Tarihi Odoevsky: taƙaitaccen bayani. Wani ɗan gajeren labari na marubucin Odoevsky Vladimir Fedorovich

Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky (short biography gabatar a wannan labarin) - mai jarida, marubuci, Yariman, a musicologist, m kuma jama'a adadi. Daya daga cikin wakilai na Rasha da Romanticism.

Koyo

Odoevsky Vladimir Fedorovich, wanda labarinsa ya san magoya bayansa, an haifi shi a Moscow a 1803. Ya zama dan karshe na tsohuwar iyali. Mahaifiyar marubuci a nan gaba shi ne mashawarci, kuma mahaifinsa mai daraja ne. Ya yi aiki a matsayin direktan reshen reshen kamfanin na Moscow. A 1822 Vladimir sauke karatu daga Moscow shiga makaranta, wanda ya samu halartar zuwa N. Turgenev, N. Muraviev, P. Chaadaev da P. Vyazemsky. A lokacin da ya dalibi shekaru a saurayi yana da wani gagarumin tasiri, Farfesa II Davydov kuma M. G. Pavlov, masu ce views shellingiantsev-masana falsafa.

Na farko wallafe

Vladimir Odoevsky, wanda tarihinsa ya cike da abubuwan ban sha'awa, ya fara bugawa tun 1821. Wadannan ba aikin marubuci ba ne, amma fassarar daga Jamus, amma editan "Herald of Europe" ba ya sabawa kuma ya amince da su don bugawa. A 1822-1823 an wallafa "Lissafi ga Luzhnitsky tsohon mutum." Daya daga cikin haruffan da ake kira "Days of Distress" ya jawo hankalin A. S. Griboedov. Ya sadu da Odoyevsky kuma ya zama abokinsa nagari har tsawon rayuwarsa. Har ila yau Vladimir ya kasance abokai tare da dan uwansa AI Odoevsky, wanda a nan gaba zai zama mawaki da Decembrist. A nan ne abin da Vladimir ya rubuta game da ɗan'uwansa a cikin ɗan littafin ɗalibansa: "Alexander ya kasance a cikin rayuwata na dukan lokaci." Dan uwan ya yi ƙoƙarin tabbatar da shi ya watsar da "ƙaddamarwa mai mahimmanci game da Shirin wanda ba a iya fahimta ba," amma dan uwan ya kasance mai tabbaci kuma mai zaman kansa a hukuntansa.

"Society of Wisdom" da "Mnemosyne"

A cikin farkon shekarun 1820, Vladimir ya halarci tarurruka na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Lunar Lissafi, wanda jagorancin F. Glinka ne ya jagoranci, kuma ya shiga cikin maƙerin mawaki da mai fassara S. E. Raich. Ya kusanci I. Kireevsky, D. Venevitinov da V. Kiukhelbeker. Da farko na biyu a 1823, marubucin Odoevsky, wanda tarihinsa ya kasance misali ga kwaikwayo, ya shirya "Society of Wisdom" kuma ya zama shugabanta. Bisa ga tunawar daya daga cikin mambobi, a cikin da'irar "falsafar Jamus" ya yi sarauta: ita ce mafi mahimmanci kuma mai cigaba da wallafa litattafai ya fi shekaru ashirin da haihuwa.

A 1824-1825 Küchelbecker da Odoevsky sun fitar da almanac "Mnemosyne", inda, ban da masu wallafa kansu, suna buga NM Yazykov, EA Baratynsky, AS Griboyedov, AS Pushkin da N. Polevoy. Bayan haka daga baya ya rubuta cewa: "Almanac yana da sabon abu, ra'ayoyin sabo a kan wallafe-wallafe da falsafar ... Wani ya yi dariya a Mnemosyne, kuma wani yayi tunani game da shi." Ya kasance "tunani" kuma ya koya Odoevsky Vladimir Fedorovich, wanda labarinsa ya kasance sananne ga mutanen sa. Ko da sanannen sanannun mai suna VG Belinsky ya kwatanta hotunan "Helladiy" a matsayin "labari mai zurfi."

Hadin zumunci da Decembrists

A 1825 biography Odoevskogo aka ɓaci ta irin wannan shahara aukuwa a matsayin tawaye na Decembrists. Ya amsa masa da hukunci marar lahani da fahimtar bakin ciki, domin tare da masu rikici da yawa marubutan sun kasance sada zumunta ko saba. Vladimir ya tsananta kisan Nikolayev da 'yan uwansa kuma yayi shirye-shiryen raba su. Amma kwamishinan bincike bai kawo masa kotu ba.

