Polonium 210: rabin-rai. Mene ne amfani da polonium 210?

Polonium-210 ne mai matukar bayyana tarayya, tare da radiation. Kuma shi ne ba a banza, domin shi ne hadarin gaske musamman.

Tarihi na samu

Its zama aka annabta a 1889 da Mendeleev a lokacin da ya halitta ya shahara lokaci-lokaci tebur. A aikace, wannan kashi ƙidaya 84 da aka samu shekaru tara daga baya kokarin Curies, karatu da sabon abu na radiation. Maria Sklodowska-Curie kokarin gano dalilin da karfi radiation jefarwa daga wasu ma'adanai, sabili da haka ya fara aiki tare da 'yan samfurori da kankara, zalunta su duk samuwa ta hanyoyi, rarraba a cikin kasarun adadi da kuma yin watsi da ba dole ba. A sakamakon haka, ta samu wani sabon abu, wanda ya zama wani analogue na bismuth da uku bude bayan da rediyoaktif kashi uranium da kuma thorium.

Duk da nasara sakamakon gwajin, Mary da ke cikin wani sauri magana game da samu. Na bincike, gudanar da wani abokin aiki Curies kuma bai ba da filaye yi magana game da gano wani sabon kashi. Duk da haka, a cikin wani rahoto a wani taro na Paris Academy of Sciences a Yuli 1898 da biyu ya ruwaito cikin zargin da ake samu daga wani abu exhibiting da kaddarorin na karfe da shawarar kira shi polonium a cikin girmamawa Poland - mahaifarsa Maryama. Da shi shi ne na farko da kawai lokaci a tarihi lokacin da akwai muhimmanci alama abu An riga an kira. To, da farko samfur bayyana ne kawai a 1910.

Jiki da kuma sinadaran Properties

Polonium ne mai gwada taushi silvery farin karfe. Shi ne don haka rediyoaktif cewa glows a cikin duhu, kuma kullum mai tsanani. Kamar wancan ne ta narkewa nuna dan kadan fi da cewa da tin - kawai 254 digiri Celsius. Metal aka sosai hanzari oxidized a iska. A low yanayin zafi, shi Forms wani monatomic sauki cubic raga.

By ta sinadaran Properties na polonium ne sosai a kusa da wani analogue - tellurium. Bugu da ƙari, cikin yanayi na ta mahadi yana da babban tasiri high matakan da radiation. Saboda haka cewa halayen shafe polonium iya zama sosai nishadi da kuma ban sha'awa, ko quite m cikin sharuddan kiwon lafiya amfanin.

isotopes

Total kimiyya a halin yanzu ya san 27 (daidai da sauran kafofin - 33) suranta polonium. Babu wani daga cikinsu ba barga, kuma sun kasance duk rediyoaktif. Mafi yawa daga cikin nauyi isotopes (tare da lambobin atomic na daga 210 zuwa 218) a cikin wani karamin adadin samu a cikin yanayi, wasu za su iya kawai za a samu ta hanyar wucin gadi wajen.

Rediyoaktif polonium-210 - mafi tsawo-rayu da na halitta siffofin. An kunshe ne a cikin wani karamin adadin radium a uranium ores, kuma an kafa ta a dauki jerin fara da U-238 kuma yana for game da 4.5 biliyan shekaru, idan mun yi magana game da rabin-rai.

liyafar

A 1 ton na uranium tama ƙunshi isotopes na polonium-210 a cikin wani adadin game da 100 micrograms. Su za a iya bambanta a cikin aiki da sharar gida kayayyakin, sai dai ga samun fiye ko žasa gagarumin adadin da rabi zai yi rike da babbar adadin kayan. A yafi sauki da kuma tasiri hanya ne zuwa kira ta sakawa a iska mai guba na halitta bismuth da neutrons a nukiliya reactor.

A sakamakon haka, ko da bayan da wasu daga cikin hanyoyin samu ta hanyar polonium-210. Isotopes 208 da kuma 209 kuma za a iya samu a lõkacin bismuth ko gubar da aka irradiated tare da kara bim na alpha gaɓũɓuwa, protons ko deuterons.

