Sarki Filaret: takaice dai biography, aiki

Tarihi ya sani dama wurin hutawa mutane na tozkami suna aiki a daya Sphere na aiki, da kuma, duk da haka, ta sha bamban hanyoyin da za a canza hanya na tarihi.

Sarki Filaret, da shekaru na rayuwa wanda ya zo daidai da lokacin da manyan zamantakewa juyi, shi ne daya daga cikin mafi rigima Figures a Rasha tarihi, wanda ayyuka da kuma tarihi muhimmanci ga dukkan Rasha wuya a tantance ma'ana. Duk da haka, wannan mutumin ya gaske canza hanya na siyasa da kuma zamantakewa events, da farko mukaddashin a cikin bukatun da iyalinsa, da kuma samar da wani m matsayi na Romanov daular a kan kursiyin.

A tsawon rayuwar, sarki Filaret Romanov - a duniya Fedor Nikitivich - dandana m aiki matsayi da UPS da kuma hambarar da na wadannan biyu. A matsayin wadanda ba na addini mutum, amma al'amarin zai kai da post na Lardi, ya kullum kiyaye a touch tare da mafi girma da limaman na Moscow, da sanya kansa adalci da daraja cikin image m zuwa matsayi na uku sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha. Wannan talented, mai iko, m mutum ba zai iya zama a cikin tarihin tarihi.

Ya takwara na zuhudu sunan, kai-shela a sakamakon tsaga Rasha Orthodox Church , sarki Kievskiy Filaret, Mikhail Denisenko a duniya, da aka sani ga uninitiated mutum a matsayin mabiyin goyon bayan Ukrainian ainihi. Babban sakamakon da ayyukan sarki Filaret ne ya haifar da wani m Ukrainian Orthodox Church da kuma goyon bayan jama'a na ayyukan soji a kudu-gabashin Ukraine. Ya fito fili ya bayyana korau hali zuwa Putin bayan da annexation na Crimea. Sarki Filaret, Ukraine, bisa ga abin da ra'ayi ya zama m, kuma m, da kyau a san shi da hushi kalamai da wasu jami'an.

Duk abin da ya, amma magana ga 'yancin kai na Ukraine, Filaret Kare bukatun, da farko, kuma farkon, mafi yawan jama'arta na wannan kasa, don haka a cikin wannan rubutu, akwai wani search for alfarma gaskiya, amma akwai wani sa na facts to cikakkiyar har zuwa samun matsahi na saba da arziki rai na ruhaniya shugaban.

Sarki Filaret Romanov: asalinsu da kuma iyali

A rayuwa ta firist, ya ba da sauki. Biography sarki Filaret ne sananne domin ya dan wa na Anastasia Zakharina, St. George - na farko matar Ivan da Munin. Saboda haka, Romanov kabila shiga daular na Rasha tsars. Rhode Anastasii Zaharinoy (aka St. George ta, Cat) yana cikin sabis na Moscow shugabanni daga 14th karni. A darajar wannan iyali a kan jirgin na kasar ya karu tun 1584, lokacin da Ivan Grozny bar tare da underage dan Theodore wakĩli boyar Nikita Romanovich, da ɗan'uwansa ya rasu, Anastasia, wanda da gaske ya ba da dalilin da shahararsa na Romanov iyali.

Relationship Godunov da Romanov ba maƙiya. A akasin wannan, a lokacin da sa kambi Boris Romanov ya ba da gata, amma shi ba zai iya rage girma gwagwarmayar kursiyin.

Matasa da matasa

Fedor Nikitivich Romanov aka haife shi a 1553. Tare da wadanda mutane m nuna hankali, Fedor Nikitivich ba ya so ya riƙi wani firistoci. A cikin matasa, ya kasance daya daga cikin shahararrun Moscow Shchegolev.

