Rabu amfani kalmomi kuma neologisms: misalai. Archaisms da neologisms a Rasha

Rasha harshen yana da wani taba-canza ƙamus: wasu a baya sau da yawa na kowa fassarorin da ake yanzu da wuya taba amfani, da kuma sauran, a maimakon haka, suna ƙara amfani da mu. Misalai na rabu amfani kalmomi kuma neologisms suna da yawa, wanda ya nuna ci gaban da harshe.

Similar mamaki da nasaba canje-canje a cikin al'umma: wani sabon kalma ya auku tare da fitowan na wani sabon ra'ayi, da kuma idan mutane ba su tũba zuwa wasu abu ko sabon abu, shi ba ya yi amfani da kalmar da ake amfani da su designate shi. A wannan labarin, za mu duba rabu amfani kalmomi kuma neologisms, misalai na amfani, iri da kuma halaye.

Rabu amfani kalmomi: definition

Rabu amfani kalmomi - shi ne irin wannan cewa a iyakancen lokaci ko mai wuya amfani da ko ba amfani a duka (misali, da dama, na yaro, da Red, lebe, Commissar).

Obsolescence na kalmomi - shi ne mai tsari, saboda haka, daban-daban Concepts iya zama a matakai daban-daban. Har yanzu ba saki daga aiki amfani, amma amfani da kasa akai-akai fiye da a baya, kalmar ake magana a kai a matsayin "tsohon harshen".

Neologisms da archaisms ana amfani da daban-daban dalilai. A karshen an yi amfani da, misali, ga ambatar abubuwa da kuma mamaki, wato, yin nominative aiki (misali, kimiyya da kuma tarihi ayyukansu). A ayyukan almarar tafiyad da tarihi jigogi, irin ƙamus taka nominative-stylistic rawa - ba kawai hidima don gano wani musamman hakikar, amma kuma Halicci wasu dandano na zamanin.

A cikin wallafe-wallafen da rubutu m kalmomi za a iya amfani da su nuna lokacin da mataki faruwa. Archaisms (da neologisms) na iya zama ainihin stylistic nufi. Rabu amfani kalmomi ba da rubutu na kauri, kamar yadda da wajen magana.

Neologisms: ganewa

Mun amsa ga wannan tambaya na abin da neologisms, misalai da kuma kokarin kai. Waɗannan su ne sabon, ba tukuna zama yau da kullum da kuma saba kalmomi. Abun da ke ciki ne kullum canja, wasu daga cikin neologisms dauki tushen a cikin Rasha harshen, yayin da wasu - ba. Saboda haka, kalmar "tauraron dan adam" a tsakiyar karni na 20th ne neologism. A kowace shekara, kafofin watsa labarai amfani da dubban sabon sharuddan da Concepts, amma ba dukan su ba suna a kullum amfani. Wasu suna amfani ne kawai sau daya a cikin jawabin ko wasu rubutu, da kuma sauransu suna kunshe a cikin abun da ke ciki da kuma harshe, kamar yadda amfani da akai-akai, su rasa sabon abu. Wasu sababbin sharuddan, kasawa ga ko shigar da babban lexical asusu, nan da nan ya fadi daga yin amfani da su riga aka rabu amfani da (irin rabo, misali, da harshen post-neman sauyi shekaru: wajibi ilimi, zhendelegatka, delovod, kerenki).

Hanyoyin da sabon kalmomi

Rabu amfani kalmomi kuma neologisms Rasha harshen - mai ban sha'awa sabon abu. Musamman m sani yadda akwai sabon Concepts. Da suka faru a hanyoyi da dama:

- samuwar lexical neologism (sabon lokaci) daga data kasance a cikin harshen da morphemes da kuma kalmomi a kan data kasance model: drywall, fitar, an Tantancewar fiber.

- aron wani waje kalma tare da m samuwar sabon harshe don data kasance model na kalmar samuwar: da na'urar daukar hotan takardu, duba, duba.

- da samuwar sabuwar lexical ma'anar data kasance lokaci a cikin harshen (a cikin wannan ma'anarta ake kira na ginin jumla neologisms), da suka samo asali a, ciki har da ta hanyar yin burbushi ma'anonin kalmomi a cikin wani harshe: linzamin kwamfuta - wannan na'urar ne ga kwamfuta shigar da bayanai, da kuma dabbobi. Winchester - wannan na'urar don adanar bayanai a kwamfuta, da kuma a gun.

- da samuwar wasu barga haduwa da sabon darajar (ciki har da alama): motherboard, wani rumbun kwamfutarka.

Archaisms da historicism

Daga cikin disused ƙamus ya zama ruwan dare archaisms da historicism. Rabu amfani kalmomi kuma neologisms, misalai na wanda aka jera a cikin wannan labarin, da wani daban-daban rabo.

