Sunayen da 'yan'uwa tsarkaka, wanda Ya halitta Slavic haruffa. A tarihin na Slavic haruffa

A cikin tarihin kasar mu ta dama mai daraja kwanan wata. Yawancin su suna tsare a cikin abubuwan da suka faru na zamanin da. Wata irin wannan abin tunawa events, wanda jan a shekaru da yawa, ya kasance da fitowan na Slavic Wallafe-wallafe. Kada ka san sunayen da 'yan'uwa tsarkaka, wanda Ya halitta Slavic haruffa? Idan ba haka ba, to, wannan labarin da aka rubuta kawai gare ku!

Wane ne wannan?

Idan kana akalla vaguely ji malamin a cikin darussan da na tarihi, lalle za mu iya tuna da shi da kanka. Eh, sunayen da 'yan'uwa tsarkaka, wanda Ya halitta Slavic haruffa - Kirill na Mefody. Wannan Slavic wa'azi, wanda rawa a tarihin duniya shi ne cewa su aka canonized, ba kawai da Orthodox, amma ko da cocin Katolika. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ga ambatar su rayuwa da kuma aiki da ake samu a cikin rubuce-rubucen Musulmi gwagwarmaya.

An yi imani da cewa Cyril (shekaru na rayuwa - game da 827-969) ta samo sunanta a cikin Orthodox Roma a kawai 50 kwanaki kafin mutuwarsa. A tsawon rayuwar shi da aka sani zuwa ga Sahaban matsayin Constantine da Hadishi. Methodius (820-885 shekaru na rayuwa) da aka yi masa baftisma da wani sabon sunan a karshen rayuwa. Kamar yadda sunansa a gaskiya, masana tarihi da malaman ba su sani ba, amma bayar da shawarar cewa asalin wa'azi mai suna Michael.

Kirill na Mefody (photos of su sake hoton ne a cikin labarin) sun yan'uwansa. Bugu da kari a gare su a cikin iyali yana da takwas boys. Su kara rabo ba a sani. Hasken da suka bayyana a Thessaloniki (Salonika). Duk da yake cikin birnin na daga Makidoniya.

Ƙananan yara da kuma matasa

Methodius, ko da yake an wuya aka ambata a cikin tarihi kafofin, ya a cikin aikin soja. Haka kuma, a cikin shekaru 10 ya kasance manajan da wani yanki (watakila Slavic), sa'an nan bar darajõji daga cikin sojojin da suka tafi sufi na Olympus, wanda yake a Asiya Ƙananan. Around 860, ya barta da primacy na, ya zama mazaunin na sufi Polychrono, located a kan gaba daga cikin Tekun Marmara.

Ba kamar Methodius, Cyril ba ta kasance a jiki kiwon lafiya, amma tare da wani sosai matasa, shekaru nuna alamun rashin kaifi hankali. Michael-Methodius sau da yawa ya kare da kuma kula da ƙaunataccen kane, wanda ba zai yadda ya kamata tsaya wa kansu. Brothers da zai zauna tare duk rayuwarsu.

Kamar shekaru 14 da matasa Cyril riga kasancewa cinye ãyõyin Grigoriya Bogoslova. Yaron ya kusantar da hankalin da Sarkin sarakuna Michael III, bayan da ya aka dauka zuwa kotun a matsayin nazari aboki domin ɗansa. A karkashin shugabancin Photius, sanannen sarki baya, kazalika da sauran sosai gogaggen jagoranta, boys koya asirin nahawu da rhetoric, gabban, ilmin taurari da kuma sauran kimiyyar.

"Rayuwa" Cyril shaida cewa theologian san game da dozin daga cikin na kowa harsuna sa'an nan. Ya ba sama da matsayi mai daraja a fadar kotu, ya bai yarda da m aure, fifita zama leburare a Hagia Sophia. A kadan daga baya, ya asirce ke da sufi, da kuma bayan ya dawo daga shi ya koyar da dab, a jami'o'i. A sa'an nan da ya samu da sunan barkwanci Hadishi, wanda zai zama tare da shi da sauran ya kwana.

Abin da aka sani na dabam?