"Ruman Rasha"

A ƙarshen nazarin tarihin 1820 Odoevsky ya tuna da farkon aikinsa a kan babban tarihin ilimin falsafa na rayuwarsa da aka kira "Ruman Rasha." Vladimir zai kammala shi a 1843. Kuma a 1844 an wallafa littafin ne a matsayin ɓangare na uku na ayyuka na VF Odoevsky. "Harshen Rashanci", a gaskiya, hukunce-hukuncen falsafar Jamus ne a madadin tunanin Rasha. An bayyana wannan hukunci a cikin wata maƙasudin ra'ayi da ƙwararraki na waje na misalai da maganganu: Tunanin Turai ya bayyana ba zai iya warware muhimman al'amurran duniya da rayuwar Rasha ba musamman.

A lokaci guda kuma, "Ruman Rasha" ya ƙunshi aikin ƙwarai game da aikin na Schelling: "Za mu iya cewa jerin su a farkon karni na 19 sun kasance kamar Columbus a 15th: ya gano mutumin da bai taba sani ba ... rai." Back a cikin 1820s, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Schelling, Vladimir ya rubuta da dama articles a kan matsaloli na ilmi. Amma falsafar Jamus ba wai kawai abin sha'awa ba ne wanda ya hada da tarihin ruhaniya na Odoevsky. A shekara ta 1830, marubutan ya fahimci ra'ayoyinsu na sababbin jinsin Turai: Baader, Portridge, Arndt, Saint-Martin, da sauransu. Bayan haka Vladimir yayi nazarin masanan, musamman sha'awar al'adun hesychasm. Yayin da sarki ya yi tunani game da ma'anar tarihin, tarihin al'adu, da suka gabata da kuma makomar Rasha da Yamma sun kasance cikin littafinsa na falsafa.

Symbolism na "Rashanci Rasha"

"Hoto daya shine guba na wannan al'umma da kuma dalilin duk abin kunya, rikice-rikice da damuwa," in ji marubucin a cikin rukunin Rasha. A ra'ayinsa, wannan talikan duniya ya fito ne saboda tsarin tunani, wanda ba zai iya ba da cikakkiyar fahimtar mutum, tarihi da kuma yanayin. A cewar Odoevsky, ilimin kimiyya ne kawai ya kawo mutane kusa da fahimtar "dakarun da ba su da haɗuwa da suke haɗuwa da rayuwa da kuma rayuwar ruhaniya." A saboda wannan, ya rubuta yarima, "mai ilimin halitta ya fahimci ayyuka kamar alamu na duniya, marubucin - alamun rai na kansa, da kuma tarihin tarihi - alamun da aka gabatar a cikin tarihin mutane." Manufar marubucin game da yanayin da ake kira cognition daidai ne da al'ada na Turai na romanticism. Musamman, tare da ka'idar Shirin a fannin falsafar fasaha da kuma koyarwar F. Schleiermacher da F. Schlegel, wanda ya jaddada muhimmancin aikin cognition a cikin mahallinta - fasahar fassarar da fahimta. Vladimir ya gaskata cewa mutum yana zaune a cikin duniya na alamomi, kuma wannan ya shafi duka al'ada da al'adu da tarihin tarihi.

Halin hali ga cigaba

Tarihin Odoevsky, wanda yake sananne ne ga dukan daliban makarantar sakandare, ba ya ƙunshi duk abin da ya nuna shaidar da ya ƙin yarda da ci gaban fasaha da kimiyya. Wato, marubucin ba abokin adawarsa ba ne. A cikin shekarun da suka rage, yarima ya rubuta cewa: "Abin da ake kira rabo a duniya, a wannan lokaci na iya dogara ne akan ƙananan kayan aikin da wasu ƙwayoyin mugaji suka gina a cikin Amurka ko Turai, ta hanyar da aka warware matsalolin da suka shafi gudanar da balloons." Har ila yau, Vladimir yayi la'akari da cewa babu wata hujjar cewa "tare da dukkanin kimiyyar kimiyya mutum yana fama da wahala." Duk da haka, a duk gaba, duk da ƙarfin ci gaba da fasaha da karuwa da sauri na kayan aiki na jama'a, al'adun yammacin duniya, bisa ga marubucin, saboda "jinsin mutum daya a cikin yanayi" zai iya ba mutum kawai ruɗar rayuwa mai mahimmanci. Don tashi daga kasancewa cikin duniyar mafarki na wayewar zamani, mutum zai iya biyan baya. Kuma tare da tadawa, "juriya ba za a iya jurewa ba" zai zo gare shi. Yana da mahimmanci, idan a wannan magana ya ƙare wani ɗan gajeren tarihin Odoevsky. Amma akwai abubuwa masu ban sha'awa a cikin rayuwar marubucin.

