Serological gwaje-gwaje: iri, amfani da

Laboratory ganewar asali da kusan dukan cututtuka dogara ne a kan ganewa na jini a cikin haƙuri na antibodies, wanda ake samar da pathogen antigen, serological hanyoyin. Sai suka tafi cikin likita yi a cikin marigayi sha tara - farkon karni na ashirin.

A ci gaba da kimiyya ya taimaka wajen ayyana antigenic tsarin microbes da kuma sinadaran dabarbari na da gubobi. Yana yiwuwa don ƙirƙirar ba kawai warkewa amma kuma bincike magani. Suna samu ta hanyar bayar da attenuated pathogens awon dabbobi. Bayan kwanaki da dama na soaking jini zomaye ko beraye shirya kayayyakin amfani ga ganewa na kwayoyin cuta ko su gubobi amfani serological gwaje-gwaje.

The m bayyanuwar wannan dauki dogara a kan yanayin ta halitta da kuma jihar antigens a cikin haƙuri na jini. Idan microbes ne insoluble barbashi, suka shirya, lysed, gyaran ko a ɗaure a magani. Idan antigens ne narkewa, ta bayyana sabon abu na neutralization ko hazo.

agglutination (PA)

Serological agglutination gwajin ne sosai musamman. Abu ne mai sauki yi da kuma sarari yake zuwa da sauri gane gaban antigens a haƙuri magani. Ana amfani da saitin Vidal dauki (ganewar asali da typhoid da kuma paratyphoid) da kuma Weigl (typhus).

Ya dogara ne a kan wani takamaiman hulda tsakanin mutum antibodies (ko agglutinins) da ake dasu sel (agglyutenogenami). Wadannan su hulda suna kafa barbashi cewa precipitate. Wannan shi ne wani m alama. Domin saitin dauki za a iya amfani da rai, ko kuma matattu da ake dasu jamiái, fungi, protozoa, da maikacin jini , da somatic Kwayoyin.

Sunadarai dauki ne zuwa kashi biyu, saukarwa:

1. Specific antibodies fili (AT) tare da antigens (Ag).
2. Non-takamaiman - da shaida na conglomerates AG-AT, watau samuwar na agglutinate.

Reaction tsaye ba agglutination (TPHA)

Wannan dauki mafi muhimmanci fiye da na baya daya. Ana amfani ga ganewar asali na cututtuka da kwayoyin cuta, kwayuka parasites, protozoa. Yana da haka musamman cewa za su iya gane ko da sosai low yawa na antibodies.

Domin ta halitta ta amfani da tsarkake tumaki da ja da maikacin jini, da ja da maikacin jini na mutum pretreated da antibodies ko antigens (ya dogara a kan abin da Lab son a sami). A wasu lokuta, mutum ja jini Kwayoyin bi da tare da immunoglobulins. Serologic martani na erythrocytes aka dauke inganci idan hazo daga gare faru a kasa daga cikin bututu. A tabbatacce dauki ba za mu iya ce a lõkacin da Kwayoyin suna shirya a siffar wani inverted laima, mamaye dukan kasan. A korau dauki aka zira a lokacin da ja jini Kwayoyin shirya a cikin wani nau'i na shafi ko mashiga a tsakiyar kasa.

hazo dauki (RP)

Serological halayen da irin wannan bauta ta gano musamman kananan barbashi antigens. Wannan na iya zama, misali, sunadarai (ko rabo daga gare shi), mahadi na sunadaran da lipids ko carbohydrates, kashi na kwayoyin cutar da su da gubobi.

Sera for dauki aka samu ta hanyar wucin gadi infestation na dabbobi, yawanci zomaye. A wannan hanya, za ka iya samun cikakken wani precipitating magani. Staging serological hazo kama inji na mataki a kan agglutination. A antibodies dauke a cikin magani daura to antigens a colloidal bayani don samar da manyan sunadarai na gina jiki, wanda aka ajiye a kan kasa na tube ko a kan substrate (gel). Wannan hanya da aka dauke su sosai musamman da kuma za su iya gane ko da gano yawa daga cikin abu.