Samu wani kyakkyawan ilimi, kyau kwarai a haɗa soyayya ga littattafai da kuma soyayya ga wadanda mutane dress, Fedor Nikitivich ko da koya Latin, resorting to da taimako na musamman da aka rubuta Latin littattafai domin shi. Bisa ga Sahaban, ya kasance m, da kyau, mai hankali da kuma sada saurayi.

Metropolitan na Rostov

Kamar yadda daya daga cikin manyan masu hamayya da Boris Godunov, Fedor Nikitivich tare da sauran Romanovs da kuma wasu iyalan boyars a 1600 ya aka hõre sarauta ni'ima. A tsari ya sa ɗauki ƙiren ƙarya. Theodore aka tilas tonsured matsayin m da kõre zuwa arewa na sarauta, a Antony na Siya sufi, located 90 kilomita daga Kholmogory. A baya sau, da zuhudu tonsure ne a wajen tauye wani mutum na siyasa ikon. Tare da nunawa sabon sunan, Filaret Romanov ma samu juyayi da kuma goyon bayan da compatriots aika zuwa gudun hijira a matsayin sarauta zuriya kuma rightful Sarkin Rasha.

A cikin gidan ibada na, nan gaba Lardi yana ƙarƙashin m dubawa - jami'an 'yan sanda zuwa daina wani na m ayyukan, yayin da kullum gunaguni zuwa Moscow a kan fushi. Ã'a, mafi yawansu duk Filaret Romanov rasa iyalinsa.

30 Yuni, 1605 bayan wani juyin mulki tare da karrama Filaret aka mayar da su zuwa Moscow a kan Rights daga cikin zumunta hasashen sarki arya Dmitry, da kuma a 1606 ya zama Lardi na Rostov. Bayan da kifar da ƙãƙalen faɗarsa a 1606 Filaret, yayin da a cikin Moscow, ya aka aika zuwa Uglich jikin Prince Dmitry Ivanovich a cikin shugabanci na sabon Tsar Vasily Ivanovich. Duk da yake Filaret ya a Uglich, Shuya dagagge zuwa ga post na sarki na Moscow Kazan Lardi Harmajanas, kuma Fedor tafi zuwa ga kasaftawa a karkashin ta protectorate daga cikin sashen a Rostov Babba, inda ya zauna har sai 1608.

Tushino events

Saboda da qiyayyarsu na yawan zuwa Shumsky, kuma fitowan a kan siyasa scene na sabon ƙãƙalen faɗarsa, soja dakarun 'yan tawaye kusata Moscow kanta. Sarki na Moscow gaggawa tura ta Jihar ratification, wanda azabtar archpastors addu'a ga Tsar Vasily da aka bayyana a cikin shakka daga events. Sarki Filaret, a takaice biography wanda riga dazzled girma facts, ya yi magana game da jihar na duniya kona, da tawaye Bolotnikov gangs "Tushino barawo", a kan abin da ya kasance da aminci ga sarki, da kuma daga baya ya sha wahala. A 1608, sojoji na biyu ƙarya Dmitry dauki Rostov, hasãra birni, da kuma sarki Filaret aka kama da kuma dauka don zaluntar Tushino sansanin.

A Tushino ƙãƙalen faɗarsa da mutanensa suka fara sa Fedor dace karrama da aka bai wa suna da "Filaret, sarki na Moscow." Babu shakka cewa Feodor Nikitivich bai godiya da wannan matsayi - a Tushino ya blyuli da kuma gudanar da karfi. Takaddun shaida, wanda sun kai mu daga 1608 - 1610 ya ba su ba da dama ga tabbatar da cewa Filaret (da sarki na Moscow) duk da wasu dangantaka da coci da kuma kula da harkokin siyasa - a kan m, Harmajanas - istinbadi sarki na Moscow - yi tunani ya azabtar da halin da ake ciki.