Bangaskiya Constantine (Cyril) ya haka mai girma cewa a cikin kimiyya muhawara, ya ko da yaushe rinjãya a kan Litattafansu iconoclasts. Duk da haka, Sarkin sarakuna Constantine aika sau da yawa wayo da kuma gogaggen masanin falsafa har zuwa Saracens (Musulmi), inda ya kuma nuna kansa a matsayin mai talented conversationalist, wanda a tauhidin shawarwari iya kayar da abokan gaba da nasa makami.

Muna fatan cewa ka tuna sunayen da 'yan'uwa tsarkaka, wanda Ya halitta Slavic haruffa.

Fara aiki a kan haruffa

Around 858, da 'yan'uwa suke aika zuwa Khazars. A Korsun mishan sufaye tsaya domin zurfafa nazarin Hebrew. Akwai su sami mai tsarki kaya daga Paparoma Mai haquri. Wasu daga cikin wadannan 'yan'uwa kawo tare da su ci gaba da tafiya. Alas, amma don cimma wasu gagarumin nasara daga cikin Khazars, wanda professed Yahudanci ba tare da togiya, mishaneri bai yi nasara ba. Duk da haka, har yanzu suna game da 200 baftisma Khazars, da kuma ceto daga zaman talala, da yawa Helenawa. Methodius tafi Polychronios, zama mazaunin a cikin sufi, Cyril koma zuwa Konstantinoful.

Yana da yake a cikin shirun na wasu Kwayoyin da farko samfur na wani kenan Slavic rubuta da harshen da aka halitta ta: Cyril dauki matsayin ta da asali da haihuwa Girkanci haruffa, 'yan simplifying da kuma fadada shi. By hanyar magana, da Girkanci haruffa da aka aro daga Phoenicians, wanda ɓullo da shi a farkon ƙarni na bakwai kafin haihuwar Yesu. Saboda haka, halittar na Slavic haruffa inseparably nasaba da canji na Greek harshe.

Abin da ya zuwa Cyril?

Wata ila don Cyril kakanninmu a cikin shakka an rubuta a kan tushen da "da shaidan da kuma cuts." M bayanai da aka ba kiyaye su, amma saboda masana tarihi da shirya domin kawai daya ambaci a cikin ayyukan da ya Sahaban, wanda da yawa bayanai ba zai iya ba. Duk da haka, wannan matsalar ne musamman shubuha: har yanzu tsakanin philologists da masana tarihi ne mai tsanani muhawara, kamar yadda tsoho Slavic rubuta harshen - mai rikitarwa batu, a cikin abin da "farin spots" a cikin dubban sau fiye da fiye ko žasa m facts.

Mafi m, Kirill - mahaliccin Slavic haruffa a halin yanzu form.

QFontDatabase da Glagolitic

Idan muka fara tattauna matsalar da zargin Slavic Wallafe-wallafe a cikin irin wannan shi ne saba mana a yau, ba shi yiwuwa ba a ma maganar kaifi da kuma muhawarar. Yana faruwa a tsakanin masana tarihi, masana ilimin harsuna da archaeologists, zaunanniya yanzu da cewa shekaru goma. A batu ne ba kawai halittar Slavic haruffa kamar yadda irin wannan, amma da tattaunawa da zabin da suke a amfani a ko'ina cikin tsoho.

A damuwa shi ne cewa a dukan zamanin da Rasha a wani lokaci da wani wurare dabam dabam na kawai biyu rubuce-rubuce tsarin: da saba QFontDatabase da Glagolitic, kasancewar wanda 'yan sani a yau. Ya shi a lokacin da wasu sauran, tsoho Slavic haruffa? Wani abu mai yiwuwa ne ... A wahala a kayyade wanne daga cikinsu kuwa shi ne asali - cikakken babu abin dogara archaeological shaida.

Wasu nazarin da aka za'ayi da yawa Rasha masana kimiyya (musamman a cikin karni na 19th), amma saboda tsananin m tarihin kasarmu da sakamakon da aka gaba daya rasa. An sani cewa masana kimiyya Tsarist Rasha har yanzu ya yi imanin cewa developers na QFontDatabase haruffa ne daidai da 'yan'uwa Kirill na Mefody. A takaice bayyana theses har yanzu samu a archives.

