Naman kaza - shi ne wata dabba ko shuka?

Wadannan halittu yanayi ne saba mana tun suna yara. Kowa ya sani game da rawar da fungi a mutum abinci, a samar da wasu kayayyakin abinci (misali, yogurt, gurasa, cuku, ruwan inabi), a cikin halittar kwayoyi-maganin rigakafi. Amma mutane da yawa da tambaya "Naman kaza - shi ne mai shuka ko dabba, wani 'ya'yan itace, ko wani kayan lambu," tabbas amsa har yanzu zama a wata asarar dama. Amma idan kimiyya kanta o ga wannan tambaya zai ƙayyade ba haka ba da dadewa, abin da ya yi magana na talakawa}?

mycology

A ra'ayi na namomin kaza, kamar yadda da ya zama ruwan dare kashi namun daji, kafa kawai a cikin 70s na karshe karni. Namomin kaza bayyana a matsayin wani mulki na halitta ha kwayoyin dake dauke da siffofin duka biyu da shuke-shuke da dabbobi (a gaskiya, namomin kaza - wannan kuma, da wani). A fannin kimiyya binciken wadannan halittu tsaya fitar a mycology kimiyya - o sashe.

bambancin

Mulkin namomin kaza ne sosai bambancin - nazarin halittu da muhalli. Wadannan kwayoyin sun zama muhimman hakkokin da ɓangare na wasu daga cikin muhalli tsarin, ruwa da kuma ƙasa. A cewar daban-daban kimomi, mycology masana, duniya akwai tsakanin 100,000 da miliyan 1.5 jinsunan wadannan halittu. namomin kaza azuzuwan (as of 2008), akwai 36, da kuma iyali - 560.

Namomin kaza a cikin yanayi

Rawar da wadannan kwayoyin a cikin muhalli tsarin na Duniya. Mutane da yawa fungi maida kwayoyin halitta a cikin inorganic, nishadantarwa da gaske zubarda matattu kwayoyin Kwayoyin. A shuka, bi da bi, da sanin wani symbiosis da fungi feed a kan kayayyakin da suka harshen damo. Hulɗa tare da fungi kuma mafi girma shuke-shuke da kuma algae, da kuma kwari, da kuma dabbobi. Saboda haka a cikin dabbobi, namomin kaza - mai muhimmanci da kuma ba makawa a bangaren for narkewa na shuka abinci.

Aikin a cikin rayuwar mutane

Tun zamanin da, da naman gwari - shi ne, na farko, a tushen abinci ga wasu daga mutãne. Known rubuta bayanai game da amfani da fungi shekaru dubu biyar da suka wuce (amma, lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, sun cinyewa a matsayin abinci ko cavemen). Saboda fungi ne ba a cikin daban-daban maharibai yanayi - da kuma a kan ruwa, a kan ƙasa, kuma a cikin iska - ba tare da su shi ne ba a gudanar da a cikin shirye-shiryen da wani abinci. Wasu irin cuku, yogurt, yisti gurasa, giya, ruwan inabi - wadannan kayayyakin sun kawai saboda da muhimmanci ayyuka na wadannan kwayoyin. A zamani duniya da naman kaza - shi ne ma da albarkatun kasa domin samar da wasu kwayoyi (maganin rigakafi), wanda kashe kwayoyin cutar da ke taimaka a lura da baya m cututtuka kamar ciwon huhu.

Sake bugun, kuma waste

A fungi ne quite tasiri, halitta da yanayi, Hanyar haifuwa. Fungal spores ne ko dai daya ko dama Kwayoyin ciwon microscopic size (1 zuwa 100 microns). Wadannan Kwayoyin dauke da karamin adadin abubuwa domin abinci, kuma da wuya tsira. Amma a lokacin da suka samu shiga cikin al'adu da kuma yanayin da zai taimaka, germinating, ba haihuwa zuwa wani sabon mycelium. A low rayuwa kudi da aka biya diyya da yanayi mai babbar adadin shawara. Saboda haka Naman kaza tinder matsakaici size sa up 30 biliyan spores da naman kaza - har zuwa 40! Shin akwai fungal spores asexual da kuma jima'i haifuwa, yin daban-daban ayyuka a gaske da naman gwari rayuwarsu. A farko - domin taro sake ma su matsugunni a cikin girma kakar. Na biyu - don ƙirƙirar wani iri-iri a cikin zuriyata.

Kefir naman gwari

A gaskiya, ba haka ba ne kawai daya, amma a dukan rukuni na daban-daban kwayoyin. Sha'awa, Kefir naman gwari (in ba haka ba da aka sani da Tibet ko madara) wakiltar symbiosis kwayoyin daban-daban jinsunan kafa a cikin shakka daga dogon ci gaba. Wadannan halittu suna haka saba da rayuwa tare da nuna hali a matsayin wani guda kuma basa jiki. A fari ko yellowish-akai na kefir fungi musamman sourness dauki kashi yisti da streptococci (lactic acid bacillus), wanda sanin da sinadirai masu darajar da fa'idarsa ga jikin mutum. A general, wani abun da ke ciki na wannan symbiosis ne fiye da 10, da kuma daban-daban kwayoyin abin da girma da kuma ninka tare, ciki har da acetic acid kwayoyin cuta. Saboda haka, sakamakon ikon rayuwa al'ummomin kwayoyin za a iya dangana a lactic acid kayayyakin da kuma kayayyakin na giya fermentation lokaci guda. A Tibet samu kefir hada da lactic acid, da kuma barasa, da kuma carbon dioxide, da kuma enzymes, wanda ya ba shi musamman asali da kuma palatability (a Bugu da kari don amfani yau da kullum amfani).

Tarihi na Tibet kefir

Yana yana da fiye da daya karni. A cewar masana tarihi, Kefir naman gwari da aka sani ga dama shekara dubu. Sufaye, acidify madara a cikin na musamman tukwane daga lãka, mun lura cewa, shi sours a hanyoyi daban-daban. Haka, an gano da kuma ladabi kefir naman kaza. A tsawon lokaci, da Tibet sufaye koya cewa irin wannan samfurin samu ta hanyar co-fermentation kuma aiki na dama iri kwayoyin, yana da matukar kyau sakamako a kan gabobin jikin mutum da na yau da kullum amfani, karfafa da kuma sake gina. Hanta da kuma ciki, pancreas da kuma zuciya ji mai girma! Tun zamanin da, Tibet da kuma yi wa masu yawa cututtuka yogurt, ta amfani da yafi a matsayin prophylactic.