A watan Maris 1610, bayan rushewar Filaret Tushino sansanin ya aka kama da Dogayen sanda da kuma uvezon cikin Joseph Volokolamsk sufi, amma nan da nan ya sheƙo tare da goyon bayan Gregory Volueva detachment, da kuma, bayan ya dawo Moscow, yana cikin wannan karrama a Moscow diocese.

diarchy

A watan Satumba 1610 Filaret kuma Prince Golitsyn a cikin "Grand Ofishin Jakadancin" ya koma daga Moscow zuwa Smolensk saduwa da sarki Sigismund, bayan wanda ya aika da jakadu zuwa Poland a matsayin fursunoni. A zaman talala Filaret ciyar shekaru takwas, kuma aka yi ciniki a 1619, sa'an nan kuma nan da nan dauka zuwa Moscow, inda yake zaune a kan kursiyin da nasa dan narodoizbranny Mikhail Fedorovich, domin ta mamaye komai a sarari na Moscow sarki. A 1619, a kan Yuni 24 a ɗauka cewa Cathedral aka ambata sunayen da shi zuwa ga daraja - "sarki Filaret na Moscow da kuma All Rasha." Yanzu Filaret kira da sarauta suna "Great Mamallaki", ya fara manajan daidai coci da kuma jiha.

Saboda haka, a cikin Moscow, dual ikon da aka kafa na tsawon shekaru 14, a cikin abin da mafi gwamnatin dalĩli da kawai sarki da Zemsky Sobor, da kuma wasika na sarki uba zuwa ga ɗa, da sarki ke buɗe ikon da sarki tasiri a kan hali na harkokin jama'a, kuma a cikin gaba ɗayansa bayyana ayyukan sarki Filaret .

Masana tarihi da aka sani conciliar hukunci a 1619, cewa "kamar yadda ƙasa ustroiti", wanda aka halitta memo "articles" sarki. A da shi daidai kiyasta da m kudi da kuma dukiya matsayi na yawan jama'a a sassa daban-daban na mulkin, saboda haka, irin matakan da aka dauka kamar:

• dace da tafasar da tukunyar na sabis na kadarori.
• tara m kaya na inventories na ƙasar da kuma amfani da su don cimma daidai haraji-biyan haraji.
• sa a cikin martabar kamar tsabar kudi aljihun, kuma ta nan gaba albarkatun domin kayyade albashi da kuma kudi.
• tallafi na real matakan domin kawar da administrative laifukan, hana kafa na jihar da kuma tsarin zamantakewa a kasar.

Duk wadannan gwamnati biyã guda burin - don kara kudaden gwamnati da mafi sauki da kuma daidai hanya ga yawan jama'a.

Fedor ma patronized Nikitivich typography, kazalika da su wajen gyara tsoho texts ga kurakurai.

coci gwamnati garambawul

Events sarki goge rai na siyasa kasuwa da kuma dabara jami'in diflomasiyyar. Interests don ƙarfafa dynastic ikon spurred shi don kaitsaye duk kokarin da suke gudanar da harkokin na jihar da ya ya iya, kuma m shugaban. Amma ana hana tauhidin ilimi, ya kasance musamman kange kuma m, a coci al'amura. A wannan yankin, Filaret damu game da kariya daga orthodoxy da aka neman wata babbar hatsari ga Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian kasashen waje. Ga sauran, sai ya tafi domin gajere bukatun da coci da kuma sun taba dauka matakai a gaba. Saboda haka, mataki na siyasa na Filaret ya hayayyafa, ku kuma aiki coci. Daga 1619 zuwa 1633 shekaru na gwamnati a lokacin da shi balaga da, da kuma Romanov daular tsiwirwirinsu goyon baya a fadi da'irori na yawan jama'ar, da kuma wannan ne na tarihi abin yabo na Fedor Nikitovich.

Ga dukan al'amura da suka shafi addini da kuma coci da tafasar da tukunyar, ya fi son tuntubar Moscow limaman fiye da aikata wani babba suna a cikin yanayi.

