Tattalin arziki da sake fasalin a 1985-1991.: Saukarwa da kuma sakamakon

By tsakiyar 80-ies a cikin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da siyasa rai na Soviet jamhuriyoyin aka lura crises. Yana ta bayyana m ci baya na gurguzu jama'a daga mafi raya ƙasashe na duniya. Domin kauce wa karshe auka da inganta halin da ake ciki a kasar, gwamnatin da Tarayyar Soviet tattalin arziki da sake fasalin a 1985-1991 aka za'ayi.

Abubuwan da ake bukata domin sake fasalin

A cikin shekaru 80 na Tarayyar Soviet ta tattalin arzikin da aka a kan gãɓar rãmi na auka. Fadin kasar, akwai wani slowdown a ci gaba, da kuma a wasu sassa na tattalin arzikin akwai wani karfi dakushe samar matakan. A gazawar na gurguzu tattalin arziki da hanyoyin ma'ana sau da yawa gani a aikin injiniyan inji, metallurgy, metalworking da sauran masana'antu. Ko da yake a shekarar 1985 da Tarayyar Soviet samar game da 150 dubu ton na karfe, wanda aka fiye da a Amurka, kasar na karfe ne har yanzu bai isa ba. Dalilin wannan kuwa shi ne ajizai ta narkewa fasahar a cikinsa babban ɓangare na feedstock ne tuba zuwa cikin kwakwalwan kwamfuta. A halin da ake ciki ne ya dada tabarbare zargin almubazzarancin, saboda abin da wani ton daga karfe rusting karkashin bude sararin sama.

A tattalin arziki da sake fasalin na Tarayyar Soviet a 1985-1991. Ya zama dole ba ne kawai saboda matsaloli a fagen nauyi masana'antu. A farkon 80-ies a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da za'ayi kimantawa da inji kuma inji kayayyakin aiki na cikin gida da samar. Daga cikin dukkan abubuwa leka, kuma suka juya a kira su game da dubu 20, da sulusin da aka ayyana a zahiri rabu amfani da unusable. Inganci kayan aiki da za a janye daga samarwa, amma shi har yanzu ci gaba da nuna.

Duk da cewa Tarayyar Soviet biya musamman da hankali ga ci gaban da tsaro masana'antu, shi ne ma uncompetitive a duniya kasuwar. Lokacin da maha? Ar na 70-80-ies a dukan yammacin duniya ne microprocessor juyin juya halin a Tarayyar Soviet, kudi mai yawa ya tafi zuwa ga tabbatarwa da makamai tseren. Saboda wannan, ba ware isasshen kudi don ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha. Soviet jama'a ya zama ƙara ci gaba da sama da yamma cikin sharuddan fasaha da kuma bunkasa masana'antu.

Siyasa da tattalin arziki da sake fasalin na 1985-1991 ma balaga da kuma saboda da fall a real rayuwar. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙarshen 60s zuwa 1980 albashi fadi da kusan sau 3. Soviet jama'a ƙara da su kan ji kalman "gaira." All duniyoyin rayuwa an buga da burokrasi da kuma cin hanci da rashawa. Drop faru dabi'un da kowa mutum.

The zuwa ga ikon Gorbachev

A cikin bazara na shekarar 1985 da babban sakataren na CPSU ya Mikhail Gorbachev. Farga da cewa tattalin arzikin kasar shi ne kan gab da rugujewa, ya sanar da manufofin da ta garambawul. A talabijin busa sabon zuwa Soviet mutane, da kalmar "sake fasalin kudin", ma'anar wanda yake shi ne don shawo kan stagnation na tafiyar matakai, halittar m ne kuma abin dogara iko inji nufin inganta da kuma accelerating da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na rayuwa.

Akayi na tattalin arziki da sake fasalin na 1985-1991

Gyara da Soviet tattalin arzikin za a iya raba da dama, saukarwa.

1. A cikin shekaru 1985-1986 Soviet gwamnati karkashin jagorancin Gorbachev kokarin ajiye gurguzu tsarin da mugun gudu up da taki na ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha juyin juya halin (STR), sake injiniya masana'antu da kuma intensification na mutum albarkatun.
2. A shekarar 1987, tsarin tattalin arziki ya fara. Ma'anarta ne don kula da Karkasa management na miƙa mulki daga administrative tattalin arziki da hanyoyin.
3. A 1989-1990, ya ayyana manufofin da hankali miƙa mulki daga gurguzu tattalin arzikin zuwa kasuwa. anti-rikicin shirin "500 kwanaki" da aka ɓullo.
4. A shekarar 1991 ya gudanar da wani monetary garambawul. A farfadowar tattalin arzikin da aka karkashin fashewa saboda saba gwamnati mataki.

Policy hanzari

A tattalin arziki da sake fasalin na 1985-1991 ya fara da shela da manufofin na accelerating da ci gaban kasar. A cikin fall na 1985, Gorbachev ya kira a kan shugabannin kasuwanci don tsara wani Multi-shift aiki, ya sa a cikin yi da gurguzu gasar da kuma sababbin abubuwa, ka saka idanu da yarda da aiki da horo a samar, inganta samfurin quality. Wadannan ayyuka, bisa ga Moscow, an lallai nuna a kan kara yawan aiki da kuma accelerating da zamantakewa da tattalin arziki Sphere na rayuwa daga cikin dukan Tarayyar Soviet. Fifiko rawar da aka sanya wa aikin injiniya masana'antu, samar da wanda za a yi amfani domin da haɓaka na kasa da tattalin arziki.

