Slavonic kalmomi. Tsohon Slavonic harshe. Slavonic harafi

Daya daga cikin mafi ban sha'awa da matattu harshe - Old Slavonic harshe. Kalmomin da suke a bangare na ƙamus, nahawu dokoki, har ma da wasu karin lafazi peculiarities da haruffa zama tushen na zamani Rasha. Bari mu dubi da cewa irin harshe, a lokacin da da kuma yadda shi ya samo asali, da kuma ko shi da ake amfani a yau, kuma a cikin abin da yankunan.

Kuma ma magana game da abin da shi ne karatu a jami'o'i, kazalika ambaci mafi shahara da kuma muhimmanci ayyukan sadaukar da QFontDatabase haruffa da kuma Old Church Slavonic nahawu. Bari mu tuna muna game Cyril da Methodius, aka sani a duniya Tasalonika, 'yan'uwa.

Overview

Duk da cewa ga ƙarni masana kimiyya a kula da wannan harshe, karatu da Old Slavonic haruffa da kuma tarihin ta ci gaba, bayanai game da shi ba sosai. Idan nahawu da karin lafazi tsarin da harshen, lexical tsarin fiye ko žasa da karatu, to, duk da cewa dangantaka ta asali, shi ne har yanzu m.

Wannan tushe ne daga gaskiya cewa halitta na cikin rubutun ko ba su kiyaye records game da aiki, ko wadannan records da kuma duk an rasa a kan lokaci. A cikakken nazarin mafi rubuta harshen fara kawai 'yan ƙarni, a lokacin da babu wanda zai iya ce ga tabbatar da abin da irin yare ya zama tushen da aka rubuta da harshen.

An yi imani da cewa wannan harshe aka tsari na wucin gadi a kan tushen da yaruka na Bulgarian harshe a cikin IX karni da aka yi amfani a kan ƙasa na Rasha da ƙarni.

Ya kamata kuma a lura da cewa, a cikin wasu kafofin za ka iya samun synonymous sunan harshen - Church. Wannan shi ne saboda cewa da zargin adabi a Rasha an haɗa kai tsaye zuwa ga coci. Da farko, da coci da aka adabi: fassara littattafai, da salla, da misalai, kuma Ya halitta, da asali nassosi. Bugu da kari, kullum ba harshen mahaukaci kawai ta mutane, coci jami'ai.

Daga baya, da ci gaban harshe da al'adu, da ya zo domin maye gurbin Tsohon Church Slavonic Old Rasha harshen, wanda ya dõgara yi nauyi a da wanda ya riga. Haka ya faru a kusa da XII karni.

Duk da haka Slavonic harafi kai mana kusan m, kuma mun yi amfani da shi zuwa wannan rana. Mun yi amfani da da kuma nau'in tsarin, wanda ya fara bayyana ma kafin tsoho harshe.

version halittar

An yi imani da cewa Old Slavonic harshen gare ta bayyanar to Cyril da Methodius. Kuma shi ke da bayanin da muka samu a dukan litattafai akan tarihin harshen da kuma wallafe-wallafe.

A 'yan'uwa kafa a kan tushen da daya daga cikin Slavic yare na Thessaloniki sabon script. Wannan ya yi da farko fassara Littafi Mai-Tsarki matani da kuma salla a coci Slavic harshe.

Amma akwai wasu juyi na asalin harshen. Saboda haka, I. Yagitch yi imani da cewa harsashin Old Church ya zama daya daga cikin yaruka na Macedonian harshe.

Akwai kuma ka'idar cewa dalilin wani sabon rubuce-rubuce da aka Bulgarian. Yana sa a gaba P. Safarik. Ya ji cewa da harshen da ya kamata a kira Old Bulgarian, ba Old Church. Har yanzu, wasu masu bincike ne a rashin daidaito a kan batun.

Af, har yanzu da Bulgarian masana ilimin harsuna gaskata cewa muna la'akari da shi shi ne Old Bulgarian harshe ne, ba Slavic.

Za mu iya ma tunanin cewa akwai sauran, kasa sanannun ka'idar asalin harshen, amma su ko dai da aka ba su gani ba a cikin kimiyya al'umma, ko kuma su faduwa wanwar aka tabbatar.

A cikin wani hali, da haihuwa Slavonic kalma za a iya samu ba kawai a Rasha, Belarushiyanci kuma Ukrainian harsuna, amma kuma a cikin Yaren mutanen Poland, Macedonian, Bulgarian da sauran Slavic yaruka. Saboda haka, tattaunawa wanne daga cikin harsuna mafi kusa zuwa Old Slavonic, suna da kamar wuya a yi taba aka kammala.

