Hutsuls - wanda kake? A da kasashen Ukraine. Ina hutsuly

"... Hutsuls. Su wane ne waɗannan mutane? "Wannan tambaya ba bayyana a sau waɗanda suka akalla sau daya sha'awar a cikin al'adun mutanen kasashe makwabta.

Duk da haka, amsar ba haka ba ne mai sauki, ko ga mazauni ne na Ukraine. Wannan shi ne, za ka fi yiwuwa gaya maka cewa shi ne mutanen da suka rayu a yammacin ɓangare na jihar, son ta raira waƙa, da kuma dora muhimmanci dress a cikin gargajiya style, haƙĩƙa, sun shige saukar daga tsara zuwa tsara. Kuma wannan, watakila, kome. Yana mai kunya, saboda a cikin wannan hali, wannan rarrabe jama'a za su zama daidai kamar sauran manyan al'ummai na Ukraine.

Ko da yake shi ke Gutsuliya kuma ya zama wajibi gaya farko. Me ya sa? The abu ne cewa hanyar rayuwa, style of dress da kuma hanyar da na falsafa ya kasance shekaru da yawa, ya zama batun binciken da yawa malaman, duka biyu masana tarihi da kuma al'adu masana.

A wannan labarin, za mu yi kokarin amsa tambaya game da abin da suke da Hutsuls. Su wane ne waɗannan mutane, masu karatu za su gane daga bayanin da tarihi, da al'adu da kuma na zamani al'umma.

Sashen 1. General bayanin kabila

Akwai jita-jitar cewa Hutsul, duk da haka, kazalika da Lemko da Boyko, yanã ga Mai Carpatho-Rusyn kabila. Amma, duk da wannan ra'ayi, baƙi daga Bagalike da Bukovina Rusyns yi imani cewa kakanninsu da suka shiga Carpathian Mountains a farkon na VI karni. Don kwanan wata, da girma daga cikin Carpatho-Rusyn kabila kawaici a kan iyakar yankunan na zamani Carpathians, located a rarrabawa da Ukrainian, Polish kuma Basulake kan iyakoki.

Har ila yau, fiye da rabin mutane miliyan rayuwa a raba al'ummomi a kasashen makwabta da kuma a Amurka. The yawan wadannan al'ummomi ne kusan ½ na jimlar yawan duk Rusyns a ƙasa.

Sashe Na 2. Asalin sunan kabila

Akwai da yawa theories game da asalin kalmar "Hutsul", amma babu wani daga cikinsu yana da wani kai tsaye shaida. Wasu yi imani da cewa sunan kabila Carpathian highlanders samu daga Ossetian (Sarmatian), da kalmomin "gytstsyl", wanda yake nufin "kananan, Jr.".

A rubuta kafofin da sunan rijista a matsayin "gytstsyl chizg / Iazyges" kuma tana nufin Iazyges - Sarmatian kabilan cewa wanzu a cikin Carpathians da kuma Galicia a karni na fari. e. Cewa ba su shiga a cikin yakin Sarmatian-Alans a Turai da kuma zauna tare da Gepids da Goths a Galicia-greytungami ( "kananan Goths").

Wasu bayyana ra'ayin cewa kalman nan "Hutsul" asalin shi ne kadan daban-daban - daga kalmar "yawon" (saboda a hankali a hankali canji: yawon-Cociulia-Gotsul-hutsuly).

Har ila yau, akwai wani bane wanda ya samu da sunan da saboda sunan wata kabila ko wani fi'ili kuru zaa "gutsaty".

Duk da haka, ya fi na kowa daya ne etymology na hade kalmomi biyu - "guzul" (ta hanyar oprishkivsky "motsi") da Romanian "fashi". Ba abin mamaki wannan al'umma yana dauke da wani daji (free) mutane.

Sashe Na 3. A ina hutsuly rayuwa a Ukraine?

Hutsuls - a kan wani par tare da wasan da kuma Lemke - kasance a cikin 'yan asalin mazaunan na Carpathian Mountains. A zamaninmu, sun kasance a cikin ƙasa na Ukraine a Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi da Transcarpathian yankuna.

A Ivano-Frankivsk yankin, da kabilanci Ukrainians zauna Verkhovyna, Yaremche, kudancin Kosovo, kazalika da Nadvoryanskogo yankunan.

Da wurin zama a cikin Transcarpathian yankin ne Rakhiv gundumar. Area Gutsulschiny Ukraine na 6.5 sq. M. km. By da karkararta kuma ya hada kan iyaka na Romania, inda rayuwa maramoroshskie hutsuly.

Sashi Na 4. Historical lokacin

Har tsakiyar 40-ies karni na karshe Hutsul, kamar yadda lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, dukan of Western Ukraine, aka raba.

Kafin yakin duniya na farko, da wani bangare na yankinsu nasa ne Austria da kuma Hungary. Kuma bayan 1920, da Hutsul ƙasar da aka subordinated zuwa Poland, Romania da kuma Czechoslovakia. By karshen 30-ies na XX karni Huzulschyna shi ya zama wani ɓangare na Ukrainian SSR.

