National Library of Rasha (St. Petersburg): Tarihin, harsãshensa, adireshin

National Library (St. Petersburg) a cikin May wannan shekara bikin ta 220th ranar tunawa. Bisa ga umurnin Catherine II a cikin watan jiya na bazara 1795, a library, kuma shi ne yanzu daya daga cikin mafi girma a duniya.

Girman kai na Arewa Capital - "Publichka" (unofficial sunan) - Rasha shugaban umurnin ayyana wani tarihi da kuma al'adun mutanen Rasha.

daban-daban sunayen

National Library (St. Petersburg) tun da aka kafa ta, kuma har 1917 da aka kira da na mallaka Jama'a Library. A lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet da iko, da sunan canja sau da yawa - har 1925 da aka kira da most library na Rasha Jama'a Library, 1932 Library aka mai suna bayan Saltykov-Shchedrin, sa'an nan, domin shekaru 70, har sai 1992, da aka sani da Jihar Jama'a Library. Cikin dukanin ta zama ba, mafi tsufa library na Rasha ya nema ya saye kudi da kuma, mafi muhimmanci, da tabbatar da free samun su.

Domin amfanin ilimi

National Library (St. Petersburg) ne yanzu a kan reserves asusu ne na biyu littafin ajẽwa a Rasha. Kamar yadda na farkon na shekara ta 2012, da NLR da damar 36,5 miliyan kofe, da suka hada da 400,000 rubuce-rubucen, 7000 littattafai buga kafin 1501, da aka sani da incunabula. Tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar zuwa yanzu, wannan library ne a gudanar da bincike, bayanai da kuma cibiyar al'adu na Rasha.

Kusan shekaru 30 ya dauki da haskaka Empress (1766-1795) ya amince da daftarin sallama zuwa gare shi. Fiye da shekara da rabi kafin mutuwarsa, shi ne wannan da kyau yi kusantar da layi a karkashin "babban shekaru" sarautarsa. Yi ya fara nan da nan bayan da amincewar aikin da ci gaba na tsawon shekaru 15.

Na farko shi ne sun fi mayar da

Wonderful gidaje girma a rarrabawa Sadovaya Street da kuma Nevsky Prospect, cewa shi ne a cikin zuciya na babban birnin kasar. Gininsu, gina a kan aikin E. T. Sokolova (Music wasan kwaikwayo ne dake a cikin qasaita aikinsa) kasance na farko da National Library. St. Petersburg ne a haɗe zuwa m manya na Turai. A undeniable abũbuwan amfãni hada da dakin karatu da kuma cewa shi ne ya halitta kasar na farko manual a library rarrabuwa dõmin ƙari kuma amfaninsa ta kudi.

Kuma da yanki na dokokin wajibi bayarwa ga tsare cika da kudi a cikin Library (a cikin adadin 2 raka'a) na wani da aka buga buga kayayyakin a Rasha kuma gare ta asalin to na farko library.

Samuwar musamman kudi

Bude shi da shi da aka shirya domin 1812, amma saboda wasu dalilai, da ya faru a 1814. National Library (St. Petersburg), da adireshin wanda aka sani ba kawai ga kowane dan kasa na arewacin babban birnin kasar, amma mutane da yawa baƙi ban mamaki birni, located a kan Ostrovsky Square, 1/3, ya dauki siffar kamar yadda a tarihi gungu a 1900. Ya kamata a lura da wani ban sha'awa gaskiya: a cikin tsarin na waje asusun mangaza sa 'yan'uwa Zalusskih Library, wanda aka located in Warsaw, kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin na farko] akunan karatu, a duniya.

Yana iya zama idan aka kwatanta da kawai uku daga gidan sarauta, library a Turai, dake Birnin London, Paris da kuma Munich. A 1794, bayan da danniya na tawaye Kosciuszko Suvorov. 400,000 kundin da aka ayyana da dukiyar da Rasha Empire. Pearl na kudi ne ma a library na Voltaire, wanda aka sayo ta Catherine II a 1778 a Deni Volter lnsaf, da gado na babban zurfin tunani. Special jirgin ta dauka don Rasha da kuma sanya shi a cikin hermitage, da kuma tsari na Alexander II da aka canjawa wuri zuwa ga mallaka Jama'a Library.