Tasalonika 'yan'uwa

Halittawa daga cikin QFontDatabase da Glagolitic - Kirill na Mefody - zo daga birnin Tasalonika, a Girka. 'Yan'uwa da aka haife shi a wani fairly m iyali, don haka suka iya samun wani kyakkyawan ilimi.

Yayana - Michael - An haife game 815 shekaru. A bikin keɓe wani m ya samu da sunan Methodius.

Constantine ya kuma ƙarami a cikin iyali da kuma aka haife game 826 shekaru. Na san waje harsuna, masani a ainihin kimiyyar. Duk da cewa da yawa annabta shi nasara da kuma girma a nan gaba, Constantine ya yanke shawarar in je a sahun wana ne, kuma ya zama m, samun sunan Cyril. Ya mutu a shekara ta 869.

'Yan'uwan da aka tsunduma a cikin yaduwar Kiristanci da nassosi. Sun kasance a cikin kasashe daban-daban, kokarin kai wa mutanen da maganar Allah. Amma duk da haka da ta kawo duniya daraja ne Tsohon Slavonic haruffa.

Duka 'yan'uwa da aka canonized. A wasu Slavic kasashen May 24 tasbĩhi game da rãnar Slavic Rubutacciyar Harshe da Al'adu (Rasha da kuma Bulgaria). A ƙasar Makidoniya, wannan rana ne na girmama Cyril da Methodius. Wani biyu Slavic kasashen - Jamhuriyar Czech da Slovakia - sun sha wahala wannan biki a kan Yuli 5th.

biyu alphabets

An yi imani da Slavonic wasika da aka halitta bayan da Greek haske. Bugu da kari, shi ne mai ban mamaki biyu haruffa - Glagolitic kuma QFontDatabase. A takaice dai look at su.

Farko - Glagolitic. An yi imani da cewa ta mahalicci ya Kirill na Mefody. An yi imani da cewa haruffa ba shi da tushe da kuma aka halitta daga karce. A zamanin d Rus 'an yi amfani da quite da wuya, a wasu lokuta.

Na biyu - da QFontDatabase haruffa. Its halitta ne ma yaba tare da 'yan'uwa na Tasalonika. An yi imani da cewa tushen da haruffa da aka dauka na dokokin ƙa'idar Byzantine wasika. A lokacin, gabashin Slavs - Rasha, Ukrainians da belorusy- amfani da Tsohon Slavonic haruffa wasika - ko kuma wajen, shi ne QFontDatabase.

A cikin tambaya na abin da irin alphabets ne dadadde, sa'an nan shi ma wani sarari amsar. A cikin wani hali, idan muka ɗauka cewa duka biyu da QFontDatabase da Glagolitic aka halicce Tasalonika 'yan'uwa, bambanci tsakanin lokacin halittarsu ne mai wuya ga wuce goma zuwa goma sha biyar shekaru.

Ina rubuta zuwa QFontDatabase?

Wani mai ban sha'awa Gaskiyar ita ce, wasu masu bincike yi imani da tarihi na harshe, wanda a Rasha an rubuta kafin Cyril da Methodius. Tabbacin wannan ka'idar yi ĩmãni, "Veles Littafi", wanda aka rubuta ta hanyar tsoho Rasha Magi kafin tallafi na kiristanci. A daidai wannan lokaci shi ba a tabbatar, a cikin abin da karni wannan wallafe-wallafen abin tunawa an halitta.

Bugu da kari, da masana kimiyya ce cewa daban-daban records na zamanin d Girkanci matafiya da masana kimiyya sun rubuta ambaci gaban Slavs. Haka kuma an ambata a kan kwangiloli da cewa an sa hannu sarakuna da Byzantine fatake.

Abin baƙin ciki, akwai har yanzu ba daidai m, idan wannan gaskiya ne, kuma idan haka ne, abin da daidai aka rubuta a Rasha kafin yaduwar Kiristanci.

A binciken da na Old Church Slavonic

Game da nazari na Old Slavonic harshe, shi ne ba kawai ban sha'awa ga masana kimiyya nazarin tarihi na harshe, dialectology, amma kuma masana kimiyya slavyanistov.

Ya fara karatunsa a cikin karni na sha tara tare da ci gaban da kamanta-tarihi Hanyar. Ba za mu zauna a kan wannan batu, tun da, a gaskiya, mutumin da rufe ba su saba da harsuna, da sunayen daga cikin masana kimiyya da sha'awar a kuma saba da. Isar da shi a ce a kan tushen da bincike da aka kafa fiye da wani littafi, da yawa daga cikinsu aka yi amfani da nazarin tarihin harshen da yaruka.

