Social motsi a zamanin mulkin Nicholas 1: History of Rasha

A farkon rabin karni na sha tara ya zama wani irin zamanin girma Rasha jama'a motsi. A wannan lokaci mulki Nicholas I (1825-1855 shekaru). A wannan lokacin, a karshe concretized matsayin mafi m siyasa sansani. Kafa monarchical ka'idar, kuma akwai wani m motsi. Circle shugabannin juyin juya halin Musulunci kayayyakin yana faɗaɗa muhimmanci.

Social motsi a zamanin mulkin Nicholas 1 ban kwana da fashion falsafa na ilimi a matsayin tushen akidar. Zo na farko Hegelianism da Schellingism. Hakika, waɗannan Jamus theories aka amfani, shan la'akari peculiarities na Rasha jihar da kuma haukan. Yunkuri ba kawai ƙware da utopian gurguzanci, wanda ya zo daga Turai, amma kuma ya sa a gaba nasa ra'ayin al'umma. A rashin tunani na gwamnati zuwa wadannan sabon yayi da kuma yaki da mulki da'irori 'yancin bayyana rai da tunani ya kara kuzari, sakewa m da iko sosai sojojin.

Social motsi a zamanin mulkin Nicholas 1, da kuma rayuwar zamantakewa

Kamar kowane yanki na siyasa da tunani, 'yancin tunani a Rasha aka halin da wasu siffofin da suke na musamman domin wannan lokaci lokaci. Social motsi a zamanin mulkin Nicholas I, da aka ɓullo da a karkashin wani amincewa da gwamnatin Syria da kuma shi ne da wuya ƙwarai, wanda kashe wani ƙoƙari na bayyana ra'ayinsu. Motion ya faru muhimmanci rinjayi Decembrists. A ra'ayin na farko daraja yunkuri da su m, mai ban tausayi kwarewa, a hannu daya kunya, amma a kan sauran - wahayi zuwa sami sabon hanyoyin da za a inganta falsafa ruhu.

An fara gane cewa shi wajibi ne don jawo hankalin da m talakawa na yawan jama'ar, ciki har da manoman, domin babban manufar duk yayi kasance da daidaitakar dukan azuzuwan. Social motsi a zamanin mulkin Nicholas 1 da aka kaddamar da yafi manyansu, amma daga baya ya koma shi da commoners. A waɗannan shekaru, akwai samuwar gaba ɗaya sabon igiyoyin. Yana Slavophiles, kasashen yammaci da kuma populists. Popular shi ne ka'idar aikin hukuma kasa. Duk wadannan matsalolin shige zuwa cikin norms da ka'idodinta liberalism, conservatism, gurguzanci da kuma kishin kasa.

Tun da yiwuwar yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ba ya nan, da zamantakewa motsi a cikin zamanin sarautar Nicholas 1 ya zama babban nau'i na da'irori. Mutane asirce an shirya wani taron wuri da kuma lokaci, kuma zuwa ƙetare ga al'umma da ake bukata a kira daya ko wani kalmar sirri cewa ne kullum canja. Fiye da muhimmanci fiye da a baya zamanin, sun samu cikin zanen, art da kuma wallafe-wallafen zargi. Sai a wannan lokaci akwai wani sarari dangantakar ikon da al'adu.

Banbanci kan zamantakewa da tunani ne mai Jamus Falsafa, Hegel, Fichte da Schelling. Sun zama magabatan yawa siyasa yayi a Rasha.

Features na zamantakewa da rayuwa a cikin 30-50-ies karni na sha tara

Idan muka yi la'akari da wani ba lokaci, ya kamata a lura da cewa bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Disamba 14, 1825 wani musamman ilimi ƙarfi raunana. Bayan da kisan kiyashin da Decembrists zamantakewa motsi a Rasha karkashin Nicholas 1 kusan tsaya. All launi na Rasha kawo dukkan aka ko dai halakar ko aika zuwa Siberia. na farko jami'a da'ira, wanda harhada tare ƙaramin tsara bayan kawai goma shekaru ya fara bayyana. Wannan lokacin da shi ya zama mafi m Schellingism.

Sanadin zamantakewa ƙungiyoyi

Kamar kowane zamantakewa motsi a cikin wannan shugabanci ya ta da kyau dalilai. Sun kasance sũ ne da rashin so da hukumomi don gane da cewa sau sun canza da kuma riga ba zai iya tsaya har yanzu, da kuma tsananin bincikar ayyukan da kuma da danniya na wani juriya, ko da bayyana lumana.

