Organ iri haifuwa a flowering shuke-shuke. Yadda za a yi kiwo shuke-shuke

A ƙarshen Mesozoic kuma da Cretaceous lokaci na duniya ta biomass ne halin da mamayar da fadi da waste daga wani sabon reshe na ci gaba da algae - angiosperms, ko flowering shuke-shuke. A dalilan da wannan sabon abu ne na musamman kayayyakin aiki, samuwa a cikin arsenal na da tsarin da kungiyar.

Yau, furanni, tsaba da 'ya'yan itatuwa, wanda suka ba, ba kawai wani muhimmin ɓangare na da abinci sarkar mafi biogeocenosis, amma kuma wani tushen abinci ga mutane, da miyagun ƙwayoyi raw kayan, tattalin arziki kayan da sauransu. Akwai fiye da 250 dubu angiosperms wanda ya wanzu a da dama rai siffofin (itatuwa, inabõbi, ganye, bushes) da kuma zauna kusan dukan sassa na duniya, nahiyoyi da kuma nahiyoyi.

Nau'in angiosperms

iri haifuwa sashin jiki a flowering shuke-shuke - da flower kanta. Yana yana kan tsarin, bayyanar, kazalika da yawan wasu morphological haruffa na dukan sashi na angiosperms ne zuwa kashi biyu main azuzuwan:

1. Monocots. Akwai game da 63 dubu jinsunan, suna tattare a cikin 122 iyalansu. Har ila yau, da aji kunshi 3 dubu haihuwar. Mafi na kowa iyali: hatsi, Liliaceae, ovoid, Palm, orchids, Sedge, Bromeliads, Nymphaeaceae, barkono da sauransu.
2. Dicotyledons. Fiye da 190 dubu jinsunan, sõyayya a 10 000 yawan haihuwa da 418 iyalansu. Mafi na kowa daga cikin karshen: Cruciferous, Rosaceae, Myrtaceae, inabi, malam kuma Legumes, Solanaceae, Umbrella da sauransu.

Babban bambancin dake tsakanin wadannan azuzuwan shi ne a cikin tsarin da furanni, tushen, ganye. A tattalin arziki darajar da wadannan tsire-tsire ne da manya-manyan ( 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu al'adu samu Textiles, kayan gini, dyes, magunguna, da dai sauransu), kazalika da rawa a yanayi.

Evolutionary sababbin abubuwa a cikin tsari na

Waɗancan ne da dama. Yana da wadannan sifofi da suka yarda angiosperms shirya haka yadu a duniya, a don haka Hardy kuma saba da wuraren da yanayin muhalli da yanayi.

1. iri haifuwa sashin jiki a flowering shuke-shuke - furanni da kuma siffofin bayan da 'ya'yan itace. The iri ne kare, an rufe ko 'ya'yan itace da ɓangaren litattafan almara m kwasfa, wanda ya ba da wani babban amfani a rayuwa jinsunan da su waste.
2. A iri-iri da hanyoyin da vegetative yaduwa.
3. Wurare da dama iri pollination.
4. Karbuwa na ciki tsarin da wuya muhalli da yanayi (fari, ya wuce kima danshi, mai haske rana, ko kuma rashin, sanyi, da dai sauransu). Wannan inganta jijiyoyin bugun gini tsarin, furanni, tsaba, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari, Tushen karfi da sauransu.
5. A bambancin da rai siffofin.
6. Farfagandar na flowering ba a dogara a kan gaban ruwa.

Duk wadannan siffofin ba da damar wadannan shuke-shuke zuwa mallaki ƙasar a ko'ina da kuma zama shugabanni a cikin da Flora.

Haihuwa sashen flowering

iri haifuwa sashin jiki a flowering shuke-shuke - shi ne mai flower, sa'an nan da 'ya'yan rufe da harkokin iri. Features na flower tsari, ta peculiar tsarin sassa, da hanyoyin da pollination da kuma ci gaba - duk wannan ya sa da angiosperms musamman zakarun daga shuke-shuke a kan haihuwa aiki.