Abin da haruffa halitta Cyril?

Masana kimiyya har yanzu ba su kai wani yarjejeniya game da abin da yake da shi cewa Cyril ƙirƙira: Glagolitic kuma QFontDatabase? Ka lura da cewa a cikin 10-11 ƙarni a QFontDatabase haruffa, akwai kawai 43: 25 na su - suna aro daga haihuwa Girkanci haruffa. Yana iya bayyana cewa, sauran zo daga wannan wuri, amma da aka muhimmanci modified, da su taimako da shi ya yiwu a aika da sauti mafi hali na Slavic magana. Kuma shi ne halin da halittar Slavic haruffa duk da wucin gadi asalin yawa haruffa, shi ne tushen a cikin tsoho harshe, wanda yake da widest wurare dabam dabam a cikin tarihin duniya.

A farkon rubuta records

A kango na coci a Pereslavl Saminu (Bulgaria) akwai ãyõyi karshen tara karni. Daga wannan jerin - rikodin daga Dobrogea, dating daga 943 a shekara. A tudun, dating daga karni na goma, da tulun "goruhsha" rubutu da aka samu. Akwai kuma Novgorod Birch haushi haruffa na 11th karni. Daya iya kawai tsammani yadda da yawa irin wannan takardun shaida, wadda aka rubuta a baya, kawai halakar da lokaci. A karshe, sanannu "Ostrom Bishara", da aka rubuta tsakanin shekaru 1056-1057 (daga Novgorod).

Inda suka tafi da QFontDatabase haruffa?

Duk da yawa karatu, masana kimiyya ba su iya gano inda wannan aka rubuta a can a duk. Mutane da yawa ba su yin ĩmãni da shi ne har yanzu halitta Cyril, kamar yadda fiye ko žasa da jinsin shaidar ta zamanin da asalin akwai. Others, duk da haka, yi imani da cewa Kirill da aka tsara kawai Glagolitic kuma QFontDatabase haruffa Slavic samo asali wani wuri a zamanin d Bulgaria.

A karshen zato ba m. Gaskiyar ita ce, a 864-865, da Bulgarians soma Kiristanci, kuma akwai nan da nan ya aiko Kliment Ohridski, wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin mafi shahararren da talented dalibai wanda ake horar da Saints Kirill na Mefody. Ya kuma zama na farko da Slav wanda ya dauki high daraja na bishop.

Its wani abu da kuma wasu masu bincike yi imani da developer na QFontDatabase haruffa. Amma duk da haka yawancin masana tarihi, masana tauhidi da kuma shugabannin coci dauke mahaliccin ya Constantine da Hadishi, da cewa shi ne, na St. Cyril. Wannan ra'ayi ne sosai sosai, kamar yadda da yawa daga cikin kalmomi, haruffa da kuma imin sautin harshe harshen mu an aro daga Helenawa. Babu wani abu abin mamaki a cikin wannan, idan an haife shi a Macedonia kuma a gaskiya gudanar da systematize sanin Slavic yaruka, sa'an nan dangane da wannan bayanai a gudanar da halittar Slavic haruffa, wanda ya gaske masoyi a gare mu.

Ra'ayinta game da asalin na Glagolitic

Glagolitic masana kimiyya da dama daukarsa a matsayin wani nau'i na Latin haruffa, kamar yadda yana da matukar kama da ta imin sautin harshe da kuma darajar haruffa. Bambanci da ɗan mafi rikitarwa nau'i na karshen. Zai yiwu wannan hanya na burbushi zo daga Samaritan harshe. A 10-11 ƙarni, shi rayayye amfani da Moravians, ya tafi ƙasar Dalmatiya, kuma a Bulgaria kanta Glagolitic rayayye amfani. Abin da muka yi magana game da Croatia, wanda wannan haruffa amfani har da 18th karni! Amma ga mafi tsufa da aka rubuta records, shi ne rubũtacce, cewa ya zo tuna Zograph bishara kafa a cikin marigayi 10th karni.