radioactivity

Polonium-210, kazalika da sauran isotopes, shi ne wani alpha-emitters. Group mutum kuma fitarda gamma haskoki. Duk da cewa da isotope 210 ne kawai tushen alpha gaɓũɓuwa, shi ne quite m, ba shi yiwuwa a yi da hannãyenku, kuma ko da kusa da na kusa da nesa, tun jin wuta up, shi da ke shiga aerosol. Hadarin gaske musamman a matsayin samun cikin polonium numfashi ko abinci. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa aiki tare da wannan abu ne da aka gudanar a musamman shãfe haske kwalaye. Shi ne m cewa wannan kashi ne game da rabin karni da suka wuce da aka samu a taba ganye. lokaci na lalata da polonium-210 a kwatanta da sauran isotopes ne manyan isa, amma saboda shi zai iya tara a tsire-tsire, sa'an nan ma fi cutar da smoker ta kiwon lafiya. Duk da haka, wani ƙoƙari na cire abu daga taba kasance m.

hadari

Saboda polonium-210 fitarda kawai alpha gaɓũɓuwa, lura wasu sauna ya ji tsoro na aiki tare da shi kada ta kasance. A tsawon hanyar wadannan taguwar ruwa ne da wuya fiye da dozin santimita, kuma, da suka saba ba zai iya shiga cikin fata.

Duk da haka, da zarar sun shiga jiki, su sa shi babban lahani. Lokacin da allura a cikin jini yana da sauri bazuwa zuwa duk kyallen takarda - bayan 'yan mintoci gabansa za a iya gani a duk gabobin. Da farko, shi ne ba a cikin kodan da kuma hanta, amma kullum shi ne rarraba fairly a ko'ina, kuma wannan za a iya dangana ta zuwa ga babban total lethality.

Polonium yawan guba ne don haka mai girma cewa ko da kananan allurai sa na kullum radiation cuta, da kuma mutuwa ta 6-11 watanni. Babban hanyoyi na kawar daga jiki - ta hanyar da kodan da kuma gastrointestinal fili. Akwai dogara a kan hanyar da lamba. A rabin-rai na 30 zuwa 50 days.

Mai haɗari dalma ta polonium shi yiwuwa. Domin samun isasshen adadin da abu dole ne ya sami dama ga nukiliya reactor da kuma ƙulla wani isotope ganganci hadaya. haduwar ganewar asali ma da aka sani cewa, kawai 'yan lokuta a tarihi. A farko wanda aka azabtar yana dauke su da 'yar discoverers na polonium - Irene Joliot-Curie, wanda a cikin shakka daga binciken da ya barke da kwantena da wani abu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma ya mutu shekaru 10 baya. Wani biyu lokuta faruwa ne a XXI karni. A farko daga gare su - da sa mamaki hali Litvinenko, wanda ya mutu a 2006, da kuma na biyu - da mutuwar Yasser Arafat, a cikin abin da abubuwa burbushi na rediyoaktif isotope da aka samu. Duk da haka, wani tabbatacce ganewar asali ba a tabbatar.

Lalacewar

Daya daga cikin mafi tsawo-rayu isotopes, tare da 208 da kuma 209, ne polonium-210. A rabin-rai (Ina nufin lokacin a lokacin da yawan rediyoaktif barbashi aka halved) na farko guda biyu ne daidai da 2.9 da kuma 102 da shekaru, da kuma a karshe 138 kwanaki da 9 hours. Amma ga sauran isotopes, rayuwarsu da aka lasafta da farko minti kuma hours.

A hade da daban-daban Properties na polonium-210, sa shi ya fi dace daga cikin jerin don amfani a daban-daban na rayuwa. Kasancewa a cikin wani na musamman karfe harsashi, shi ba zai iya cutar da lafiyar ka, amma shi ne zai iya ba da su samar da makamashi da amfanin 'yan Adam. To, abin da amfani da polonium-210 a yau?

zamani aikace-aikace

A cewar wasu kimomi, game da 95% na samar da polonium aka mayar da hankali a Rasha, wanda aka hada a shekara game da 100 grams na abu, kuma kusan dukkan shi ne fitar dashi zuwa Amurka.

Akwai da dama a cikin yankunan da polonium-210 da aka yi amfani da. Sama da duka, wannan kumbon sama jannati. Tare da m size shi ne ba makawa a matsayin mai kyau tushen samar da makamashi da kuma zafi. Duk da cewa kamar kowane 5 months, ingancinta an rage zuwa rabin, da mutum isotopes ne yafi tsada, don samar.

Bugu da kari, polonium kaucewa irreplaceable a nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi. An yadu amfani don nazarin tasirin alpha radiation zuwa wasu abubuwa.

A karshe, wani m filin na aikace-aikace ne da yi na na'urorin don kawar da rikicewar lantarki ga masana'antu da kuma for gida amfani. Yana da ban mamaki yadda irin wannan m kashi iya zama kusan kitchenware, ana kewaye a cikin wani m daina kai hare hare.