Misalai na rikice-rikice. iri rikici

An ɓangare na zamani al'umma ne da zamantakewa rikici a duk da bambancin. Misalai na rikice-rikice da muka hadu a ko'ina, suka fara da kananan jayayya da kuma kawo karshen duniya adawa. A sakamakon daya daga wadannan jayayya - Islamic fundamentalism - An dauke a kan sikelin da daya daga cikin duniya ta manyan matsalolin da ke da iyaka da da barazana da yakin duniya III. Duk da haka, nazarin a cikin filin na ƙayyadaddu da rikici a matsayin zamantakewa da m sabon abu sun nuna cewa shi ne isasshe m da hadaddun ra'ayi don kimanta ta uniquely hallakaswa hangen zaman gaba.

A ra'ayi na rikici

The fi na kowa a cikin ilimin kimiyya suna dauke su biyu, na fuskantar da yanayin da rikici (Antsupov AY). A farko ma'anar da rikici a matsayin karo na jam'iyyun, ra'ayin da aka ko sojojin. na biyu - kamar yadda karo gaban matsayi, a raga, bukatu da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka batutuwa hulda. Saboda haka, a cikin farko idan dauke misalai na rikice-rikice fadi dabi'u da ke faruwa a rai ko maras rai yanayi. A karo na biyu idan akwai wani rikici plurilateral rukuni na mutane. Kamar haka wani rikici ya hada da wasu line hulda tsakanin batutuwa (ko kungiyoyin na batutuwa) wanda ci gaba a cikin abotar.

Tsari da kuma bayani dalla-dalla da rikici

The kafa na rikici yayi a general al'adu dauke L. Coser. Daya daga cikin abũbuwan amfãni daga ka'idarsa ne fitarwa cewa akwai misalai na rikice-rikice na m aikin darajar. A wasu kalmomin, Coser jãyayya da cewa rikici ne ba ko da yaushe mai hallakaswa sabon abu - akwai lokuta inda yana da muhimmanci ga halittar ciki links da wani tsarin, ko domin a sami zaman cohesion.

Structure rikici form mahalarta (adawar adawa bangarorin), da kuma ayyukansu, wani batu da yanayin / halin da ake ciki na rikici (misali - murkushe a harkar sufuri ta gwamnati), kuma sakamakonsa. A batu na rikici ne yawanci nasaba, da bukatun da jam'iyyun da hannu, kuma domin da gamsuwa na wanda shi ne mai gwagwarmaya. Tare su za a iya harhada cikin manyan kabilun: jiki, zamantakewa (matsayi-rawa) da kuma ruhaniya. Sabani da daya ko wani muhimmanci ga mutum (s) yana bukatar da za a iya gani a matsayin musabbabin rikici.

Misalai na rikice-rikice typology

Yadda NV Grishina Notes a yau da kullum sani na rikice-rikice da misalai hada quite mai fadi da kewayon events - daga makamai rikici da kuma adawa tsakanin wasu zamantakewa kungiyoyin kuma har zuwa aure sabani. Ba kome, ko yana da wani muhawara a majalisar dokokin kasar, ko da gwagwarmaya na sirri sha'awa. A yau naukoznanii iya samun babbar dama daban-daban sukayi fassara, ba tare da wani sarari bambantawa tsakanin Concepts da "nau'o'in" da kuma "jinsunan" na rikice-rikice. Misalai na biyu kungiyoyin sukan yi amfani da matsayin ma'ana. A halin yanzu, a cikin ra'ayi, shi ne mafi alhẽri ware uku babban al'amurran da typology na rikice-rikice:

• daban na rikice-rikice.
• daban na rikice-rikice.
• siffofin rikici.

A farko al'amari ne mafi m da kundinta. Kowane irin na iya hada dama iri rikice-rikice, wanda, bi da bi, zai iya faru a daya nau'i ko wata.

