Tasirin biosphere domin yancin yan Adam da kuma a kan biosphere

Kalmar "biosphere" da aka fara gabatar da Austria masanin binciken burbushin halittu, kuma a fanning binciken kasa Eduard Eossom a 1875. zahiri fassara, ya nufi da bigiren rayuwa. Duk da haka, tun kafin wannan lokacin Muciya ba lakabobi. Ta aka kira a matsayin wata "hoto na yanayi," "rai sarari", "live cover" da sauransu. N. A abun ciki na wannan ra'ayi aka dauke ta da yawa naturalists.

A tarihin na nazarin biosphere

Da farko, da sharuddan "hoto yanayi" da kuma kamar nufi mai tarin wadanda suke rayuwa kwayoyin ne da suka rayu a duniya. Amma halitta JB Lamarck (1744-1829 gg.) Revolutionary ra'ayi da aka sa a gaba. Ya nuna cewa halittu wasa a babbar rawar a cikin samuwar ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi. Lamarck jaddada cewa, wadanda abubuwa da suke kunshe a cikinta, sun samu a sakamakon ayyuka na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

A tsawon shekaru, da ra'ayin cewa tsakanin rai ko maras rai yanayi, akwai dangantaka ta kusa da gaskiyar cewa duk kwayoyin nuna sakamakon a kewaye da sinadaran, ma'aunan kasa da kuma ta jiki dalilai, ƙara ya mallaki zukatan masana kimiyya. Yana rinjayi canje-canje da suka faru a cikin] aukacin tsarin kula da nazarin yanayi. Halitta masana kimiyya ƙara tabbata cewa matakai da kuma mamaki da ke faruwa a cikin mutum muhalli, shi ne zama dole ya yi nazarin a cikin jama'a.

Game da shekaru sittin da suka wuce, Academician V. I. Vernadskim da aka ɓullo da matsayin rukunan biosphere na Duniya ta harsashi, wanda aka sanaki rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Wannan da ɗan canza ma'anar kalma. Yanzu manufar "biosphere" ya shafi ba kawai ga jiki, amma kuma a kan su muhalli.

tsarin

An yi imani da cewa abun da ke ciki na biosphere sun hada da:

• biogenic abu sakamakon aiwatar da muhimmanci kwayoyin (farar ƙasa, kwal, yanayi gas, da dai sauransu ...).
• rai al'amari, wanda shi ne mai sa na kwayoyin.
• kashi abu, abin da ya bayyana ba tare da hannu na wani rayayyun kwayoyin halitta (volcanic lawa, babban jinsunan, da dai sauransu ...).
• biokostnoe abu zama a hade sakamakon abiogenous ƙasa matakai da ayyuka na kwayoyin.

Development of adam al'umma da kuma biosphere

Mutane tun da aka kafa ta da wani tasiri kai tsaye a kan su muhalli. Wannan zamani yana for game 30-40 shekaru miliyan. Human tasiri a kan Duniya ta biosphere ne anthropogenic factor.

A farkon ta bayyananen aiki a matsayin dutse shekaru, wanda ya zo daidai da lokacin da icing. Domin tsira, mutane da farautar manyan dabbobi kamar da arewa da kuma ja barewa, woolly karkanda, Santa yawon shakatawa, da dai sauransu Tabbatar wannan gaskiya - .. Kasusuwan dabbobin daji da cewa an samu da masana kimiyya zuwa tsoho shafukan. Human tasiri a kan ci gaba da biosphere a Stone Age nuna a cikin taro wargajewa manyan herbivores. farauta sakamako na dakushe yawan mutane da yawa daga alƙarya, kazalika da bacewar wasu nau'in.

10-13 shekara dubu da suka wuce, da Ice Age aka maye gurbinsu da kaifi Warming. Fadin Turai, yada gandun daji, ya nau'i nau'i na manyan dabbobi. A wannan lokacin, rinjayar da biosphere da mutum ya sosai gagarumin. Canza muhalli da yanayi da kuma canza rayuwar mutane. Lokacin da wannan ya rushe riga kafa tattalin arziki tushe na al'ummar dan Adam. Mutane sun koma wani daban-daban lokaci na ci gaba, bar baya da wani zalla mabukaci halaye ga muhalli.