Yana da kayyade su yi amfani da magana, ba "shekaru": kira da muhimmanci, m Concepts da kuma sharuddan ba tsufa da ƙarni da dama, yayin da wasu ne quite sauri archaizing, mun daina amfani da su a matsayin abubuwan da su kansu, da data kira da kalmomi bace. Alal misali, tsarin ilimi a kasar mu ya canza, kuma haka daga jawabin tafi, sharuddan kamar sanyi lady, Institute for Noble akwai mãtã, yar makaranta, mai neman na hakika (a cikin ma'anar "sakandare almajiri").

A ra'ayi na "historicism"

Ma'aikata sunayen sun bace Concepts, abubuwa da mamaki na jawabin kira historicism. Duk na sama sharuddan koma zuwa gare su. Wadannan kalmomi zauna a cikin harshen, da matsayi na musamman, tun da suka alamu ne kawai na rabu amfani abubuwa. A historicism, saboda haka, akwai na iya zama babu ma'ana. A ayyukan art, tarihi adabi, za su babu makawa amfani da past na mutane, kamar yadda suke taimaka wa reconstituted dandano na musamman zamanin. Wadannan kalmomi ba da halaye na tarihi AMINCI na baya description.

Saboda haka, historicism - da kalmomin da cewa mun daina yi amfani saboda gaskiyar cewa sun tsaya ga sabon abu bace da kuma abubuwa: gashi, Bursa, posadnik. Suna amfani da yafi a daban-daban texts kwatanta da (duka biyu m da kuma kimiyya).

A ra'ayi na "archaism"

Archaisms - kalmomi da suka auku a cikin wani m gefe saboda sun koma ga, data kasance da yau da mamaki, abubuwa da Concepts akwai sabon sunayen. Bambanta daban-daban na su, dangane da abin da irin bangare na wata kalma ne daga ranar:

- lexical, idan da kalmar ne daga ranar da ba na amfani da sauti harafi-hadaddun, da darajar da aka yanzu ake magana a kai sabon naúrar na ƙamus.

- na ginin jumla - a cikin akwati inda kalmar wanzu, amma shi ya rasa wasu darajar ko fiye daga gare su ( "ciki tsiri") a cikin zamani harshe.

- karin lafazi - idan ka canza siffar da sauti na wani lokaci, nuna a cikin rubuce-rubucensa ( "shekara goma sha takwas");

- kalma-samuwar - a lokacin da aka rabu amfani da kanta derivational tsarin da kalma ( "dripping guba");

- nahawu - idan daga yin amfani da wasu nau'in siffofin.

Archaisms wani abu da gaske daga historicism ba daban-daban. Idan karshen - su ne sunayen wasu mazan batutuwa, da farko - mazan sunayen kowa Concepts da kuma mamaki da muka haɗu da a rayuwar yau da kullum.

iri archaisms

Daga cikin archaisms iya bambanta musamman kungiyoyin na kalmomi. Wasu daga cikin su ne daban-daban, daga amfani ma'ana na musamman siffofin a cikin sauti, sauti haduwa nepolnoglasnymi (matasa - haihuwa, zinariya - zinariya, birni - ƙanƙara Beach - Breg, crows - Vrana, na biyu kalma a cikin bayanan da nau'i-nau'i sauti tsaoho). Wadannan kalmomi ana kira rabu amfani karin lafazi archaisms. Wadannan sun hada da sharuddan kamar klob (kulob din a cikin zamani ƙamus) ana lasafta (yawan), Stora (labule), goshpital (asibitin) da kuma sauran m kalmomi da phrases a Rasha harshen, wanda za a iya samu a marubuta da kuma kasida daga cikin karni na 19th. Daga su "hammayarsu", sau da yawa suka sãɓã wa jũna a daya kawai sauti, akalla - kaɗan daga gare su ne yanzu wanda aka rabu amfani ko lafazi.

Kamar yadda ka gani daga misalai, disused ƙamus ne daban-daban mataki na ta tsaoho: wasu kalmomi har yanzu amfani a cikin jawabin, kamar kasida, kuma wasu suna sani a gare mu ne kawai a kan ayyukan adabi na baya karni. Akwai wadanda a yau wanda bai manta.

A sha'awa sabon abu - da archaism na wasu ma'anoni na kalma.

A sakamakon shi ne zargin ma'anar, ko na ginin jumla, archaisms, watau kalmomi cewa an yi amfani da wani wanda aka rabu amfani, sabon abu a gare mu. Su ilimi taimaka wajen fahimtar gaskiya harshen gargajiya wallafe-wallafe.

Ta yaya ne neologisms

Mun riga ya amsa da tambaya game da abin da neologisms, misalai na abin da aka kawo sunayensu da mu a sama. Yanzu mun gano yadda suka bayyana a Rasha harshe. Abin da ya zo da sauri: archaisms da neologisms? Bari mu fuskanci shi.