Ga wani mutumin flower - shi ne wani ado kammala, wanda za a iya jin dadin, ba su kuma gamsar da wasu, to sha taba ta m ƙanshi. Duk da haka, da darajar a cikin yanayi na wannan tsarin shi ne quite shakka - wani sashin jiki iri haifuwa a flowering shuke-shuke. The aikin muhimmanci ne m da matakai na hadi da kuma ci gaban da sporophytes iri.

A tsarin da flower

Flower da 'ya'yan itace na wani memba na angiosperms a tsarin ingeniously yi cikinsa, kuma Organic. A hade da duk sassa na shuka damar yin haihuwa ayyuka a cika, ko da kuwa da sauyin yanayi da kuma sauran abiotic muhalli dalilai.

Bari mu bincika janar fasali na flower tsarin.

1. Kara Unit:

• peduncle.
• matattarã ba.

2. Leaf bangaren. Kafa sepals (yawanci kore), da kuma petals kafa da corolla. Its launi iya zama sosai daban-daban daga fari zuwa duhu m.

3. A generative sassa. Haihuwa gabobin, tabbatar da haifuwa na flowering. Yana pistils, stamens, kwai.

Waje da babban generative aka gyara demarcated da kuma kare perianth. Wannan tsarin ya hada da:

• kofin sepals.
• corolla na petals rasu.

Perianth iya zama guda ko biyu, dangane da shuka iri. Ya ƙunshi babban adadin daban-daban abubuwa, da muhimmanci mai, pigments (carotenoids, xanthophylls, chlorophyll, anthocyanins, da kuma sauran antofeinov). Daidai saboda wannan flower exudes wani turare cewa janyo hankalin hure. Corolla yana da wani daban-daban size da kuma canza launi, shi ne kuma muhimmanci ga tafarkin kwari, tsuntsaye, dabbobi.

Kai tsaye haihuwa gabobin flowering shuka kunshi gynoecium da androecium, a karkashin murfin da perianth. Androecium - wani tarin dukan stamens, yin aiki na namiji haihuwa sashin jiki. Stamens sauki tsarin, wakilta irin Tsarin:

• staminal filament.
• Bellow na biyu halves shiga ta Courier.
• microsporangia - sheƙarsu a cikin anther, a cikin abin da aiwatar da microsporogenesis da microgametogenesis (samuwar maniyyi da kuma microspores).

Bayan dauri na faruwa staminal filament anther peduncle, musayar na gina jiki da kuma na rayuwa kayayyakin. A sakamakon microspores baya kafa namiji sporophyte. Maniyyi take kaiwa ga samuwar na wãtsarwa, wanda zai dauki kashi a hadi da iri samuwar.

Flower gynoecium kafa ta a tarin duk da bijiro da batun kafa pistils. Wannan tsarin yana da muhimmanci, kamar yadda wakiltar, kamar yadda aka ambata riga, cikin mata haihuwa sashin jiki. A pistil kunshi:

• kwai.
• shafi.
• stigmas.

Kwai - tsarin, wanda Forms da widest wani ɓangare na pistil. A cikin an kafa ovules da hannu a cikin samuwar pericarp. A cikin wadannan Tsarin da kuma matakai megasporogenesis megagametogeneza faruwa. Har ila yau a cikin kwai auku aiwatar da hadi da iri samuwar, ta ci gaba.

Column pestle iya zama daban-daban masu girma dabam. Ana amfani da shi don sadarwa tsakanin stigma da kwai. Halin da sterility, cewa ba shiga a cikin jima'i tsari.

A stigma aka gripping da kura da cewa da dama daga cikin stamen anther. A size da kuma siffar wadannan sassa dabam, dangane da irin shuka pollination.