Yana yi mini iso, a wani sabon dutse shekaru, a lokacin da a lokaci guda tare da farauta, kama kifi da kuma taro namomin kaza da berries ya girma muhimmancin aiwatar da samar da abinci. Tasirin biosphere ga mutum hankali rage. Previous yunkurin waddan na shuke-shuke, kuma da domestication na dabbobi. A goyon bayan wannan da masana kimiyya ya gano adam ƙauyuka na zamani, wanda aka samu da alkama, da sha'ir, da alkamarta. Akwai ma ƙashi na daga dabbobin gida - aladu da kuma tumaki.

Tare da ci gaban al'ummar dan Adam ya fara bayyana pastoral da kuma aikin gona da tattalin arziki. Daga baya, mutane suka fara samar albarkatun ma'adinai. Yana faru fitowan metallurgy.

A karshe ƙarni biyu na mutum tasiri a kan biosphere shi ya zama musamman m. Wannan aka yuwuwa ta ingantaccen leaps a cikin ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha. Yau, mutum tasiri a kan biosphere dauka a duniyar sikelin. A lokaci guda yana da wani kai tsaye, kuma kaikaitacce tasiri a kan m juyin halitta na kewaye yanayi.

RIKITARWA tsakanin mutane da kuma biosphere

A gaba dayan tarihin lokaci na co-wanzuwar yanayi da al'umma za a iya bayyana a cikin dayantaka na biyu daban-daban trends. Da farko, da tasiri na mutum a kan ayyukan da jihar na biosphere ne hanzari da kuma ci gaba da fadada saboda da taba-kara mamayar kan yanayi. Bugu da kari, akwai akai zurfafa na disharmony tsakanin al'umma da kuma muhalli.

Amfani da albarkatun kasa

Human tasiri a kan biosphere aka bayyana da farko a gaskiyar cewa ya aka janyo hankalin al'umma bukatun da manyan sassa na Duniya, da samun karin kuma mafi yawa daga albarkatun ma'adinai, wanda ya kasu kashi da inexhaustible da exhaustible. Don na farko na wadannan tana nufin iska, teku taguwar ruwa da kuma hasken rana radiation. Wannan sauyin yanayi, ruwa da kuma sarari albarkatu. Inexhaustible dauke a matsayin ruwa da kuma iska. Duk da haka, mutum aiki da ya yi irin wannan azama zumunta. Saboda haka, a sakamakon gurbatawa lalacewa ta hanyar tattalin arziki da bukatun, ruwa a wasu yankunan na duniya shige a cikin gaira category.

A halin yanzu, kawai yanaye ga inexhaustible albarkatun za a iya dangana ga oxygen. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa ruwa ya mayar da baya matsayi da yanayi dole ne a exerted da kyau sakamako a kan mutum biosphere. Da aiwatar da zai yiwu a cikin nau'i na ci gaba da kuma kara aiwatar da daban-daban manyan sikelin-muhalli shirye-shirye.

A tasiri na ayyukan mutane a kan biosphere da aka bayyana a cikin yin amfani da exhaustible albarkatu. Wadannan sun hada da: ƙasa haihuwa, Fauna da Flora, kazalika da ma'adanai. Amfani da su domin nasu bukatun mutane suka fara a cikin Neolithic lokaci. A farko, mutane suka fara yin amfani da tagulla da zinariya Nuggets. Daga baya, suka fara nawa kuma smelt da daban-daban tama. Daga cikin wadannan ma'adanai shirya tin, gubar, da azurfa, da tagulla. Don kwanan wata, da masana'antu samar mutum yana amfani da mafi yawan sani ma'adinai ores, kazalika da mai, da kwal da kuma gas. Development of kimiyya da ci gaban fasaha yana buɗewa ga jama'a duk da sabon aikace-aikace-ferrous da ferrous karafa, kazalika da daban-daban ba na ƙarfe ba kayan. Kamar wancan ne fadada ci gaba da kuma samar da low-sa ores, da kuma kara da girma na mai samar daga rijiyoyin located a kan seabed.