A kudi na bayyanar da irin wannan bambance bambancen yadudduka da ƙamus, aka rabu amfani da kalmomi da kuma neologisms, misalai na wanda ake samarwa a cikin wannan labarin. Yafi tsanani da sauri da aiwatar da ƙari na sabon harshe lexical abun da ke ciki. A cikin 'yan shekaru, kamar 15-20 shekaru, akwai kasance mai girma a canje-canje a cikin tarihin kasar mu, wanda aka nuna kai tsaye a kan Jihar Rasha ƙamus. By neologisms cewa ya bayyana a wannan lokaci, sun hada da irin wannan tarbiyya, wanda bai wanzu kafin, ba kawai a cikin wallafe-wallafen harshen, amma kuma a cikin dukan sauran yankunan da ta yi amfani da (yankin da kuma zamantakewa yaruka, aikin styles). Kawai tare da sake fasalin kudin a cikin ƙamus hada da sharuddan kamar Agrobank (watau ƙasar banki), corporatization (canji a cikin hadin gwiwa-stock kamfanin na jihar Enterprises ta hanyar da bayarwa da kuma sayar da daban-daban hannun jari), adireshin (jawabi ga wani rukuni na mutane), antirynochnik (watau mika mulki abokin gaba to a kasuwar tattalin arzikin), kazalika da hyperinflation (kumbura, wani hanzari girma da kuma barazanar tattalin arziki auka) da kuma wasu wasu.

iri neologisms

Kamar yadda ka gani, aka rabu amfani da kalmomi contrasted tare da neologisms. New ƙamus raka'a a formedness ne ko dai guda kalmomi (lesseeship, anti-Stalinism, audiotape, ATM, ƙungiya) ko fili sunayen (UFO - UFO, talauci line - wani mataki na jindadin na yawan jama'ar, samar da wani kadan adadin amfani da asali kayan dukiya).

Irin wannan neologisms suna dauke su lexical. Yana iya a lura a nan na magana da cewa an sabuwar kunno kai dorewa hade kalmomi, misali: don bawa da bugu latsa (wato, a fara da ƙarin bugu da takarda kudi, wanda ba a bayar da samar da dukiya), rataya noodles a kan kunnuwansa (ma'ana "don gabatar da wani a cikin ɓata" ) da sauransu.

Lexical da phraseological neologisms ne salon maganarsu, fili sharuddan da kalmomi.

Hudu kungiyoyin na neologisms

Kamar yadda ka gani, da ayyuka na rabu amfani kalmomi kuma neologisms ne daban-daban. A kan rawar da farko da muka ambata. Duk da sabon kalmomi a kan manufa za a iya raba hudu main kungiyoyin.

A farko daga cikin wadannan hada sunayen Concepts da suke da su, wanda a baya a cikin rayuwata na mutane bai wanzu: revivalists - mabiya Rasha na karya-m ƙungiyoyi, kuma sunã nẽman ta farka ta Grant - wasu tallafin, wakiltar wani nau'i na karin taimakon kudi ga kimiyya da bincike da sauransu.

Na biyu kungiyar na neologisms halitta don bayyana mamaki riga faruwa a harkokin rayuwar jama'a, amma ba samu saboda wasu dalilai, kamar akida, da zane-zane da: vozvraschenets - da yardar komo daga zaman talala zuwa ga mahaifarsa, wadanda ba shari'a - wanda shi ne a waje da aikace-aikace, Lenin, umurnin-komai haqqinsa et al.

Na uku kungiyar kunshi nuna hakikanin al'amarin, a hakikanin rai basu wanzu, amma zai yiwu a rudu kimanta a kara raya fasahar da kuma kimiyya: sararin, makaman nukiliya hunturu, a cyborg.

A karo na hudu kuma na karshe kungiyar kunshi lexical abubuwa, kwafi kalmomi da wasu lexical ma'anar. Wadannan sun hada da ideographic (full) ma'ana, m, a launi da kuma stylistic darajar: m - mai nauyi, statist - statists, tarihi - banrazana, kusan slavish tanƙwasa - affirmatively.

Mezhstilevaya da peculiar zuwa wasu style of magana, neologisms

Neologisms don amfani a cikin filin ne yafi mezhstilevaya, cewa an yi amfani da duk styles na magana (Intergirl, image, harka, yogurt, kebe, m-demokra] iyya, fataucin miyagun kwayoyi, Inter-banki). Duk da haka, a wasu masakin peculiar musamman style: publicistic (karkatacciya, rollback, miyagun ƙwayoyi ubangijina, integrator, balance), Scientific (biolokator Aura, lemar sararin samaniya rami, radioecology, clone) kasuwanci (dila depositary halitta kenkenewa) ko magana (xero, datti, tsabar kudi, fim din, bad luck, ƙunci).

Muka karɓa mai tambaya game da abin da shi ne aka rabu amfani da kalmomi da kuma neologisms. Misalai daga wadannan zai iya haifar da sosai daban-daban, a wannan labarin, da aka jera ne kawai da wasu daga cikinsu. A gaskiya ma, wadanda kuma wasu wakiltar wani gagarumin jiki harshe. Akwai ma na musamman kamus, ka iya sami wasu misalai na rabu amfani kalmomi kuma neologisms.