Cibiyar al'adu rayuwa da kuma sababbin abubuwa

Kawai na farko shekaru 30 da zama, da library a cikin hannãyenku daga cikin masu karatu sun samu fiye da 100 000 kofe na littattafai. Babu shakka, da kudi shi ne ci gaba da ƙara a matsayin yawan baƙi, da kuma a cikin shekaru 1832-1835 aka kaddamar a karo na biyu gini, da facade na wanda ya tafi zuwa ga Catherine ta lambu. A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XIX harsãshensa, saboda da yawa littafin kyauta, za mu fara kara ambaliyar ruwa - for 50s 30 sau idan aka kwatanta da dukan farko da rabi na XIX karni. By 1917, akwai manya-manyan yawan rubuce-rubucen a Rasha a library ta collections. National Public Library (St. Petersburg) shi ne na farko a Rasha, inda aji gata aka soke - shi ya fara ziyarci mace. A cikin shekaru 1860-1862 aka gina wani gidaje aikin VI Sobolevschikova, rufe da tsakar gida kewaye. All sababbin abubuwa] abi'ar yin karatun bayyana a nan.

lokaci na cũta

Daga 1917 zuwa 1930, kudi ajiya ayyuka za a iya kara saboda da nationalized zaman kansa collections da kuma tarin na gidajen lama da kuma hukumomin gwamnati, ko da yake a kudi na buga samarwa dukiya kara kusan gaba daya tsaya da aka mayar kawai bayan 1930.

Library ma'aikatan an hõre danniya, wanda ya ci gaba har lokacin da Great Patriotic War, wanda ya jawo mai girma lalacewar kudi. Amma a lokacin da kewaye library Na yi aiki, suka bauta wa da masu karatu.

An gaggawa bukatar for sabon gabatarwa

Jihar National Library (St. Petersburg) a shekarar 1991 da umurnin Borisa Eltsina aka sake masa suna sake. Yanzu shi ne ake kira da Rasha National Library.

Bukatarsa ce cewa ginin, wanda ya wuce shekaru 200 years old, rududdugaggu da kuma zama m don adana da yawa daga cikin mafi muhimmanci guda. Saboda haka, ko da a cikin XX karni, akwai wata tambaya game da gina sabon ginin hadu da dukan bukatun da wayewar. A shekarar 1970, an yanke shawarar gina sabon ginin da aka yi, da kuma shekaru 10 da sabon ginin aikin da aka ɓullo da, sa'an nan kuma wannan adadin shekaru, shi da aka gina. An kawai rukunin farko na sabon ginin da aka bude a 2003 (da shi ya hada da dukan karatu da dakuna da kuma library, maimakon wani bude a lokacin da miliyan 10 littattafai).

A sabon ginin bai warware duk matsaloli

A sabon ginin (matsuguni da dakin karatu da kuma fara da za a kira) mayar da su cikin National Library (St. Petersburg). "Nasara Park" - tashar jirgin karkashin kasa, located in nan da nan kusanci (kamar yadda ya aikata da Nasara Park, m) zuwa 9-storey gini na sabuwar stacks, iya zuwa saukar zuwa miliyan 12 littattafai. Reading da dakuna da kuma sauran ofisoshin suna located in gine-gine na karami tsawo. Storage ne mai rinjaye siffa daga cikin dukan aikin. A karkashin wannan gini da aka ware mãkirci na 4.6 kadada. A cikin tsohon ginin da library, located a 11 wurare, Stores up to 22,7 miliyan littattafai.

Babu shakka, sũ, sun kasance shere. Amma shiga wani sabon zamani library ginin bai warware duk matsaloli - shi ne har yanzu ɓangare na kudi ne a 9 wurare, wani lokacin a takalman gine-gine a disrepair. A shekarar 2009, wata kwangila da aka sanya hannu, don gina wani sabon 11-labarin littafin ajẽwa, wanda za a located kusa da data kasance hadaddun a Nasara Park.

} ir} cibiyar

The kyau sabon jiki cozily nestled National Library of Rasha (St. Petersburg). A adireshin ginin ne: Moscow Avenue, 165, Bldg .. 2. A sabon ginin na Rasha National Library ne cibiyar} ir} ayyukan, wanda a yarda tada sabis zuwa dukan sabon matakin. A zauren na lantarki library, ya bude a 2006, lantarki taskoki, gama 2011 zuwa cibiyar sadarwa na lantarki dakunan karatu Vivaldi - duk wannan daukan MFN mafi girma matakin kasa da kasa. Wannan gini shi ne hedkwatar Rasha Library Association.