A farko ƙidaya na yawan na Ukraine, gudanar a 2001, ya nuna cewa kimanin 21.5 dubu. Mutane gane kansu kamar yadda ethnological Hutsul kungiyar.

Sashen 5. Yaya ya Huzulschyna

A farko tarihi ambaci Hutsul yankin ya bayyana a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland rubuta kafofin dating daga XIV-XV ƙarni. Na dogon lokaci da mutane na kasashen yamma Ukrainian ƙasashe aka warware daga mulkin gargajiya wajibai (panschiny).

A maimakon haka, akwai wata halitta da kuma kudi masu nauyi a kan yawan jama'a don biyan bashin da na repurchase na makwabtaka da gonaki. A tsakiyar XVII-XVIII ƙarni. Gutsulschiny a Duniya ya fara wani m tayar da kayar baya, shugaban na Ukrainian motsi ya zama opryshky Oleksa Dovbush. Kuma a cikin 40-ies na XIX karni akwai wani m tawaye ne domin kare bukatun manoma da yarjejeniyoyin da panschiny. Wannan motsi ya jagoranci mayakan Lukyan Mare.

A mafi muhimmanci abubuwan tarihin da na karshe karni faru a cikin al'adu da kuma rayuwar siyasa na Hutsul tana nufin fafatukar Ukrainian M Party, halittar mai son wasan kwaikwayo a karkashin shugabanci na sauro Khotkevych (1911) da kuma Society "Sich" K. Trilevskogo, tashin Ukrainian Sich Riflemen ( na 1914-1915.) da kuma bayyanar Hutsul Jamhuriyar, wanda ya wanzu ne kawai 'yan watanni.

Babban ɓangare na zamani Gutsulschiny located a kan ƙasa na Ukraine. The kawai ware su ne 'yan kauyuka a Romanian bangare na Bukovina da Marmaroschine.

Sashen 6. The main irin aikin Hutsul

The main iri na gargajiya aikin da na haihuwa Hutsul ne: dabbõbi, daji kiwon kifi, beekeeping da katako rafting. Ukrainian Carpathians ne mafi kyau alama ga irin sana'o'i.

Agriculture hutsuly kusan tsunduma, kuma shi ne na sakandare muhimmancin. A wuri na musamman a cikin rayuwar Hutsul jama'a sun shagaltar da zane-zane da kuma sana'o'i. Aka ɓullo kumar kasko, sakar gidansa, fata da kuma jan karfe, itace sassaƙa, inlay tube da kuma sauransu .. yawa abubuwa sana'a tsira.

By gargajiya kida hutsuls bi tilinka (maraƙin) - an bude tube ba tare da ramuka, Ya sanya daga Willow ko Hazel. Wani mazaunin garin na Transcarpathia, shi da jũna, babu rana ba zai iya rayuwa ba tare da ka fi so sautuka. Kusan kowace daya daga cikinsu ƙware wasan daga farkon yara.

Wani gargajiya iska kida ya trembita - katako bututu tsawon har zuwa hudu mita ba tare da bawuloli a nade a cikin Birch haushi. Wannan irin iska kida amfani ga watsin audio sakonni a tsawon nisa. Amfani da shi a cikin tsohon kwana sanar da game daban-daban abubuwan (bukukuwan aure, holidays, mutuwa, binnewa, da sauransu. D.), Kuma da makiyaya ta samar da sanarwa na inda suke ba a cikin tsaunuka.

Hutsuly kuma amfani da wasu na'urorin kida - sarewa, da akordiyon da dulcimer, kasa irin goge da garaya.

Mun Hutsuls sosai raya zuri'a dangantaka da kuma kauna, riƙe shamanism. Su ne mabiya na Ukrainian Girkanci Katolika da kuma Ukrainian Orthodox majami'u.

Sashen 7. A cikin abin da harshen don sadarwa hutsuly

Don sadarwa a Ukraine cikin Hutsul amfani Hutsul yare na Ukrainian harshe, Romanian hutsuly magana Ukrainian kuma Romanian.

Case endings da kuma siffofi da Hutsul pronunciation na kalmomi a hanyoyi da dama kama da Basulake harshe. Wannan ya nuna sake cewa mutane na Ukraine ne sosai iri-irin da kuma sau da yawa sosai kamar baƙi daga kasashen Turai, fiye da mazauna jihar.

Sashen 8. Hutsul Wedding hadisai da kuma bikin

Hutsul, asalin wanda ba su samu gaji don nazarin ethnographers, ko a zamaninmu sa kasa da tufafi da kuma karfi da bi don su shekaru da haihuwa hadisai.

A bisa ga al'ada, courtship da alkawari dauki wuri a cikin bazara, lokacin rani da damina, shi ne sosai rare a hunturu. Domin bukukuwan aure ba kafa wani takamaiman lokaci, amma mafi sau da yawa su suna da za'ayi kafin Great Lent. An haramta rike da festival a lokacin da wani posts.