Billed Gorbachev siyasa na accelerating nufi wani gagarumin karuwa a cikin girma kudi da tattalin arziki. Kafin shekarar 2000, Tarayyar Soviet jagoranci shirin yin ninki biyu na samar iya aiki da kuma kasa samun kudin shiga na jihar, don su tashe 2.5 sau yawan aiki.

Lokacin da Gorbachev ya fara uncompromising gwagwarmaya tare da shan barasa. Bisa ga siyasa da kuma ayarinsa, anti-barasa yaƙi da wani tasiri a kan karfafa horo da kuma inganta yawan aiki. A yankuna da dama na fure shuka domin samar da ruwan inabi, da vodka kayayyakin, ruthlessly sare cikin gonakin inabi. A sakamakon wannan manufar samar da giya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet rage a cikin sau 2. Saboda kawar da ruwan inabi kuma ruhohi kamfanoni a cikin kasar sha wahala multimillion-dollar hasarori. A rashin kudi a jihar kasafin kudin da ya kai ga jinkirta na albashi. Don yin sama da shortfall, gwamnatin yanke shawarar a kan buga sabon kudi.

A tattalin arziki da sake fasalin na 1985-1991 a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya bayyana a ban Soviet jama'a da su amfãne daga unearned samun kudin shiga. Domin aikinsa a zaman aiki, mara izini ciniki da kuma sauran wanda ba a iya lura da shi ba jiha da ayyukan da wani mutum zai je gidan yari har zuwa shekaru 5. Amma shi nan da nan ya bayyana cewa irin matakan ne m, kuma a watan Nuwamba shekarar 1986, akwai wata dokar kyale da Tarayyar Soviet kai-da aikin yi.

Accelerating da ci gaban aikin injiniyan inji ya jagoranci wani raguwa a kudade ga sauran yankunan masana'antu. Saboda wannan, daga free sayarwa fara bace da kuma mabukaci kaya. Htp, wanda shi ne a aiwatar da gyara biya musamman, da kuma bai samu sabon ci gaba. Rikicin kara raunana jihar. By karshen shekarar 1986 da ta zama a bayyane yake cewa ingantaccen gyara daga cikin tattalin arziki shi ne ba zai yiwu ba a gudanar da wani saboda ajizai jihar shiryawa tsarin.

Tattalin arziki na 1987-1989

A shekarar 1987, firaministan kasar ya dauki Nikolai Ryzhkov, alkawarin daidaita tattalin arzikin da rabi shekaru. Gwamnati sun kaddamar da wani jerin sauye-sauye da nufin samar da wani gurguzu kasuwar. Daga yanzu, kamfanin canjawa wuri zuwa kai-da kudi, shi ya sanya m kai gwamnati, domin fadada na mulkin kai. Kungiyoyin aka bai wa hakkin ya co-aiki tare abokan daga sauran kasashe, da shugabannin suka ba batun da kasuwar wani more, kuma bã da jami'ai. Suka fara bayyana da farko hadin alaka da inuwa Tsarin. A sakamakon wannan shiri na Tarayyar Soviet juya a kira su fi karfinsu: gwamnati ta daina sarrafa tattalin arzikin jihar. A miƙa mulki ga wata gurguzu kasuwar ya zama ba zai yiwu ba. A tattalin arziki da sake fasalin na 1985-1991 bai kawo sa ran sakamakon.

Bugu da ari yunkurin raya tattalin arziki

Samun hanyar fita daga cikin rikicin ci gaba. A shekarar 1989, Tarayyar Soviet tattalin arziki Yavlinsky kuma S. SHatalin ci gaba da shirin "500 kwanaki". Its ainihi shi ne don canja wurin zuwa masu zaman kansu hannun jihar Enterprises da kuma kasar ta mika mulki ga wata kasuwar tattalin arzikin. A wannan yanayin, da daftarin aiki ba a kula da irin wannan al'amurran da suka shafi matsayin gyara daga cikin tsarin siyasa na jihar, kamfanonin na dukiya, da denationalization na ƙasar mallakar, a monetary garambawul. Tattalin arziki ya yi alkawarin cewa rungumi manufar rayuwa ba zai shafi kudi halin da ake ciki na yawan jama'a. Amince da Babbar Soviet da Tarayyar Soviet shirin ya zo a cikin karfi a watan Oktoba shekara ta 1990, amma ta na da daya babbar drawback: shi bai bayyana ba moriyar nomenklatura. Saboda wannan, Gorbachev, wani shirin da aka zaba a karshe lokacin, wanda ba zai iya yin ta miƙa mulki ga wata kasuwar tattalin arzikin.

Kudin gyare-gyare da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet tattalin arzikin

Daya daga cikin latest yunkurin dattako da tattalin arziki halin da ake ciki da aka gudanar a shekarar 1991 kudin garambawul. Gorbachev ya shirya tare da taimakon replenish cikin taskar da kuma dakatar da ruble depreciation. Amma yin gyare-gyare ya haddasa wani uncontrolled Yunƙurin a farashin da kuma rage rayuwar mutane. A damunsu, na yawan jama'ar ya kai iyakar. A yankuna da dama na jihar share yajin. A dukan wuraren da ya fara bayyana kasa separatism.

sakamakon

A sakamakon tattalin arzikin da 1985-1991 sun deplorable. Maimakon tanadi kasa tattalin arzikin da gwamnati ta ayyuka har ma fiye da aggravated halin da ake ciki a kasar. Babu wani daga cikin makircin da sake fasalin ba a kammala. Tanã darkake da haihuwa management tsarin, da hukumomi ba su kasance iya haifar da sababbi. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, da rushewar wata babbar kasa ta zama babu makawa.