Tsangwama alamu. Sharuddan matsakaicin kuma m

Tsangwama alamu - shi ne hasken ko duhu ratsi cewa suna lalacewa ta hanyar da haskoki su kasance a lokaci ko daga lokaci tare da juna. Light tãguwar ruwa da kamar suna kara da cewa a lokacin da amfani da, idan su bulan daidaita (a cikin shugabanci na kara ko ragewa), ko suka soke juna idan sun kasance a cikin antiphase. Wadannan mamaki kira sanyata kuma hallakaswa tsangwama, bi da bi. Idan monochromatic haske katako, duk cikin tãguwar ruwa wanda da wannan tsawon, ya wuce ta biyu kunkuntar slits (da gwajin da aka farko gudanar a 1801 da Thomas Young, English masanin kimiyya, wanda, godiya ga shi ya zo ga ƙarshe cewa kalaman yanayin haske), biyu daga cikin sakamakon katako za a iya directed a kan wani lebur allon wanda maimakon biyu overlapping spots an kafa tsangwama fringes - gaba ɗaya alternating juna na haske da duhu yankunan. Wannan sabon abu ne amfani da, misali, a duk Tantancewar interferometers.

superposition

The fassara halayyar wani superposition na taguwar ruwa da ya bayyana cikin hali na superimposed tãguwar ruwa. Its manufa ta'allaka ne da cewa idan a cikin sarari na wani superimposed biyu tãguwar ruwa, sakamakon tashin hankali ne, sunã daidaita da algebraic ware Naira Miliyan Xari da mutum disturbances. Wani lokaci a manyan perturbations wannan mulkin da aka keta. Wannan sauki hali take kaiwa zuwa wani yawan effects cewa an kira tsangwama mamaki.

The sabon abu kutse ne halin da biyu matuƙa. The biyu taguwar ruwa na gaskiya Maxima daidaita, kuma sũ, a lokaci tare da juna. A sakamakon da superposition ne da tabbatarwa daga cikin tashin hankali. A mawadãta daga cikin sakamakon gauraye kalaman ne daidai da Naira Miliyan Xari da mutum amplitudes. Conversely, hallakaswa shisshigi a cikin kalla daya kalaman daidai da m na biyu - su abokan hamayya ne. A amplitude na hada kalaman ne daidai da bambanci tsakanin amplitudes na ta bangaren sassa. A cikin akwati inda su ne daidai, shi ne cikakken hallakaswa tsangwama, kuma perturbation na jimlar matsakaici ne sifili.

Sun ta gwaji

A tsangwama juna na biyu kafofin nuna a fili gaban overlapping tãguwar ruwa. Thomas Young da shawarar cewa haske - wani kalaman wanda ya yi ɗã'a ga manufa na superposition. Ya shahara nasara shi ne gwaji zanga-zanga na sanyata kuma hallakaswa tsangwama haske a 1801 A zamani version of Young ta gwaji a cikin yanayi ya bambanta kawai a cewa shi yana amfani da mai jiwuwa haske kafofin. Laser gaba ɗaya haskaka biyu a layi daya slits a opaque surface. Light wucewa ta wurin su, akwai allo mai nisa. Lokacin da nisa tsakanin slits ne muhimmanci mafi girma daga zango, da dokokin geometrical kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta lura - gani a kan allo biyu hasken yankuna. Duk da haka, da m na slits diffracted haske, kuma tãguwar ruwa a kan allon suna superimposed a kan juna. Diffraction ne da kanta a saboda abin da na kalaman yanayi na haske, kuma duk da haka wani misali da wannan sakamako.

A tsangwama juna

A qa'ida ta superposition kayyade sakamakon tsanani rarraba a kan hasken allo. A tsangwama juna faruwa a lokacin da hanya bambanci daga tsaguwa da allo ne daidai ga dukan yawan wavelengths (0, λ, 2λ, ...). Wannan bambancin tabbatar da cewa highs zo a lokaci guda. Hallakaswa tsangwama ya auku a lokacin da hanya bambanci daidai wani lamba yawan wavelengths biya diyya rabin (λ / 2, 3λ / 2, ...). Jung amfani na lissafi muhawara don nuna cewa superposition take kaiwa zuwa wani jerin daidai spaced makada ko babban tsanani yankunan m zuwa yankuna na sanyata tsangwama, rabu da duhu yankunan da cikakken hallakaswa.