Idan hasashe game da asalin na QFontDatabase haruffa ne har yanzu akwai, duk da theories game da asalin na Glagolitic haruffa dogara ne kawai a kan bayanai da kuma zato, kamar yadda babu wani shirin gaskiya shaida cewa za su iya tabbatar da ko yi musu akalla daya ka'idar. Mafi m, da tarihi na Slavic haruffa samo asali ne tun kafin 10th karni, amma dai irin wannan unsubstantiated ka'idar.

Quite wani babban rukuni na masana kimiyya, wanda ya hada da I.Teylor, I. V. Yagich da sauransu, suka yi yaƙi da mutuwa: wannan haruffa aka tushen duk wannan a kan tushen da Byzantine Cyril shorthand dabara! Domestic wannan bincike a cikin pre-neman sauyi lokaci (A. I. Sobolevsky, I. I. Sreznevsky, E. F. Karsky) ciyar da ka'idar cewa Glagolitic fãra a X karni Moravia, inda ta rayayye karbe dalibai koina Kirill. Wannan kungiya bai zo a yarjejeniya game da mahalicci, amma tare da baza na wuri suna shakka gane.

A karshen bayani dogara ne a kan gaskiyar cewa gida cocin Katolika kaddamar da zalunci na Glagolitic ya a Moravia, bayan wanda ta sa'an nan amfani tsawon yawa. Wannan sosai tsananta fara saboda gaskiyar cewa sabon ABC suspiciously kama da Byzantine, wanda kawas da shakka a kan "tsoho asalin" na Katolika. Kamar yadda ka gani, da tarihi na Slavic haruffa ne sosai rikitarwa, kuma m.

Wasu masana kimiyya da kuma duk ya yi magana a cikin ni'imar da cewa Glagolitic haruffa - ba cewa wasu, kamar yadda wani irin "Hikimar" fom na QFontDatabase haruffa. A lokacin Soviet lokacin da aka tartsatsi version of (sun fi mayar ga dalilai na siyasa) cewa Glagolitic haruffa - tsoho Slavic rubuta da harshen, a kan tushen da wanda (da tabawa da Greek) da kuma QFontDatabase haruffa da aka halitta. Saboda haka, Soviet masana kimiyya zaci cewa Kirill na Mefody (photos na hotunan da a cikin labarin) kawai ya sāke version na rubuce-rubuce. Modern bincike ya nuna cewa wannan shi ne a fili ba haka al'amarin.

Lokaci guda amfani da alphabets

Up har 12th karni, biyu rubuce-rubuce da tsarin amfani da ko'ina. Amma saboda gaskiyar cewa QFontDatabase haruffa ya sauƙin yiwa alama, ta nan da nan maye gurbinsu da "kishiya". Duk abin da ya, amma a yau fiye da 70 harsuna duniya da aka gina a kan tushen da Cyril ta ƙarya. Duk da haka, a cikin wasu daga cikinsu (ciki har da a Rasha) zai iya har yanzu a gani burbushi na Glagolitic.

Masana kimiyya da dama imani da cewa karshen mutu daga artificially. Suka ce da shi da gangan ta dakatar da halittawa daga cikin Slavic haruffa, lalata littattafai da aka rubuta a kan shi. Mafi m, shi ne ba. Kamar dubi zamanin d texts aka rubuta a QFontDatabase da Glagolitic. A cikin farko case, kusan duk wani memba na Slavic jama'a za su iya samun sauƙin fahimta a kalla wasu daga cikin kalmomi, ko da idan Church Slavonic haruffa (a hanyoyi da dama wakiltar guda da aka yi amfani da lokacin rubuta da Girkanci harshe).

A cikin hali na wani Glagolitic shi ne hadari a ce cewa duk batutuwa kasa gane guda wasika: style da alama har na hadaddun cewa shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba ga fahimta. Kawai sa, shi lalle aka ci kawai saboda haduwar da alama. A ka'ida, da wannan abu, kuma ya ce da hukuma version.