Family da kuma yara

Fedor Nikitivich auri 'yar wani matalauci bafadan Kostroma Xenia Shestova. Suna da 'ya'ya shida. Bayan da kunya Borisa Godunova iyali Fedor Nikitovich, Xenia Ivanovna kan tilas tonsured matsayin Nun da sunan Marta da aika zuwa Zaonezhsky Tolvuysky hurumi. Dan Michael kuma ya Tatiana, tare da goggonninka da 'Nastasya da Marta Nikitichna aka dauka a kauyen Klina, wanda shi ne a Yuryev gundumar.

Filaret, sarki na All Rasha, nan da nan bayan da ya dawo gida daga gudun hijira da kuma Yaren mutanen Poland yaƙi domin gina gadon dan Michael, ya juya a cikin wani Thrifty da kuma zargi regent.

The mutuwar sarki Filaret Oktoba 1, 1633 alama karshen dual ikon a kasar da kuma a karshe ya daidaita a kan kursiyin da Romanov kabila, ya ci sarauta har 1917 mafi yawan shekaru.

A tarihi muhimmancin Filaret

Kamar yadda regent na yara sarki Michael kuma a zahiri shine mai mulkin kasar, sarki Filaret a kan madadin sa hannu na kasa haruffa da kuma ma yana da suna mai girma sarki.

Da yake jawabi na sarki Filaret, masana tarihi ne mafi yawa magana game da angarorin na bugu. Tun 1621 clerks Ambassadors domin musamman don yin sarki samar na farko Rasha jaridar "orderlies haruffa."

Sarki fahimci muhimmancin da falala a kansu da kera makamai, da baƙin ƙarfe, da karfe masana'antu. Saboda haka, Andrew Vinius a 1632 samu izinin Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich zuwa tushe na Rasha ta farko da baƙin ƙarfe-smelting, zhelezodetalnyh da makamai masana'antu kusa Tula.

Sarki Filaret Kievsky: da haihuwa da kuma iyali

Wannan firist, shi ne asali daga Ukraine. Sarki Filaret na Kiev, a cikin duniya Michael Antonovich Denisenko, an haife shi a hakar gwal ta iyali Janairu 1, 1929. A wurin haifuwa na kauye nuna Blagodatnoe located in Amvrosievsky gundumar Donetsk yankin.

Duk da m bukatun na da alwashi na ƙin ɗaure aure, a cewar rahotannin kafofin watsa labaru, Filaret fili bayyane zauna tare da iyalinsa - matarsa ake magana a kai Evgeniya Petrovna Rodionova, wanda ya mutu a 1998, da kuma 'ya'ya uku -' ya'ya mata bangaskiya da ƙauna, da kuma dan Andrew.

Nazarin, sufi da kuma tallafi na zaman zuhudu

Denisenko, a shekarar 1946 ya sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare, da kuma a 1948 - da Odessa tauhidin Seminary da aka shigar ga Moscow tauhidin Academy. A Janairu 1950, ya, kamar yadda wani Keio, ya zama m, shan sunan Filaret. Spring aka wajabta Irena, da kuma a shekara ta 1952 da aka wajabta zuwa firistoci.

Aka gudanar da matsayi da lakabi

A shekara ta 1952, Denisenko samu wani mataki a cikin tauhidin da ya zauna a cikin Moscow tauhidin Seminary a koyar da Nassosi daga cikin Sabon Alkawari. A lokaci guda Filaret ya Mukaddashin shugaban makaranta na Triniti-St. Mataimakin Farfesa Rank samu a cikin watan Maris shekarar 1954.

A watan Agusta 1956, Filaret, kamar yadda mazaunin, ya zama wani sufeto na Saratov tauhidin Seminary, sa'an nan - da Kiev tauhidin Seminary. Gudanarwa Department na Ukrainian exarchate ya fara a 1960, kasancewa a cikin sahu na Archimandrite.

A shekarar 1961 Denisenko nada mazaunin sufi Rasha Orthodox Church a Alexandria, da Patriarchate na Alexandria.

A shekarar 1962, Filaret da aka wajabta Bishop na Luga, Birnin Leningrad, vicar na diocese. A daidai wannan lokaci da ya nada kocin na Riga diocese. lokacin rani na 1962 - Vicar na Central Turai exarchate. a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekara, ya zama bishop na Vienna Austria da kuma.