A tattalin arziki musayar akwai daga mutãne sararin yankunan duniya tamu. Duk da haka, duk da wannan, su yankin na karuwa a shekara. Girma da kuma yin amfani da wasan dabbobi, kifaye albarkatun da katako.

iska

A kowace shekara a wannan duniyar tamu na karuwa yawan yawa. Wannan qara da kuma tasirin da mutane a kan muhalli. Matsayin mai mulkin, da mummunan sakamakon da duk wannan aiki na farko kwakwalwa gaba da biosphere. Human tasiri a kan yanayi iya canza hanya na karni na da dogon-kafa biogenic tafiyar matakai.

Daya sakamakon ci gaban da masana'antu ne iska gurbatawa. Wannan shi ne musamman m, a cikin birni, kazalika a tsakanin ma'aikata da ma'aikata gundumomi. A nan, a cikin yanayi ƙaruwa sharply mataki na maida hankali na cutarwa gas. A sakamakon, akwai wani kuma baya da sakamako daga cikin biosphere ga mutane. Da farko, shi ne aka bayyana a cikin hatsarin da cewa najasa iska yana ga kiwon lafiya. Bugu da kari, cutarwa gas da alaka da danshi a cikin sararin sama, da fāɗi ƙasa kamar yadda acid ruwan sama. Irin adibas rage ingancin da ƙasa, Munã rage amfanin gona da ake samu.

Babban kafofin na iska - baƙin ƙarfe da karfe samarwa, kazalika da wurare da ƙona burbushin habaka. Cutarwa abubuwa a cikin iska daga Tanderu, shaye bututu motoci da Tanderu. Musamman m ne kashi sulfur dioxide. Wannan m gas, wanda sauƙi dissolves a ruwa. Buga wannan da sauran pollutants cikin numfashi gabobin mutane da kuma amfani da abinci take kaiwa zuwa gaskiya cewa biosphere ne tasiri a kan jikin mutum raunana.

A gaban wani babban taro na sulfur dioxide da aka lura kusa da smelters. Wannan abu yana sa hypoplasia albarkatu halaka chlorophyll da kuma taimaka wa bushe fitar da fada kashe ganye da kuma allurar. Part wannan gas da aka kara oxidized. A sakamakon wannan dauki ne sulfuric anhydrite, wanda ba kawai yana sa cutar da dukan abubuwa masu rai, amma kuma ya halaka ginin. Bugu da kari, samun shiga cikin ƙasa, wannan kashi ne wanke daga mold daga wanda shuke-shuke samun duk gina jiki da suke bukata.

Saboda ci gaba da konewa na babban adadin man fetur da kuma na faruwa samu na biosphere. A tasiri gurbatawa a kan mutum wajen barnatar. Gaskiyar cewa da yawa mai guba mahadi cikin yanayi. Wannan carbon da nitrogen oxides, gubar mahadi da daban-daban carbohydrates kamar ethylene da acetylene. Wadannan cutarwa aka gyara, hada a cikin iska da ruwa droplets, zama m hazo - smog. Ya halakar da Flora na birane. Bugu da kari, bayyananna, kuma da mummunan tasiri a kan mutum kiwon lafiya na biosphere. Guba hazo taimaka wa bayyanuwar yawa cututtuka, ciki har da ciwon daji.

ruwa tare gurbatawa

Girmancin na amfani da wannan muhimmanci halitta hanya ake dangantawa da wani karuwa a yawan mutane a duniya, inganta su yanayin tsafta da ci gaban na noman noma da kuma masana'antu. Duk wannan zai iya kai wa ga alama na "ruwa yunwa". Kuma a nan ya kamata a exerted tabbatacce mutum tasiri a kan biosphere. Daya daga cikin hanyoyin magance wannan matsala ne a ci gaba da tambayoyi ga m amfani da albarkatun ruwa. Bugu da kari, matakan dole ne za a dauka don kawar da masana'antu sharar gida jini a cikin kõguna. Bayan duk mai guba abubuwa deaden tafkunan.

marine gurbatawa

Tare da kogin ruwa drains a cikin teku zo man fetur pathogenic sharar gida, mai guba iri gudanar da mahadi, salts da yawa nauyi karafa.