Main kwatance na motsi

Da shan kashi na Decembrists da gabatarwar da gwamnatin danniya kai ga kawai ta wucin gadi lull. Social motsi a zamanin mulkin Nicholas 1, har ma fiye da lit sama bayan 'yan shekaru. Cibiyoyin na ci gaba falsafa da tunani fara St. Petersburg da kuma Moscow na gyaran gashi, da jami'an da kuma jami'an da kulake, kazalika da manyan cibiyoyin ilmi, a Jami'ar Moscow da fari. An ƙara zama rare mujallu kamar "Moskvityanin" da "Herald na Turai". Jama'a motsi a zamanin mulkin Nicholas 1 da uku jinsin da kuma raba rassan. Wannan conservatism, liberalism kuma tsattsauran ra'ayi.

ra'ayin mazan jiya

Social motsi a zamanin mulkin Nicholas 1 aka hade da ci gaban lamba na siyasa da kuma zamantakewa ƙungiyoyi. Conservatism a cikin kasar da aka bisa ga ka'idar da autocratic da kuma bukatar wani m mulki. Har ila yau, ya nanata muhimmancin serfdom. Wadannan ra'ayoyi fito a cikin 16-17 ƙarni da kai da ganiya a farkon karni na 19th. Musamman sauti conservatism samu a lokacin da West da absolutism aka kusan gama. Saboda haka, Karamzin rubuta cewa daular mulkinsu ya zama Hurumi.

Shi kuwa yana da kowa ga bayan da kisan kiyashin da Decembrists.
Domin ba wani akida conservatism matsayi Ushakov jadawali (Ministan Ilimi) ɓullo da ka'idar aikin hukuma kasa. Yana gane da mulkin kawai zai yiwu da kuma daidai nau'i na gwamnati a Rasha. Serfdom aka dauke a Boon ga mutane da kuma ga kasar baki daya. Daga wannan dukan al'amari ne na halitta Tsayawa akan matsayin cewa babu canje-canje da kuma canje ba dole ba ne. Wannan ka'idar ya sparked kaifi zargi tsakanin masana. Mabiyin oppositionists fara P. Chaadaev, N. Nadezhdin da sauransu.

m shugabanci

Tsakanin 30-40-ies na karni na 19th aka haife wani sabon Trend cewa ya zama akasin conservatism. Liberalism aka yanaye kasu kashi biyu sansani: da Slavophiles da kuma kasashen yammaci. Ideologists na farko shugabanci da kuma karfe I. Aksakov, A. Khomyakov, Samarin da sauransu. Daga cikin shiriyar da kasashen yammaci za a iya kira wannan rarrabe imamiyya da masana falsafa a matsayin B. Botkin, PV Annenkov, K. Cavelin.
Duka wadannan yankunan sõyayya da muradin ganin Rasha a matsayin wani zamani da kuma m, a wani fanni na kasashen Turai. A wakilan wadannan kungiyoyi da aka dauke zama dole na kauda tashe serfdom da kasafi na manoma kananan filaye, da gabatarwar da wani tsarin mulki daular mulkinsu , da kuma yancin magana. Fargabar ramuwar gayya, da kuma kasashen yammaci, da kuma Slavophiles yi fatan cewa gwamnatin kanta so wadannan canje-canje.

Features biyu igiyoyin na liberalism

Hakika, wadannan trends sun ma bambance-bambance. Saboda haka, Slavophils ya wuce kima muhimmancin ainihi daga cikin Rasha mutane. Sun dauke da manufa nau'i na gwamnati pre-Petrine tushe. Sa'an nan Zemsky Sobor sanar wa sarki nufin mutane, da kuma tsakanin gonaki da kuma manoma, da aka kafa da kyau dangantaka. Slavophiles yi imani da cewa Rasha mutane ne da sauƙi ruhun collectivism, alhãli kuwa a kasashen yamma, individualism yake mulki. Suka yi yaƙi da tare da la'akari da bautar gumaka zuwa Turai trends.

Social motsi a karkashin Nicholas I, an gabatar da kuma kasashen yammaci wanda, a maimakon haka, yi imani da cewa muna bukatar mu koyi daga mafi kyau ayyuka na raya ƙasashe. Sun soki Slavophiles, iƙirarin cewa Rasha ta ~ uka komai Turai a mutunta mutane da yawa da ya kamata kama shi da leaps da haddi. The kawai tabbata hanyar ilimi da suka gani a duniya a ilimi.

Juyin juya halin Musulunci motsi

The kananan da'irori bayyana a cikin Moscow, inda, a bambanci zuwa arewacin babban birnin kasar, leƙen asiri, bincikar ayyukan da kuma denunciations aka ba da ci gaba. Su mambobi goyon bayan ra'ayin da Decembrists kuma warai samu tashin hankali a kan su. Suka rarraba wasu 'yan takardu da kuma' yancin-m zane mai ban dariya. Saboda haka, a ranar da sa kambi na Nicholas wakilan Cretan yan'uwa MUG warwatse ko'ina Red Square leaflets umartar jama'a da su 'yanci. A gwagwarmaya na kungiyar da aka kurkuku domin shekaru 10 a kurkuku, da kuma bayan tilasta su a cikin aikin soja.

Petrashevzy

A cikin 40s na karni na 19th zamantakewa motsi da aka alama ta wani gagarumin dawo. Sake fara bayyana 'yan siyasa. Bayan daya daga shugabanninsu, Butashevich-Petrashevsky, kuma an mai suna for. A da'irori hada da irin wannan shahararren Figures a matsayin F. Dostoevsky, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin, da sauransu. D. Petrashevsky Circle wadai absolutism, da kuma bayar da shawarwari da ci gaban dimokuradiyya.

A da'irar da aka gano a 1849, muna da aka hannu a cikin binciken da na yi fiye da mutane 120, wanda 21 da aka yanke masa hukumcin kisa.