A shekarar 1964, Filaret sami wani wuri a cikin Vicar na Moscow diocese, da kuma riga matsayin bishop na Dmitrov zama rector na Moscow tauhidin Academy kuma Seminary.

Member na Ruhu Mai taron majalisar Krista tãyar da shi zuwa ga daraja da Akbishop na Kiev da Galicia a shekarar 1966. A watan Disamba na wannan shekara Filaret ya zama shugaban Kiev Department for External Church Relations na Moscow Patriarchate. A wannan lokaci ya hada da wakilan na Moscow Patriarchate na Rasha Orthodox Church da kuma Ukrainian Exarchate Na yi tafiye-tafiye maimaita kasashen waje, hallara a congresses, tarurrukansu da majalisai. A shekarar 1979, Filaret aka bayar da Order of Friendship na Peoples, da kuma a shekara ta 1988 - da Order of Red Banner na Labor ga aiki wanzar da zaman lafiya a kasar.

Bayan rasuwar Pimen - sarki na Moscow da kuma All Rasha - Spring 1990 Filaret zama locum tenens na patriarchal kursiyin kuma, daya daga cikin mafi kusantar 'yan takara na biyun nan, domin zaben wanda aka gudanar da gida majalisa. A cikin watan Yuni 1990, sabon shugaban na Rasha Orthodox Church an zabe shi a babban coci - Lardi Alexy II. A bisa al'ada, duk da haka, shi ne sarki Filaret na Kyiv da kuma All Ukraine aka dauke gaba a darajar hierarch na Rasha Church, kuma mafi m m memba na Ruhu Mai taron majalisar Krista.

Filaret na Ukrainian Orthodox Church a matsayin ruhaniya shugaban

A wannan lokacin, tare da goyon bayan Leonid Kravchuk Filaret fara ayyuka da nufin autonomization na Ukrainian Church. Media magana game da farkon su "m" dangantakar ko a lokacin aikin Denisenko a cikin jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Ukraine. Tare da shela da 'yancin kai na Ukraine a 1991, Kravchuk karfi da kara kuzari da halittar wani m coci, wanda yana da akai canonical Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC) da kuma Uniate ya ba da dukkan goyon bayan da ya tabbatar da cewa yawan kanta cin gashin. Manufarta shi ne cewa canonical autocephaly matsayin mai zaman kanta jam'iyya na UOC zai sha duka Orthodox majami'u a Ukraine da kuma rage matakin na Inter-bayanan rikice-rikice.

A Janairu 1992, Filaret bishops taru a wurin taron da kuma tare da goyon bayan da yanzu Shugaban kasar ukraine Kravchuk sanya wani roko ga sarki, duk bishops da kuma Ruhu Mai taron majalisar Krista, a cikin abin da ya zargi Rasha Orthodox Church a gangan jinkirta aiwatar da wani m shawara a kan batun na autocephaly na UOC. Majalisar Bishops na Rasha Orthodox Church ya riga ya tãyar da wannan batu a cikin bazara na shekarar 1992, in babu Filaret. A mayar da martani ga wani roko da Moscow Patriarchate Filaret shi aka yi zargin cewa ya yi amfani ga mulkin kai a matsayin kayan aiki domin karfafa su iko a cikin management na Ukrainian Church daga dagula a gida firistoci tilasta su su goyi bayan autocephaly. A cikin shakka daga wannan muhawara Ukrainian sarki Filaret aka zarge shi da yin lalata hali da kuma ta babban auna daidai a cikin management da aka bukata don aikin ƙi Primate na Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Filaret kansa yardarsa ya bayar da kalmar da bishop cewa ba zai yi gabatar da cikas ga yancin ya zabi na Ukrainian Church a cikin tsari na zaben da sabon farko Hierarch, amma bayan wani lokaci ya ki raba da da post na Primate na UOC. Wannan ya biyo ta wurin renunciation na bishop rantsuwar. Kamar haka ya tashi da addini sãɓãni kawai sabõda, da aka sani a cikin tarihi na Orthodoxy a matsayin "Filaret". Filaret kansa kuɓutar da da asali wa'adin matsa lamba daga Rasha Orthodox Church, sabili da haka gan shi ƙ.

