna waɗanda ake haɗe zuwa crustaceans, wanda, bi da bi, su ne parasites a kan gills daga manyan marine kifi.

Wasu jinsunan turbellarians samu ne kawai a Baikal ruwa, saboda da bambancinsa da ruwanta. Mai turbellarians ba kawai ba cutarwa, amma suna da wani ɓangare na muhalli. Tanã darkake kananan mollusks, suka ci gaba a karkashin iko da yawan kwaro, ba kyale shi zuwa girma ga m masu girma dabam.