Hole jerawa

An muhimmanci siga lissafi da biyu slits ne rabo na haske zango λ da nisa tsakanin ramuka d. Idan λ / d ne sosai kasa da 1, da nisa tsakanin makada za su zama kananan da kuma overlapping effects ba ya lura. Amfani da hankali spaced slits, Jung ya iya raba haske da duhu yankunan. Saboda haka, ya m da wavelengths na bayyane haske launuka. Su musamman kananan darajar bayyana dalilin wadannan effects ne kiyaye kawai karkashin wani yanayi. Don raba yankunan sanyata kuma hallakaswa tsangwama, da nisa tsakanin tushen haske tãguwar ruwa dole ne kadan.

zango

Sauraron yadda ake gudanar kutse effects na kalubalantar for biyu sauran dalilai. Mafi haske kafofin fitarda wani m zango bakan, sakamakon samuwar mahara tsangwama alamu superimposed a kan juna, kowane tare da wani tazara tsakanin ratsi. Wannan gusar da mafi furta effects, kamar yankunan cikakken duhu.

coherency

Wannan tsangwama da za a iya lura a kan wani dogon lokaci, wajibi ne a yi amfani da jiwuwa haske kafofin. Wannan yana nufin cewa radiation kafofin dole ne kula da akai lokaci dangantaka. Alal misali, biyu masu jituwa tãguwar ruwa daga cikin wannan mita ko da yaushe suna da wani ajali lokaci dangantaka zuwa ga kowane batu a sarari - ko dai a lokaci ko a lokaci adawa, ko a wasu tsaka-tsaki jihar. Duk da haka, mafi haske kafofin fitarda da gaskiya masu jituwa kalaman. Maimakon haka, suka emit haske, a cikin abin da bazuwar lokaci canji yakan faru miliyoyin sau da biyu. Irin wannan radiation aka kira incoherent.

Ideal tushen - Laser

Tsangwama har yanzu kiyaye lokacin da superimposed taguwar ruwa a cikin sarari na biyu incoherent kafofin, amma tsangwama alamu bambanta da ka, tare da wata bazuwar lokaci motsa. Light na'urori masu auna sigina, ciki har da idanu, ba zai iya yin rijista a hanzari canza image, da kuma kawai talakawan tsanani da lokaci. A Laser katako ne kusan monochromatic (m. E. kunshi guda zango) da kuma wani highly-. Shi ne manufa haske Madogararsa domin kiyaye tsangwama effects.

Tabbatar da dalilin da mita

Bayan Jung 1802 na awo wavelengths na bayyane haske za a iya dangantaka da arancinsu m gudun haske samuwa a lokacin yin lissafi da kimanin mita. Alal misali, koren haske ne daidai game da 6 × 10 ¹⁴ Hz. Wannan shi ne da yawa umarni na girma fiye da mita na inji vibrations. Don kwatanta, mutum zai iya ji da sauti tare da mitoci har zuwa 2 × ¹⁰ Afrilu Hz. Me daidai dabam a wani kudi har yanzu ya kasance wani asiri domin na gaba 60 shekaru.

Kutse a cikin bakin ciki fina-finan

A lura effects ba iyakance zuwa biyu tsaguwa lissafi amfani da Thomas Young. Lokacin da akwai wani tunani da kuma refraction na haskoki daga biyu saman rabu da nesa m tare da zango, tsangwama a bakin ciki fina-finan. Da muhimmancin da fim tsakanin saman iya wasa a injin, iska, ruwa ko kuma wani m m jiki. A bayyane haske tsangwama effects aka iyakance ta masu girma dabam na 'yan micrometers. A sani misalin duk fim ne mai kumfa. Light nuna daga shi, shi ne a superposition na biyu taguwar ruwa - daya aka nuna daga gaban farfajiya, da kuma na biyu - a baya. Su zoba a sarari, kuma ya kara wa juna. Dangane da kauri daga cikin sabulu film, biyu taguwar ruwa iya mu'amala na gaskiya ko destructively. The complete lissafi na tsangwama juna nuna cewa ga haske da wani zango lambda sanyata tsangwama ga wani fim kauri daga λ / 4, 3λ / 4, 5λ / 4, da sauransu. D., Kuma hallakaswa - to λ / 2, λ, 3λ / 2, ...

