The yawan Bashkiria: yawan jama'a, kabilu, addini

Bashkirs - zamanin d mutanen da suke rayuwa a kudu Urals da a kalla 12 ƙarni. Su labarin ne musamman mai ban sha'awa da kuma mamaki shi ne cewa, duk da yanayi na karfi da makwabta, Bashkirs kiyaye ta musamman da suka bambanta da kuma al'adar zuwa yanzu, ko da yake, ba shakka, kabilanci assimilation aka yi ta aiki. The yawan Bashkortostan for 2016 da nawa zuwa miliyan 4 da mutane. Ba duk na yankin ta mazauna ne 'yan qasar jawabai da kuma zamanin da al'adu, amma ruhun kabila da aka adana a nan.

Gwargwadon matsayi

Bashkortostan aka located a kan iyakar kasashen Turai da Asiya. A Jamhuriyar ta ƙasa ne kawai a kan 143 dubu murabba'in mita. km da kuma maida hankali da wani ɓangare na gabashin Turai Bayyana, dutsen tsarin na Kudu Urals da Trans-Urals tudu. A yankin babban birnin kasar - Ufa - mafi girma a ƙauyuka na jumhuriya, da kuma sauran daga cikin birnin na Bashkiria a yawan jama'a da kuma size na ƙasa nisa a baya ta.

Bashkortostan sauƙi ne musamman bambance bambancen. Tsororuwar a yankin - Zigalga kunya (1427 m). Filayen da tuddai ne da dace domin aikin gona, don haka Bashkiria yawan ya dade da aka tsunduma a dabba husbandry da kuma amfanin gona samar. A jamhuriyar ne mai arziki a cikin albarkatun ruwa, an sanya daruna na wannan kõguna a matsayin Volga, Ural da kuma Likitan mata. A kan ƙasa na Bashkortostan daukan 12 dubu waɗansu kõguna na daban-daban size, shi gidaje 2700 tabkuna, mafi yawa na bazara asalin. Akwai kuma an halitta mutum 440 da aka yi da kududdufai.

A yankin yana da manyan reserves of ma'adanai. Saboda haka, a nan aka same shi adibas na man fetur, da zinariya, da Karafa, jan, iskar gas, tutiya. Bashkortostan aka located a cikin temperate zone, a kan iyakarta da yawa gauraye gandun daji, steppe da steppe. Yana fayyace uku manyan ajiye da kuma da dama yanayi reserves. Bashkortostan iyaka a kan batutuwa na Tarayya a matsayin Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk da Orenburg yankunan, tare da Udmurtia da Tatarstan.

A tarihin Bashkir mutane

Na farko mutane a kan ƙasa na zamani Bashkortostan har yanzu rayu 50-40 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Archaeologists sun samu burbushi na zamanin d shafukan a kogon da Iman. A Paleolithic, Mesolithic da Neolithic kabilan dayansu da gayya zauna a nan, da suka ƙware da gida yankin, dabbabiobin gida, hagu zane a kan kogo katangu. Kwayoyin halittu na wadannan farko natsuwa karfe tushe ta samar da Bashkir kasa.

A farko ambaci Bashkirs iya karanta rubuce-rubucen Larabawa da geographers. Suka ce cewa ya rayu da sunan "Bashkort" mutane a cikin 9-11 karnoni a garesu na Ural Mountains. A 10-12 karnoni, da Bashkirs kasance wani ɓangare na jihar na Volga Bulgaria. Tun da farkon 13th karni suka yi yaƙi na nacewa tare da mangolawa, wanda ya so ya kama ƙasarsu. A sakamakon da aka kammala a cinikayya yarjejeniya, da kuma zãmunna 13-14 Bashkir mutane ne wani ɓangare na Golden taro a yanayi na musamman. Bashkirs ba a mutane, kewaye da wani haraji. Suka kuma kiyaye nasu zamantakewa tsarin, kuma sun kasance a Kagan a cikin soja. Bayan rushewar Golden taro, da Bashkirs kasance wani ɓangare na Kazan kuma Siberian taro.

A 16th karni fara wani karfi matsa lamba a kan 'yancin kai na Bashkirs daga Rasha Empire. A cikin 1550s Ivan Grozny kira a kan mutane ga aikin shiga cikin gwamnati. Long tattaunawar da aka gudanar, da kuma a 1556 sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya a kan shiga cikin Bashkirs a Rasha mulki a yanayi na musamman. A mutane riƙe su hakkin su addini, da gwamnati, da sojoji, amma biya haraji to da Rasha Tsar, ga shi ya samu taimako a kangewa waje ta'adi.