Amfani don gane asali annoba, tularemia, Anthrax, meningitis da kuma sauran cututtuka. Har ila yau, da hannu a cikin na bincike jarrabawa.

Gel hazo gwajin

Serological gwaje-gwaje za a iya za'ayi ba kawai a cikin wani ruwa matsakaici, amma a cikin agarose gel. Wannan ake kira yaxuwa hazo Hanyar. Tare da shi, karatu da abun da ke ciki na hadaddun antigenic garwayayye. Wannan hanyar dogara ne a kan chemotaxis na antigens zuwa antibodies, da kuma mataimakin versa. A gel suka matsawa ga juna a daban-daban gudu da taron ta samar da hazo Lines. Kowane layi - daya sa na K-AT.

Neutralization exotoxin antitoxin (RN)

Antitoxic magani iya neutralize exotoxin wanda kwayoyin nuna. Bisa ga wannan labari, da serological gwaje-gwaje. Ilimin yana amfani da wannan hanya domin titration na Sera, gubobi da toxoids, kazalika da warkewa aiki. A ƙarfi daga cikin neutralization na toxin ne m da al'ada raka'a - AE.

Bugu da ƙari, saboda wannan dauki iya sanin ko jinsuna ko iri na exotoxin. Ana amfani da a cikin ganewar asali na tetanus, diphtheria, botulism. A binciken da za a iya za'ayi "a kan gilashin", da kuma a cikin wani gel.

lysis dauki (RL)

Na rigakafi da magani, wanda shiga jiki na haƙuri, yana da, baicin ta babban aiki na m rigakafi, ko kuma lytic Properties. Shi ne iya rushe da ake dasu jamiái, salon salula da kuma kasashen waje abubuwa cutar shiga jiki na haƙuri. Dangane da bayani dalla-dalla na antibodies kunshe a cikin magani ware bactericidin, cytolysins, spirohetoliziny, hemolysins da sauran.

Wadannan takamaiman antibodies ake kira "najumla". An samu a kusan dukkan jiki ruwaye, shi yana da wani hadadden gina jiki tsari da kuma shi ne mai kula da yawan zafin jiki karuwa, girgiza, acid da kuma hasken rana kai tsaye. Amma a cikin bushe jihar ne damar kula da su lytic kaddarorin har zuwa watanni shida.

Akwai wasu irin serological gwaje-gwaje na da irin wannan:

- bacteriolysis.

- hemolysis.

Bacteriolysis ne da za'ayi amfani da haƙuri da jini magani da kuma takamaiman rigakafi magani tare da live germs. Idan, sa'an nan da mai bincike ganin lysis da kwayoyin cuta, da kuma mayar da martani za a dauke a matsayin isa da dama tabbatacce dace da shi ba a cikin jini.

Na biyu jini serological martani ne da cewa dakatar da erythrocytes bi haƙuri magani dauke da hemolysins, wanda aka kunna kawai a gaban wani musamman yabo. Idan akwai daya, sa'an nan Lab kallon aka rushe ja jini Kwayoyin. Wannan dauki ake amfani da ko'ina a zamani magani domin sanin titer na dace da (ie, ta karami adadin sa lysis na ja jini Kwayoyin) a cikin jini magani da kuma domin samar da dace da dauri kima. Sai ya zama a wannan hanya ta gudanar da serological dauki ga syphilis - Wasserman.

dace da kam (RSK)

Wannan dauki ake amfani da su gane magani antibodies da haƙuri da wani dauke da kwayar cutar wakili kazalika don gane da halittar ta antigenic tsarin.