Nazarin ci gaba da ka'idar raya kasa na Old Slavonic harshe, harhada kamus na Old Slavonic harshe, karatu nahawu da imin sautin harshe. Amma a lokaci guda, har yanzu akwai kasa warwaruwa asirai da kuma wasanin gwada ilimi Old Slavonic yare.

Har ila yau, bari in ba ka wani jerin mafi kyau-sani kamus da kuma littattafan Tsohon Slavonic harshe. Zai yiwu wadannan littattafai zai zama na su ba ka sha'awa, kuma zai taimake ka ka shiga cikin tarihin mu al'adu da adabi.

Cikin shahararrun littattafai da aka bayar da irin wannan malamansu kamar Habugraev, Remneva, Elkin. All uku litattafan ake kira "Old Church Slavonic harshe."

Pretty m kimiyya aikin da aka saki A. Selishcheva. Ya shirya wani koyawa kunshi sassa biyu, rufe dukan na Old Slavonic harshen tsarin, wanda ya ƙunshi ba kawai msar tambayar abu, amma kuma texts, ƙamus, kazalika da wasu articles a kan ilimin halittar jiki na harshe.

Ban sha'awa da kuma kayan kishin Tasalonika yan'uwansa, da tarihi daga cikin haruffa. Saboda haka, a 1930, aka saki aikin "Materials a kan tarihin na zamanin d Slavic Wallafe-wallafe," da aka rubuta ta hanyar P. Lavrov.

Babu kasa muhimmanci, da kuma aiki Shakhmatov, wadda aka saki a cikin Berlin a 1908 - "Legend na shawara yana da littattafai a Basulabe harshe." A 1855, duniya ta ga monograph O. Bodyansky "Game da lokacin asalin na Slavic rubuce."

An kuma hada "Old Church Slavonic ƙamus," bisa ga rubuce-rubucen na X - XI ƙarni, wanda aka shirya da R. kuma R. Vecherka Zeitlin.

Duk wadannan littattafai an yadu da aka sani. Bisa su, ba kawai rubuta makala da rahotanni a kan tarihin na harshe, amma kuma shirya mafi tsanani aiki.

Tsohon Slavonic harshen Layer

Quite babban tafki Old Slavonic harshen gaji Rasha harshe. Slavonic kalma quite da tabbaci kunshe a cikin vernacular, kuma a yau ba za mu iya ma bambanta su daga asali Rasha kalmomi.

Ka yi la'akari da 'yan misalai ga ka ka fahimci yadda staroslavyanizmy warai shiga cikin harshen mu.

Irin wannan addini sharuddan kamar "firist", "wanda aka azabtar", "Wand", zo mana daga Tsohon Slavonic harshe, a nan ne guda, kuma m Concepts, kamar "ikon", "bala'i", "yarda".

Hakika, mafi yawa staroslavyanizmy kansu. Bari mu ba ku 'yan alamun cewa nuna cewa da kalmar - staroslavyanizmy.

1. A gaban WHO-saman kwalaye da kuma chrez-. Ga misali: sama, ya wuce kima.

2. Aka gyara na alama da kalmomi God-, benign, greho-, da sauran cin zarafin. Ga misali: zlonravie, fada.

2. A gaban kari na baya baki -stv-, -zn-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch- -yasch-. Ga misali: zafi, narkewa.

Zai ze cewa mun jera kawai 'yan daga cikin siffofin da gano staroslavyanizmy, amma ku yiwuwa ba su tuna da kalma cewa ya zo mana daga Tsohon Slavonic.

Idan kana so ka san da darajar da Old Slavonic kalmomi, za mu iya ba da shawara a duba a cikin wani kamus na Rasha harshe. Kusan dukkan su sun riƙe su na asali darajar, duk da cewa shi ya kasance fiye da shekaru goma.

A amfani da a yanzu mataki

A lokacin, Tsohon Slavonic harshen da aka yi karatu a jami'o'i a wasu ikon tunani da kuma fannoni, kuma ana amfani da majami'u.

Wannan shi ne saboda cewa a wannan mataki na ci gaba da harshen dauke matattu. Its amfani mai yiwuwa ne kawai a cikin coci, kamar yadda da yawa da salla, an rubuta su a cikin wannan harshen. Bugu da kari, shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa da farko littatafan da aka fassara daidai a cikin Old Slavonic harshen da aka yi amfani da har yanzu a matsayin coci ne da cewa na karnin da ya gabata.