Har da 17th karni da yanayi na cikin yarjejeniyar ana mutunta, amma tare da zuwa ga ikon da Romanovs fara encroachments a kan kome da kowa yancin Bashkirs. Wannan ya kai ga wani jerin tarurrukan boren 17-18 karnoni. Mutane sha wahala babbar asarar a gwagwarmayar 'yancin da kuma' yancin kai, amma ya iya kare ta mulkin kai a cikin Rasha Empire, ko har yanzu wasu asasshe ya je.

A 18-19 karnoni Bashkiria ya sha nanata an hõre administrative garambawul, amma kullum rike da hakkin ya kasance a cikin tarihi da kan iyakoki. Bashkiria yawan ko'ina da tarihi ya kasance m warriors. Bashkirs dauki wani aiki sashi a duk fadace-fadace yakukuwan da Rasha: a cikin 1812 yaki, da farko da na biyu Duniya Wars. asarar da mutane suka girma, amma mai daraja nasara. Daga cikin Bashkirs yawa real heroes-warriors.

A lokacin da juyin mulki a 1917 Bashkiria shi ne na farko a gefe na Red Army juriya da aka halitta Bashkir sojojin da suke kare ra'ayin da 'yancin kai na wannan al'umma. Duk da haka, domin a yawan dalilai a 1919, da Bashkir gwamnatin zo karkashin iko na Soviet gwamnati. Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na Tarayyar Soviet Bashkiria so ta samar da wata kungiyar jamhuriyar. Amma Stalin ce cewa Tatarstan, kuma Bashkortostan ba zai iya Soviet jamhuriyoyin, kamar yadda suke Rasha enclaves, don haka Bashkir m jamhuriyar aka halitta.

A Soviet sau, da yankin ya jimre da matsaloli da kuma matakai da hankula ga dukan da Tarayyar Soviet. Akwai sun kasance collectivization da kuma samar da masana'antu. A lokacin yakin a Bashkiria shi aka kwashe da yawa masana'antu da sauran Enterprises, wanda ya kafa tushen post-yaki masana'antu da kuma dawo da. A cikin shekaru na perestroika, a 1992, an sanar da Jamhuriyar Bashkortostan tare da kundin tsarin mulki. Yau, Bashkortostan aka tsunduma a cikin Tarurrukan na shaidar dan kasa da kuma kakanninsu hadisai.

A duka yawan Bashkiria. muhimmancin Manuniya

A farko ƙidaya Bashkortostan da aka gudanar a 1926, yayin da a cikin ƙasa na Jamhuriyar rayu 2,665 mutane miliyan. Daga baya kimomi da yawan mazaunan yankin da aka za'ayi a sãɓãwar launukansa jinkiri kuma kawai tun lokacin da marigayi 20th karni irin data fara da za a tattara a kowace shekara.

Kafin farkon na 21st karni, yawan kuzarin kawo cikas da aka tabbatacce. The most karuwa a yawan mazauna zo a cikin farkon 50s. A wasu lokuta da yankin steadily ƙãra wani talakawan na 100 da mutane dubu. Kadan slowdown a ci gaban da aka rubuta a cikin farkon 90s.

Shi ne kawai a 2001 saukar korau muhimmancin yawan jama'a. A kowace shekara, yawan mazauna rage ta dubu da dama mutane. By karshen 2000s, da halin da ake ciki ne dan kadan gyara, amma a 2010 da yawan sabon mazauna fara samun koma baya.

Yau da yawan Bashkiria (2016) da aka stabilized, da yawan ne 441 000 mutane. Duk da yake alƙaluma da kuma tattalin arziki Manuniya ba zata wani ci gaba a halin da ake ciki. Amma Bashkortostan jagoranci yana sanya wani fifiko don rage mace-mace da kuma kara da haihuwa kudi a yankin, abin da ya kamata lallai shafi yawan mazaunanta.