Up ga wannan batu mun bayyana a sauki serological gwaje-gwaje. RAC dauke wuya dauki, tun da shi mu'amala ba biyu ba, amma uku abubuwa: wani antibody, wani antigen da kuma gaba da. Its ainihi ta'allaka ne da cewa hulda tsakanin antibody kuma antigen ya auku ne kawai a gaban sunadarai yabo wanda aka adsorbed a farfajiya na kafa hadaddun K-AT.

Kansu antigens bayan Bugu da kari na dace da, batun gwaji canje-canje, wanda ya nuna ingancin da dauki. Wannan na iya zama lysis, hemolysis, immobilization, bactericidal ko bacteriostatic sakamako.

A dauki kanta ta auku a cikin biyu bulan:

1. Da samuwar antibody-antigen, wanda shi ne ba na gani m bincike.
2. Canza antigen karkashin mataki na najumla. Wannan lokaci yawanci za a iya gano su tsirara ido. Idan na gani martani ba bayyane, sa'an nan kuma amfani da ƙarin nuna alama tsarin da damar don gane canje-canje.

nuna alama tsarin

Wannan dauki dogara ne a kan Daure dace. A gwajin shambura hour bayan kafa RSK kara tsarkake tumaki erythrocytes da magani hemolytic ba dauke dace. Idan tube aka bar Sakakken dace, shi za su shiga cikin hadaddun N-AT kafa tsakanin tumaki da maikacin jini, da hemolysin, da kuma sa su rushe. Wannan yana nufin cewa DGC ne korau. Idan ja jini Kwayoyin yana nan cif, sa'an nan, daidai da, da dauki tabbatacce.

hemagglutination (RHA)

Akwai biyu ta sha bamban hemagglutination. Daya daga cikinsu - serological, shi da ake amfani da kayyade jini kungiyoyin. A wannan yanayin erythrocytes hulɗa tare da antibodies.

Kuma na biyu dauki ba related to serological, tun ja jini Kwayoyin amsa tare da hemagglutinin samar da ƙwayoyin cuta. Tun da kowane exciter abubuwa ne kawai a kan takamaiman erythrocytes (kaza, da na tumaki, da biri), za mu iya ɗauka wannan dauki tsallaka musamman.

Clear tabbatacce ko korau martani, yana yiwuwa ga wuri na jini Kwayoyin a cikin kasa daga cikin bututu. Idan suka gane kama wani inverted laima, sa'an nan da ake so cutar ne ba a cikin haƙuri na jini. Kuma dã dai abin da ja jini Kwayoyin kafa kamar tsabar kudin ginshikan, babu unknown pathogens.

Reaction of hemagglutination hanawa (HAI)

Wannan sosai musamman dauki, wanda damar kafa tsari, irin cutar ko gaban takamaiman antibodies a cikin magani daga mãsu haƙuri ta jini.

Its ainihi ta'allaka ne da cewa antibodies kara wa tube dauke da gwajin abu, ya hana shaida na antigens a kan erythrocytes, game da shi da tsayawa hemagglutination. Wannan shi ne ingantaccen nuni gaban takamaiman antigens a jini zuwa wani ake so cutar.

Reaction immunofluorescence (RIF)

A dauki dogara ne a kan ikon gane gidaje tare da AT-AH kyalli bincike da madubin likita bayan lura flyuorohromnymi dyes. Wannan hanya mai sauki ne yin amfani da, ba ya bukatar kadaici da tsarki da al'adu da kuma daukan lokaci kadan. Shi ne ba makawa ga kulawa da lifiya cututtuka.

A yi, wadannan serological gwaje-gwaje ya kasu kashi biyu Categories: kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye ba.

Direct RIF samar antigen wanda a baya sarrafa kyalli magani. Kuma kai tsaye ba shi ne cewa da miyagun ƙwayoyi ne na farko bi da tare da al'ada diagnosticum hada da antibodies da ake so antigen sa'an nan sake amfani mai kyalli whey, wanda shi ne na musamman da sunadarai na hadaddun K-AT, kuma da ake dasu Kwayoyin zama a bayyane da bincike da madubin likita.