Rikicin

Tarihin Odoevsky, wani ɗan taƙaitacciyar abun ciki wanda yake a cikin litattafan litattafai masu yawa, yana da ƙwaƙwalwa da yawa tare da Slavophiles da Westerners. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda Vladimir yana kare kariya ga ilimin falsafa da na jama'a. A shekara ta 1845, a cikin wata wasika ga AS Khomyakov (shugaban Slavophils), yarima ya rubuta: "Abinda nake da shi na da ban mamaki: kuna ganin ni dan cigaba na Yamma, kuma Petersburgers - mai bi na tsohuwar mawaki. Wadannan hujjoji suna faranta mini rai, domin suna zama alamar cewa ni kan hanya zuwa gaskiya. "

Wasanni kafin "Rumun Rasha"

Kafin a wallafa littafin "Ruman Rum" na Odoevsky, abin da ke cikin abin da kake karanta yanzu, alama ce ta yawan abubuwan da suka samu nasarori. A 1833, "Fairy Tales", wanda Irenaeus Gomozeyka ya yi amfani da shi (Vladimir ya yi amfani da wannan mashin baki a duk rayuwarsa), N. V. Gogol ya ji dadin shi kuma ya yi tsammanin yadda ya kasance "Portrait", "Nevsky Prospekt" da kuma "The Han". A shekara ta 1834 an wallafa wani labari mai suna "The Town in a Snuffbox", wanda ya zama mafi kyawun aiki a duk duniya. Tana ta yi wasa a kan daidaitattun daidaito tare da labarun Andersen kuma da sauri ya ji daɗin 'ya'yan Rasha. Akwai labaru masu launi, wanda haskakawa shine "Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe na Beethoven." Ta tafi almanac "Northern Flowers" a 1831.

Bayani na abokan aiki

Wani ɗan gajeren labari na Odoevsky ya ƙunshi yawancin dubawa akan abokan aiki game da ayyukansa. Alal misali, abin da Gogol ya rubuta game da labarin da aka ambata a baya "Ƙungiyar Ƙarshe na Beethoven", da kuma irin waɗannan ayyukan da yarima ya yi a matsayin "Sebastian Bach" da Opere del Cavaliere: "Nawa ne mawallafin tunani da tunaninsa! Akwai abubuwa da yawa wadanda suka nuna cewa zai zama da wuya mutum ya fahimta! "Daga bisani, an wallafa wasu litattafai masu yawa, wanda mawallafin K. Pavlov ya zama" Gofmanian Rasha ":" Salamander "," Sylphide "," Cosmorama "," Segeliel ". Hakanan AS Pushkin ya lura da nasarar da daniman ya samu, kuma ya gayyaci marubuta ya yi aiki tare da mujallolin Sovremennik (a matsayin ɗan gajeren tarihinsa). VF Odoevsky ya dauki duk matsala da aka hade da sakin littafi na 2 mai suna "Contemporary", kuma bayan mutuwar mawaƙi, shi kadai ya saki 7th. Kafin yin amfani da Belinsky, "Contemporary" kawai ya nuna godiya ga Vladimir kawai.

Jigogi

A 1838, marubuta ya ci gaba da yada, wanda aka bayyana a cikin "Gorodok a cikin snuffbox" da kuma "The Fairy Tales." Zamu iya cewa saboda wannan dalili ne ya farfado da lissafin halitta. VF Odoevsky ya wallafa jerin "Labarun daga Kakannin Kakan." Nan da nan sun fada cikin sashen karatun littafi ga yara. Success ya karfafa sarki, kuma ya tayar da shi, ya sake watsar da "karatun yankunan karkara" a 1843, wanda ya zama mujallar mujallu. A cikin shekaru 5 masu zuwa an wallafa littattafai 4, waɗanda aka sake buga su kamar sau 11. Belinsky ya rubuta: "Odoyevsky ya haife dukan dutse na littattafai don jama'a." A cikin bugu na littafin, Vladimir yayi bayani game da batutuwa masu rikitarwa da harshen "mutane" mai sauƙi. Saboda haka, tarin da kuma jin dadin wannan nasarar.

Kwanan nan

Wannan ya kammala bayani na Odoevsky, taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen abin da za ka iya karanta a sama. A cikin shekarun karshe na rayuwarsa, marubuta ya kasance cikin tarihin, tare da ka'idodin "wake-wake na musamman na Rasha". An wallafa abubuwa biyu a kan wannan batu: "A cikin Tsohon Hotunan Rasha" (1861) da kuma "Shared Music" (1867). Kowane mutum ya yi imanin cewa Vladimir ya kasance zakara na 'yan kasuwa. Yarima kansa ya rubuta cewa: "Ƙasar kasa ce ta cutar, wanda dukkan mutane suka mutu, sai dai idan sun sake jinin su ta hanyar hulɗar jiki da ruhaniya tare da sauran kasashe." Wani abu kamar wannan marubucin yayi ƙoƙari ya yi da al'adun Rasha da Turai. Dukan tarihinsa ya gaya mana wannan. VF Odoevsky ya mutu a Moscow a farkon Maris 1869.