Dabarbari for kirga

tsangwama sabon abu ya da yawa amfani, don haka yana da muhimmanci a gane asali lissafi da suka shafi cikinta. Wadannan lissafai damar da lissafi na daban-daban dabi'u hade da tsangwama, domin ta biyu ya fi na kowa lokuta.

Location haske tube a Young ta gwaji, .. Watau shafukan da sanyata tsangwama za a iya lasafta ta yin amfani da magana: y _{ne haske.} = (ΛL / d) m, inda λ - zango. m = 1, 2, 3, .... d - da nisa tsakanin slits. L - nesa Target.

.. Location duhu makada, watau cikin yankunan da hallakaswa hulda da aka ba by: y _{ne duhu.} = (ΛL / d) (m + 1/2).

Ga wasu nau'in tsangwama - a bakin ciki fina-finan - gaban sanyata ko hallakaswa superposition kayyade lokaci motsi na nuna tãguwar ruwa, wanda ya dogara a kan fim kauri da kuma Refractive index of shi. A farko lissafi bayyana hali na rashi na wannan motsi, da kuma na biyu - a miƙa rabin zango:

2nt = mλ.

2nt = (m + 1/2) λ.

A nan, λ - zango. m = 1, 2, 3, .... t - hanya traversed a cikin fim. n - index of refraction.

Kallo cikin yanayi

Lokacin da rana haskakawa a kan kumfa, za ka iya ganin haske launin ratsi, tun daban-daban wavelengths an hõre hallakaswa tsangwama da kuma kawar da su daga tunani. Sauran nuna haske ya bayyana a matsayin wani karin launi kau. Alal misali, idan a sakamakon hallakaswa kutse ne mãsu fakowa ja bangaren, da tunani zai zama blue. A bakin ciki fim na man fetur a kan ruwa samar da wani irin sakamako. A yanayi, da gashinsa da wasu tsuntsaye, ciki har da peacocks da Humming birds, da bawo na wasu beetles bayyana haske, yayin da canza launi idan ka canza Viewing kwana. Tantancewar kimiyyar lissafi a nan ne tsangwama haske tãguwar ruwa nuna daga cikin bakin ciki mai lebur Tsarin ko iri-iri nuna sanduna. Hakazalika lu'u-lu'u da kuma harsashi ne Iris, saboda superposition na tunani daga mahara yadudduka da lu'u-lu'u. Duwatsu masu daraja kamar opal, nuna kyakkyawan tsangwama alamu sa ta a warwatse haske daga yau da kullum Tsarin kafa ta microscopic siffar zobe barbashi.

aikace-aikace

Akwai da yawa fasaha aikace-aikace na haske tsangwama mamaki a rayuwar yau da kullum. Suna tushen kimiyyar lissafi kyamara kimiyyan gani da hasken wuta. Al'ada ruwan tabarau antireflection shafi ne mai bakin ciki fim. Its kauri da kuma refraction na haskoki ana haka zaba, don samar da hallakaswa kutse na nuna a bayyane haske. More musamman coatings kunshi mahara yadudduka na bakin ciki fina-finan yi nufi ga wucewa kawai radiation cikin kunkuntar zango zangon kuma inganta ana amfani da tacewa. Multilayer coatings ana ma amfani da su kara da reflectivity na madubai na astronomical nesa, kazalika da na gani Laser resonators. Interferometry - m ji hanyoyin amfani da rijista kananan canje-canje a cikin zumunta nesa - ta dogara ne a kan kallo na canjawa da haske da duhu makada samar da nuna haske. Alal misali, a ji na yadda da tsangwama juna canjãwa, da damar kafa da curvature na saman na Tantancewar gyara a wani Tantancewar zango lobes.