Gudanarwa rabo daga Bashkortostan

Tun tsakiyar karni na 16th a matsayin wani ɓangare na Bashkortostan na Rasha daular sõyayya a kusa da Ufa. Farko shi ne Ufa gundumar, sa'an nan da Ufa lardin Ufa lardin. A Soviet sau da yankin ya samu dama yankin-administrative sake fasalin hade da kara girma, sa'an nan raba cikin gundumomi. A shekarar 2009, an yanke shawarar a yau Bashkortostan rabo a cikin yankin raka'a. Bisa ga Republican dokokin a yankin alama 54 gundumar, 21 gari, 8 daga cikinsu - Republican karkashi, 4532 kauyuka. Yau Bashkortostan birane yawan mutane, an hankali kara yafi saboda ciki hijirarsa.

rarraba, na yawan jama'ar

Rasha - yafi agrarian kasar, game da 51% na Russia rayuwa a yankunan karkara. Idan muka kimanta da birane yawan Bashkiria (2016), za mu iya ganin cewa game da 48% na yawan zaune a cikin su, da cewa shi ne. E. 1.9 miliyan daga cikin adadin na 4 da miliyan. Wato, da yankin da aka sanya shi a cikin wani a kasar Trend. List of Bashkiria birane cikin sharuddan yawan ne kamar haka: most shiri - An Ufa (1.112 mutane miliyan), da sauran ƙauyuka ne da yawa karami a size, saman biyar kuma ya hada da Sterlitamak (279,000 mutane), Salavat (154 000) Neftekamsk (137,000) da kuma Oktoba (114 dubu). Sauran garuruwa suna daga cikin kananan, su yawan bai wuce 70 dubu.

Age-jima'i abun da ke ciki na yawan na Bashkiria

Ma'aikata index of mace ga namiji rabo ne game da 1.1. Kuma a wani wuri shekaru da yawan yara maza outnumber 'yan mata, amma tare da shekaru, hoton da aka juyawa. Idan akai la'akari da yawan jama'a na Bashkiria, za ka iya ganin cewa, wannan Trend ya ci gaba a nan. A kan talakawan, domin kowane mutum dubu akwai 1139 mata.

Rarraba na yawan da shekaru a Jamhuriyar Bashkortostan ne kamar haka: a karkashin aiki shekaru - 750 dubu mutane, a kan aiki - 830 dubu mutane na aiki shekaru - miliyan 2.4 mutane. Saboda haka, a cikin 1000 da aiki shekaru asusun for game da 600 mutane matasa da kuma tsohon. A kan talakawan, wannan yayi dace da kasa trends. Age-jima'i model Bashkiria yankin za a iya dangana ga tsufa irin cewa ya ce game da nan gaba na wahala da alƙaluma da kuma halin tattalin arzikinsu a yankin.

National abun da ke ciki na yawan

Tun 1926, ya gudanar da lura na kasa abun da ke ciki na mazaunan Bashkir Jamhuriyar. A wannan lokaci saukar da wadannan trends: adadin Rasha yawan mutane, an hankali ragewa, tare da 39,95% zuwa 35,1%. A yawan Bashkirs qara daga 23,48% zuwa 29%. Kuma kabilanci Bashkirs na Bashkortostan for 2016 ne miliyan 1.2. Sauran kasa kungiyoyi suna wakilta numerals: Tatar - 24%, Chuvashes - 2.6%, Mari - 2.5%. Sauran kabilu wakilci kasa da 1% na jimlar yawan.

A yankin akwai wani babban matsala ga kiyayewa kananan al'ummai. Saboda haka, Kryashens yawan a cikin past shekaru 100 da ya girma, Mishari ne a kan gab da karewa, kuma teptyari gaba daya bace. Saboda haka, yankin jagorancin yana kokarin haifar da yanayi na musamman da adana sauran kananan subethnoses.

Harshe da kuma addini

A cikin kasa yankuna ne ko da yaushe wani matsala da adana addini da kuma harshen, shi ne ba togiya da Bashkiria. Caucasian yawan - wani muhimmin ɓangare na shaidar dan kasa. Domin Bashkirs kakanninmu addini ne Sunni Islam. A Soviet sau, addini an unofficial ban, ko da yake ciki-yanayin ne sau da yawa har yanzu a karkashin gini, bisa ga Musulmi hadisin. A post-perestroika sau a Bashkiria fara Tarurrukan addinance. Fiye da shekaru 20, a yankin da aka bude fiye da 1,000 masallatai (a Soviet sau akwai kawai 15), game da 200 Orthodox majami'u da kuma da dama cibiyoyin addinai, na sauran addinai ba. Amma duk da haka da rinjaye addini a yankin shi ne Musulunci, addini rike game da 70% na dukan ikilisiyoyi na kasar.