Flowering tsire-tsire: haifuwa

Flower iya sun dauki wani daban-daban yawan stamens da kuma pistils. Akwai wasu jinsunan da akwai kawai stamens ko pistils kawai - an kira su namiji da mace, bi da bi.

Me kuma yake ban sha'awa flowering shuke-shuke? Sake bugun, su zama biyu jima'i da kuma asexually, t. E. Vegetatively. Game da jima'i da shi ne, idan da hannu haihuwa sassa. Irin wannan tsari shine ake kira biyu hadi.

Its ainihi shi ne kamar haka. Bayan pollination, m shuke-shuke (aiki) pollen ƙasashe kan stigma da aka gudanar a can ta danko sosai matsakaici da kuma musamman m aka gyara. Sa'an nan steeped cell fara girma cikin su, kafa pollen tube. Yana da ta samu biyu ovaries maniyyi da haploid sa na chromosomes. Da zarar ciki da ovule, daya daga wanda Yanã shigar da kwai, an kafa cikakken kuma a shirye domin wannan tsari. Saboda haka akwai wani zygote - diploid kuma daga baya bada Yunƙurin zuwa zuriya.

Na biyu maniyyi fis din tare da ovule ciki diploid cell, a cibiyar. A sakamakon haka ne da endosperm. Wadannan matakai kammala haihuwa aiki:

• na ovule integuments kafa testa.
• carpel bango sansanonin samar da pericarp.
• ovule siffofin dukan zuriyar matsayin dukan.

A sakamakon haka ne ci gaban da tsaba a cikin 'ya'yan itace.

Hanyar na pollination

Akwai da dama na asali zažužžukan ta hanyar abin da hirtsinta ƙasashe kan stigma. Saboda haka, dubi hanyoyi na pollination na angiosperms:

1. Kai-pollination - ba tare da sa hannu na waje mutane.
2. Tare da taimakon iska.
3. Godiya ga kwari, dabbobi, da tsuntsaye.
4. Amfani da ruwa.
5. Wucin gadi pollination - tare da taimakon mutane.

cloning

Sake bugun launuka kuma an za'ayi vegetatively, wato, ba tare da jima'i tafiyar matakai. Wadannan sosai bambancin hanyoyi. A kasa line ne in yi amfani da daban-daban mafaka sassa (Tushen, ganye, mai tushe). Wasu daga cikin na kowa zaɓuɓɓuka:

• layering.
• gashin baki.
• grafting.
• tushen.
• ganye da kuma petiole.

Mafi yawa daga cikin wadannan hanyoyi da ake amfani da mutane a dilution na kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itace amfanin gona.

Da tsaba angiosperms

Daban-daban shuke-shuke - daban-daban tsaba. A tsarin wannan tsari ne irin wannan, amma da siffar, abun da ke ciki, launi na iya bambanta. Bugu da kari, shuke-shuke iya zama shekara-shekara da perennial. Annuals haifa kawai ta tsaba, wanda yã'yan, yawanci a lokacin rani marigayi. Saboda haka, da wani sabon ƙarni zai bayyana ne kawai a gaba girma kakar. Tsaba na shekara-shekara furanni sukan yi amfani da mutane domin daban-daban na ornamental shuke-shuke. A karshen hada asters, eschscholzia, marigolds, begonias, datura, calendula, hannun jari, Cosmo, miralibis da yawa wasu.

A 'ya'yan itatuwa na flowering

Flower da 'ya'yan itace - mafi muhimmanci na angiosperms. Sunã halattar da wadannan shuke-shuke wanzu a daban-daban yanayi, za a yadu saba da yawa.

'ya'yan itatuwa da tsire-tsire bambanta da babban bambancin da jinsunan, su jarrabawa, rarrabuwa da kuma ma'anar karatu da botanists a duk faɗin duniya, da kimiyya da su ne ake kira carpology. Mafi na kowa ne berries, dutse 'ya'yan itace, apple, kankana, granatina, kwafsa, wake weevil, sharhi, lionfish, Hesperides, da sauransu.