Zai yiwu Methodius - mahaliccin Slavic haruffa wannan model? Mafi m, shi ne ba. Memoirs na Sahaban ce cewa ya haifar da wani sabon rubutun (ko da yake ya dogara a kan Greek) iya kawai Kirill. Methodius mai girma Oganeza, amma ba tare da ɗan'uwansa, zai yi wuya su iya yi wani abu kamar haka ba.

Abin da littattafai da aka fassara a cikin wani sabon rubutun?

Wanda ya halicci QFontDatabase da Glagolitic, ta manufa ta farko dole ne ya kasance da ilimi da kuma lura a cikin guda Orthodox bangaskiya dukkan Slavic mutane. Duk da haka dai, Saints Kirill na Mefody fassara shi na farko-Aprakos Bishara, Manzo-Aprakos, Psalter. Mafi m, suna kuma canjawa wuri zuwa QFontDatabase haruffa da kuma Paremiynik.

La'akari da matsayin "The Life", Kirill fara fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki kamar yadda Tsohon Bulgarian. A general, duk mai sauki ne, kowane haskaka firist "a ƙasa" nemi da farko an fassara zuwa cikin fili da kuma m rubuce-rubuce, na farko, mãsu alfarma littattafai, don yin addini mafi m. Ba zato ba tsammani, Church Slavonic haruffa aka ambata a sama, haƙĩƙa, yana da wani zumu da 'yan'uwa, kamar yadda aka fili kafa a cikin Slavic majami'u.

Canji na QFontDatabase rubuce-rubuce da kuma jawabin

Wasu daga cikin "hazaka" sau da yawa mutane ce cewa Rasha harshen ya zauna canzawa ga daruruwan shekaru, da kuma yanzu da ya ke artificially gurbata da washe. Hakika, da kaifi karuwa a yawan English sharuddan waxanda suke da quite jinsin synonymous a cikin harshen, shi ne ba mai kyau sabon abu.

Amma a nan da wata jumla ce game da 10th karni (a cikin zamani kwafi, ba shakka): "A Rasha Zelma riga for shelomyanem Ka." Kada ku hankalta ba? Shin cewa a hade da "Rasha ƙasar". A halin yanzu, a cikin wannan nassi da shi ya furta wadannan: "Rasha ƙasar bace a kan tudun", "Rasha ƙasar ya bace, kamar yadda idan an rufe shi da kwalkwali." A gaskiya ma, kakanninmu ba haka ba da dadewa, kafin Bitrus I, ya yi magana a cikin wani harshe da cewa mun fahimci yau kawai da wahala. Add to wannan da cewa da yawa haihuwa haruffa na Slavic haruffa ba da kwafi a cikin zamani harshen!

Kuma duk wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Rasha harshen daidai modified, ne hanzari canza a ƙarƙashin rinjayar muhalli dalilai, amma shi ne inganci da hujjõji wajen fi'ili da kuma rubuta sadarwa. Duk da haka, game da wannan za a iya ce game da duk wani saka suna, wanda a yanzu na Magana a kalla uku zuwa hudu da miliyan mutane a dukan duniya.

binciken

Ka tuna da cewa rashin iyawa na harshe da kuma adabi zuwa sha da kuma assimilate sabon kalmomi da Concepts da shaida a mutuwa. Latin yau ya ce fiye da miliyan daya da likitoci, masana kimiyyar da kuma lauyoyi, amma da ya ke matattu. Ya ba ya canja, shi ba ya bayyana sabon dokoki.

Duk wanda ya halitta na Slavic haruffa, to su bashi - m rubuce-rubuce tsarin, kowane harafi na wanda da farko dauki wani mahara ji, da ciwon da sauki da kuma bayyana shaci. Bugu da kari, shi ne wannan rubutu ya tsaya da gwajin na ƙarni, a yanzu ana canza da kuma ci gaba da zama a matsayin mai sadarwa kayan aiki na miliyoyin mutane a dukan duniya.

Summing up, ya kamata a lura da cewa Kirill na Mefody - ba wai kawai cikin sunayen da 'yan'uwa tsarkaka, wanda Ya halitta Slavic haruffa, amma sunayen shahararren gabascin suke gaske iya gama da Slavic mutane, ba su da wani na kowa rubuce-rubuce tsarin.