A farko alamar wani mai sauri bikin aure a Hutsulia ya prepodnoshenie matchmakers tawul din. The aure ya dade da kuma karfi, matasa da su "samun a cikin tawul." Dogon hadisi na Hutsul dauke prepodnoshenie kalaches a kan ado tawul matasa ma'aurata da pronunciation daga cikin buri na mai arziki da kuma farin ciki rai. Har da coci da ango hau kan dawakai.

A general, da short amsar wannan tambaya: "Hutsuls? Su wane ne waɗannan mutane? ", Ya kamata a lura da cewa shi ne da farko m.

Alkalin da kanka, babu bikin aure da aka gudanar ba tare da jama'a da raye-raye, da wasannin, fun, funny jokes da barkwanci. Gasa gurasar da Rolls, saka da ado tawul din. Kayayyaki baƙi ado bouquets, wanda kuma sun rataye a kan itatuwa da kuma Gilzem. Da amarya da ango da dukan yini rako manya tsufa, matchmakers da kuma aboki.

Sashen 9. Gudanar addini holidays (Kirsimeti da kuma Easter)

Shirya domin Kirsimeti fara a gaba na daure na sassaka itace - "Didukh". A cewar labari, wannan itãciya rãyuka kakanninsa, gida hassalansa. A ranar kafin hutu uwar gida bred a makera "live wuta" na goma sha biyu rajistan ayyukan da kuma shirya goma sha biyu meatless Strava al'ada.

Tsarki bukin kamata kunshi Kuti - Boiled alkama da kwayoyi, zuma da kuma poppy tsaba. Alkama an dauki wata alama ce har abada, da kuma zuma - wata alama ce ci gaba zuwa ga dukan tsarkaka a cikin sama. Tare da isowa na Kirsimeti fara Kirsimeti carols. Wadannan kwanaki tafiya da baƙi daga kauye zuwa kauye, kuma ya hau kan wani sleigh ja da dawakai. A mako bayan bikin Kirsimeti an Old Sabuwar Shekara, Janairu 18, aka gudanar da post, amma Janairu 19 da aka yi bikin Baftisma (Jordan). Dinner farawa ne kawai tare da bayyanar da farko star a cikin sama.

Easter hutu ne bikin a Hutsulia yarda da duk hadisai da kuma al'adu. A Palm Lahadi da mazauna fito da su daga cikin coci tsarkake Willow rassan da ɗauka da sauƙi doke su kowane daga iyalansu. Bisa ga tsoho kwastan na Willow ya warkar Properties. A lokacin babban Lent duk sana'a samar Easter qwai.

Domin keɓewarsa ta na coci a cikin kwandon Easter qwai an dage farawa, Easter qwai da kuma sauran kayayyakin. Har ila yau a cikin memory daga cikin shan wuyar Almasihu to cart sa horseradish da kuma na Ƙetarewa tare da kakin kyandirori, waxanda suke da wata alama hasken Allahntaka da tashin Almasihu. Rich hutsuly samun coci a kan dawakai, da matalauta kasance a kan kafar.

Sashen 10. Features Hutsul abinci

National Hutsul abinci ne sosai bambancin da kuma shi ne mai sauki ya shirya. Na kayayyakin fi amfani da masara gari, hatsi, legumes, dankali, namomin kaza da cuku, wanda aka sanya daga tumaki da madara. Hutsul abinci jita-jita - banush, naman kaza miya, Hutsul borshch, rosivnitsa, Kuleshov kuma mafi.

Banush dafa shi a wani kasko na baƙin ƙarfe a cikin wuta. Kirim mai tsami da kuma cream an sanya shi a cikin wani kasko da kuma kawo reflux, kuma a hankali zuba gishiri cornmeal. Banush dauke shirye da zaran surface na kitse droplets bayyana. A kan tebur, da tasa aka bauta tare da cuku, namomin kaza da naman alade.

Don shirya naman kaza yushki bushe porcini namomin kaza dafa shi a kaza broth da ganye, sa'an nan kuma ƙara noodles da kuma ganye.

Traditional Hutsul matan aure da dafa miya tare da kyafaffen naman alade da kuma fermented gwoza.

Sashen 11. Gutsuls ... su wane ne wadannan mutanen da? Shin yana yiwuwa a kira su har zuwa ranar?

Yau Hutsul rayuwa a matsayin kadan fallasa su daban-daban na siyasa da kuma zamantakewa juyi. A kauyuka, reviving gargajiya crafts da kuma ayyukan da a cikin dabbõbin ni'ima kiwo, saboda da rushewar na gama gonaki da kuma samar da tasha. Domin da yawa, shi ne na farko ko na biyu da samun kudin shiga view. Kusan dukan iyalan sassaka tsarabobi ga sayar wa yawon bude ido. A duk da wannan, sabanin sauran 'yan ƙasa na Ukraine, Hutsul da magangara mafi ƙasƙanci samun kudin shiga.

Sashe na daga cikin Hutsul, absented kansa a lokacin Soviet zamanin da Ukrainians yanzu ganin kansu a matsayin Rusyns da kuma raba, ko da yake ba za su iya zo tare da haifar da wani hadade jama'a na Rusyns da brisk da kuma Lemke.