A sakamakon haka, da gurbatawa kai irin wannan rabbai cewa kama Shellfish da kifi m for adam amfani.

Canje-canje a cikin ƙasa

A kowace shekara, mutane tara a kan amfanin gona da filayen. Tare da shi na tati yadudduka janye yawa potassium, phosphorus da nitrogen, Ina nufin abubuwa da ake bukata domin shuka abinci mai gina jiki. Don cika wadannan muhimmanci aka gyara a cikin filin don taimakawa kowace shekara don Organic da kuma ma'adinai da takin mai magani. Su ikon yinsa, ya kamata ya ba da isasshen don a samar da manyan girbi da kuma kau da topsoil ta ƙãrẽwa. An muhimmanci na rike da ingancin filayen da kuma amfani da wani dace amfanin gona juyawa.

Idan ba daidai ba mutumin a cikin namo na ƙasar ƙasa yashewa faruwa. Wannan halakar da babba Layer, jawo da iska ko ruwa na gudana daga qarqashinsu. Lokacin da overgrazing a Semi-Hamada da kuma matakan iya sa iska yashewa.

A sakamakon ayyukan mutane barazanar ritaya daga aikin gona da yawa daga manyan fannoni. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu ga bude Hanyar hakar ma'adinai. Dũkiyõyi abũbuwan tãrãwa daga ƙasa, kuma zurfin aiki lalata manyan yankunan da makwabtaka yankuna. Kamar wancan akwai wani take hakkin da hydrological tsarin mulki na yankin, ruwa gurbatawa, iska da kuma ƙasa. Lokaci guda ta rage amfanin gona da ake samu.

Tasiri a kan Flora da fauna

A sakamakon kai tsaye adam tasiri a kan yanayi na faruwa kai tsaye ba muhalli canji. Daya nau'i na irin tasiri ne bayyananne yanke gandun daji. A wannan yanayin, da sauran shuke-shuke daga cikin ƙananan bene su ne a karkashin m rinjayar da kai tsaye haskoki na rana. A inuwa-Flora da aka halakar da chlorophyll da kuma hana ci gaban. A sakamakon bacewar wasu nau'in. Shigarsu canji da duniya dabbobi. Wadanda jinsunan wanda kuma wanzuwarsa ne saboda da itacen tsayawar, ƙaura zuwa wasu wurare ko bace.

A mummunan tasiri a kan tsirin gandun daji da ziyartar yawon bude ido da kuma vacationers. Suna tattakewa da ƙasa compaction kazalika da gur da yanayi.
A mummunan tasiri a kan namun daji, ya kama kifi da fauna, wanda suke ga mutum da sinadirai masu darajar ko suna iya kawo wani abu amfani. Wannan hujja take kaiwa wasu nau'in gãɓar rãmi nau'i nau'i. Kuma wannan, bi da bi, yana sa a rage a cikin zaman lafiyar na biocenoses.

radiocontamination

A shekarar 1945, wannan duniya tamu tana fuskantar wata babbar kalubale. Haka ya faru bayan da Japan biranen Nagasaki da Hiroshima, da Amirkawa kika aika atomic bama-bamai. Al'ummar duniya koya game da nukiliya samu na biosphere. More duniya sikelin wannan batun soma bayan nukiliya gwaje-gwaje gudanar har zuwa 1963

Fashewa atomic ragargaza sa karfi ionizing radiation. A wannan yanayin, rediyoaktif barbashi an kwashe tsawon nisa, wajen gurbata masu rai, ruwa da kuma ƙasa. Kuma a nan ya fara samun mummunan tasiri a kan mutum biosphere. Rediyoaktif isotopes shigar da jiki, yana detrimental shafi nama da kuma sashin jiki Kwayoyin. Kamar wancan mutumin da ya rage m zuwa iri-iri na cututtuka, ciki har da m.

makaman nukiliya gwaji, da kuma kawo wani hadari. A lokacin samuwar wani bam a babbar adadin ƙura. Its barbashi an abada riƙe a cikin yanayi da kuma ba wuce zuwa ƙasa gagarumin adadin hasken rana radiation. Wannan zai iya haifar da farko na da "makaman nukiliya sanyaya" da kai ga mutuwar dukan rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.