A 1992, Mai Tsarki taron majalisar Krista na UOC iya har yanzu matsawa Filaret daga mukaminshi a matsayin farko Hierarch na Ukrainian Orthodox Church da Kiev sashen. Ya zauna a cikin jihar, amma ba su da hakkin ya rike addini da sabis, kuma a watan Yuni na wannan shekara ta Shari'a yi da majalisar Bishops na mutum mũnãnan ayyuka, ci da ceto, diktat, rantsuwar kafara da jama'a defamation da majalisar Bishops, sanya da coci tsaga, kazalika ga hosting a jihar ban firistoci, Filaret aka kifar da mutunci kuma hana duk iko na firistoci da hakkin game da wurin zama a cikin limaman Kirista.

A cikin watan Yuni 1992, magoya bayan Filaret aka tattara Unity Cathedral a Kiev. Wannan alama da farkon halittar na Ukrainian Orthodox Church Kiev Patriarchate (UOC-KP) ta hanyar hadewar wasu wakilan daga cikin Ukrainian Orthodox Church, na ga Moscow Patriarchate da Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. A 1995, Filaret dauki shi da post na sarki.

Fabrairu 19, 1997 Majalisar Bishops na Rasha Orthodox Church excommunicated daga coci for Filaret gudanar aware ayyuka a cikin lokaci tsakanin majalisa.

Hulda da Rasha

Filaret ranked mafi m dan takarar da post na ROC, amma ba faufau duk dace da takarar. Special hukunci da fushin ya sa ya karkatattun halaye na kirki, kishi, hali, m kuma ƙazantaccen salon.

A lokacin zaben na sabon sarki na da UOC da cika fuska shi ya dada tabarbare gwagwarmayar su avtonomizirovannost. Kuma ko da bayan tallafi na shekarar 1990 majalisar Bishops na Rasha Orthodox Church of sabon arziki da kuma na Ukrainian Exarchate mafi hakkin ya kai gwamnati da kuma bayyana a cikin coci Sphere na kasa hadisai na 'yancin kai da kuma cin gashin na UOC management da kuma Filaret - title "Lardi na Kiev da All Ukraine," - ya ya ba ta gushe ba don yin yaki domin 'yancin kai na Ukrainian addini idealogii yanzu - a jama'a da kuma rayuwar zamantakewa.

Sarki Filaret yi ĩmãni Rasha babban tsokana a rikici a kudu-gabashin Ukraine, iƙirarin cewa Rasha ya kasance maƙiyi daga cikin Ukrainian mutane, yana wanzuwa ga gazawar.

Yadu da aka sani ta cudanya lura da sarki na All Rasha sarki Filaret da All Ukraine. A cikin wata wasika ga Ukrainian bishop na Moscow, sarki kira ga daidaita da kuma methodical tsarin kula da tambaya na ci gaba da goyon bayan da rikici a kudu-maso-gabas da Ukraine, da kuma kira a cikin wannan wuya, tashin hankali lokacin da za a gama dukan Rasha coci da duhu gefe na mutuntakar ɗan adam, yin duniya Kirista da salla. Duk da haka, a amsa, Magana game da Moscow Patriarchate Filaret yi magana barnatar game da ROC matsayi, bluntly magana game da rashin yiwuwar daidaituwa daga wadannan majami'u, da kuma girman kai matsayi na sarki na Moscow da girmamawa ga Patriarchate na Kiev.

A cikin 'yan shekaru, saboda da m tafiye-tafiye na sarki na All Rasha Cyril a cikin coci dakunan na Ukraine, sarki Filaret kula da m nesa a dangantakar da ROC, da imani da kansu game da yiwu kawar daga siyasa scene.