Game da duniyar kimiyya, mu lura da cewa tsohon Slavonic kalmomi kuma da mutum siffofin sukan samu a cikin yaruka. Wannan janyo hankalin hankalin dialectology, kyale ka don nazarin ci gaban da harshe, da mutum siffofin da yaruka.

Masu bincike na al'adu da tarihi ma san cewa harshe, tun da aikin da aka kai tsaye alaka da nazari na zamanin d Monuments.

Duk da wannan, a wannan mataki na harshe dauke matattu, saboda a kan shi, kazalika da a Latin, Girkanci, da shi ya dade babu wanda yayi magana, kuma sun sani, shi ne kawai 'yan.

Da yin amfani da coci

A halin yanzu mafi yadu used harshe a cikin coci. Saboda haka, Old Slavonic salla za a iya ji a wani Orthodox coci. Bugu da kari, shi ne karanta da kuma excerpts daga coci littattafai, Littafi Mai Tsarki.

A daidai wannan lokaci, za mu lura kuma cewa coci jami'an, matasa seminarians, dalibai ma koyi da wannan yare, ta fasali, imin sautin harshe da graphics. Yau, Tsohon Slavonic harshen da aka dauke su da harshen da Orthodox Church.

A mafi yawan sanannun addu'ar da ake sau da yawa karanta a kan wannan yare - "Ubanmu". Amma har yanzu akwai da yawa da salla a cikin Tsohon Slavonic harshe, wanda aka kasa da aka sani. Za ka iya samun su a cikin wani tsohon salla littafin, ko ji, ziyartar duk wannan coci.

Da karatu a jami'o'i

Tsohon Slavonic harshe zuwa ranar da aka quite yadu karatu a jami'o'i. Shige da shi a kan Philology, tarihi da doka. A wasu manyan makarantu iya karatu ga dalibai da kuma masana falsafa.

A shirin ya hada da wani asalin labarin, Tsohon Slavonic haruffa, musamman imin sautin harshe, ƙamus, nahawu. Ginin kalma muhimmai.

Dalibai ba kawai koyi da dokoki, koyi da kalmomin lallashe, kwakkwance su a matsayin wani bangare na jawabin, amma kuma karanta ayoyin da aka rubuta a cikin wannan harshe, kokarin fassara su da kuma fahimtar ma'anar.

Duka wannan yana yi don tabbatar da cewa, masana ilimin harsuna iya daga baya nema da ilmi domin binciken na zamanin d wallafe-wallafen Monuments, peculiarities na Rasha harshen da ta yaruka.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa quite wuya a nazarin Tsohon Slavonic harshe. Rubutu da aka rubuta a kan shi, da wuya a karanta, domin shi ne ba kawai mai yawa archaisms, amma haruffa kansu karanta dokokin "Yat", "er" da "Afis" da farko adana tare da wata wahala ba.

Dalibai masana tarihi godiya ga ilimin da suka samu za su iya karatu da tsoho Monuments na al'ada da kuma adabi, karanta tarihi takardun da tarihi, don su gane ainihi.

Haka ya shafi waɗanda suke karatu a falsafar sassan, doka.

Duk da cewa a yau Tsohon Slavonic - mai matattu harshe, sha'awa cikin an yi simmering tun.

binciken

Wancan, da shi akai na zamanin d Old Slavonic harshe, wanda, bi da bi, aka maye gurbinsu da Rasha harshe. Tsohon Slavic asalin kalmar riskarsa kamar 'yan qasar Rasha.

A gagarumin jikin ƙamus, karin lafazi fasali, da Gabas Slavic harsuna da nahawu - duk wannan da aka dage farawa a lokacin da ci gaba da kuma yin amfani da Tsohon Slavonic harshe.

Tsohon Church - a hukumance a matattu harshe, wanda a halin yanzu sadarwa kawai coci ministoci. Yana da aka halitta da baya a IX karni, da 'yan'uwa Cyril da Methodius, kuma aka asali amfani for translation and rikodi na coci wallafe-wallafe. A gaskiya ma, Tsohon Church ya kasance kullum a rubuta da harshen, wanda ba a magana da mutane.

Yau ba mu yi amfani da su, amma a lokaci guda shi ne yadu karatu a philological da kuma tarihi ikon tunani hauza. Yau Slavonic kalmomi da kuma tsohon harshen za a iya ji ta ziyartar da sabis a cikin coci, domin duk da salla a cikin Orthodox majami'u don karanta a kan shi.