Harshe - wani muhimmin ɓangare na shaidar dan kasa. A Bashkortostan a Soviet sau akwai wani musamman harshe siyasa. Saboda haka, yawan fara rasa su mutuniyarsu harshen. Tun shekarar 1989, kasar ta gudanar da wani musamman aiki a kan Tarurrukan na kasa harshe. Izni ga makaranta a nasu harshen (Bashkir, Tatar). Yau, 95% na yawan magana Rasha, 27% mallakar da Bashkir, 35% - Tatar.

A yankin tattalin arzikin kasar

Bashkortostan - daya daga cikin barga cikin sharuddan tattalin arziki yankuna na Rasha. Nedra Bashkortostan ne mai arziki a cikin ma'adanai, don haka da jamhuriyar bautar da 9th wuri a cikin kasar da kuma man 1st - a kan ta aiki. A yankin tattalin arzikin kasar ne da iri daban dabam, kuma, saboda haka, mai kyau nasara da wuya daga cikin rikicin sau. 'Yan masana'antu samar da wani barga ci gaban kasar, su ne:

- petrochemical masana'antu, wakilta manyan Mills, "Bashneft", neftehimzavod Sterlitamak, Bashkir Soda Company;

- inji aikin injiniya da kuma metallurgy, ciki har da Trolleybus Shuka Neftemash, Kumertau kamfanin jirgin sama, manufacturer dukkan-ƙasa motocin "Vityaz" Neftekamsk mota.

- makamashi masana'antu.

- masana'antu.

Na bayar da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin yankin ne da aikin noma, Bashkir manoma nasarar tsunduma a dabba husbandry da kuma shuka namo.

A yankin da ya da raya cinikayya da sabis Sphere, wanda barnatar da rinjayar ƙananan albashi (2016), a Bashkiria, amma har yanzu halin da ake ciki a kasar ne sosai fiye da a tallafi yankuna.

aiki

A general, da yawan Bashkiria ne a mafi tattalin arziki yanayi fiye da mutane da yawa a cikin wasu yankuna. Duk da haka, a shekarar 2016 a can aka rubuta da karuwa a rashin aikin yi, ga watanni shida da ya tashi da kashi 11%, idan aka kwatanta da bara. Kuma lura da wani rage daga cinikayya da kuma mabukaci sabis, akan rage Hakkin kuma real albashi. Duk wannan take kaiwa zuwa zagaye na gaba na rashin aikin yi. Da farko zo karkashin hari matasa kwararru da kuma masu digiri ba tare da wani aiki da kwarewa. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa outflow na matasa zai fara kuma m ma'aikata daga yankin.

yankin tattalin arziƙin

Ga wani yankin muhimmanci zamantakewa kayayyakin more rayuwa, wanda damar mazauna sha da gamsuwa na zaune a wani wuri na musamman. The yawan Bashkortostan for 2016 quite yaba da yanayin rayuwa a yankin. A Bashkortostan, mai yawa kokarin da kudi da aka kashe a cikin gyara da gina hanyoyi, gadoji, wuraren kiwon lafiya. tasowa kai da kuma yawon shakatawa da kayayyakin more rayuwa a kasar. Amma, ba shakka, akwai matsaloli, musamman tare da arziki na ilimi da kuma al'adu cibiyoyin. A yankin yana bayyana matsaloli da yanayi, da yawa masana'antu Enterprises da mummunan tasiri a kan tsarki na ruwa da kuma iska a cikin kusanci da manyan birane. Duk da haka, birnin kayayyakin more rayuwa da aka fi kyau ɓullo da fiye da saura, abu don wani outflow na yankunan karkara yawan zuwa birane.

Alƙaluma da halaye na yawan

Alƙaluma Manuniya Bashkortostan idon bambanta daga yankuna da dama na kasar. Saboda haka, adadin haihuwa a kasar kadan, amma girma cikin shekaru 10 da shekaru (da togiya ne kawai a shekarar 2011, lokacin da akwai raguwar 0.3%). Amma, abin takaici, da kuma mace-mace kudi ne kuma girma a cikin 'yan shekaru, ko da yake a wata hankali taki fiye da adadin haihuwa. Saboda haka, yawan Bashkiria nuna kananan halitta karuwa, wanda ba na hali ga kasar baki daya.