Iri da kuma rikice-rikice

The main iri rikice-rikice ne kamar haka:

• intrapersonal (intrapersonal).
• interpersonal (interpersonal).
• intergroup.
• rikici tsakanin mutum da kuma kungiyar.

Saboda haka, girmamawa a cikin wannan yanayin ne a kan batutuwa (mambobi) da rikici. A nuna interpersonal, intergroup rikice-rikice da kuma rikice-rikice tsakanin mutum da kuma kungiyar ne misalai na zamantakewa rikice-rikice. A farko zamantakewa rikici, tare da intrapersonal da zookonfliktom, ware fitar a matsayin mai raba irin Jamus sociologist Georg Simmel. A wasu karin 'yan Concepts intrapersonal rikici shi ne ma kunshe a cikin ra'ayi na zamantakewa, wanda, duk da haka, shi ne mai debatable batu.

Daga cikin manyan Sanadin zamantakewa rikici aka yarda ware iyaka albarkatun, da bambance-bambance a cikin mutanen da ta dabi'u da kuma na ginin jumla mahallin, da bambance-bambance a cikin rayuwar kwarewa da kuma demeanor, da gazawar wasu fasalulukan daga cikin mutum psyche, da sauransu.

intrapersonal rikici

Yakan haifar da subjectively samu misalignment na wasu trends a sani daga cikin mutum (kimomi, halaye, bukatu da kuma sauransu. D.), hulda da juna a cikin ci gaban tsarin (Mitin LM Kuzmenkova OV). A wasu kalmomin, shi ne a karo motivational wasu tsarin, wanda ba za a iya bayyana ta (ya gane) lokaci guda. Alal misali, mutum ba zai iya son aikinku, amma tsoro ya bar saboda yiwuwa na sauran m. A yaro iya jarabce su kasance ba ya nan daga aji, kuma a lokaci guda tsoron a hukunta shi, da kuma sauransu. D.

Bi da bi, da irin wannan rikici na iya zama da wadannan iri (Antsupov AY, Shipilov AI):

• dalili ( "Ina so" da "so");
• rikici na rashin kai girma ( "zan iya" da kuma "iya");
• rawar-Playing ( "dole" da "dole");
• rikici unfulfilled zũciyõyinsu ( "Ina so" da "I");
• halin kirki ( "Ina so" da "tilas");
• karbuwa ( "tilas", "iya").

Saboda haka, wannan rarrabuwa bambanta uku babban aka gyara hali tsarin, yi karo da juna: "Ina so in" (Ina so), "Ina da" (shi ya zama) da kuma "Ni" (I). Idan muka kwatanta wannan ra'ayi tare da wasu hali tsarin, ci gaba da Sigmund Freud a psychoanalysis, za mu iya tsayar da rikicin Eid (so), Izza (I) da kuma superego (dole). Har ila yau a cikin wannan harka shi ne bu mai kyau zuwa tuna da transactional analysis Erika Berna kuma kasaftawa su zuwa uku matsayi da mutum: yaro (talauci), Adult (I), iyaye (wajibi ne).

interpersonal rikici

Wannan irin na faruwa a cikin hali na rashin jituwa tsakanin mutane. Daga cikin siffofin da shi za a iya lura da cewa yana daukan wuri a kan wani "a nan da kuma yanzu" na iya zama duka haƙiƙa, da kayadadden dalilai, kazalika, kamar yadda mai mulkin, halin high tausaya hannu. Interpersonal irin kuma za a iya raba raba daban na rikice-rikice.

Alal misali, dangane da ƙayyadaddu na da dangantakar karkashi tsakanin jam'iyyun, interpersonal rikice-rikice za a iya raba "tsaye" rikice-rikice, "a kwance" da "diagonal". A cikin farko idan muna anfani da wani zama ƙarƙashin dangantaka, misali, da shugaban - wani ma'aikaci, wani malamin - almajiri. A karo na biyu idan ya auku a lokacin da jam'iyyun da rikici kan daidai gabãtarwar da ba batun juna - .. Co-ma'aikata, maza, ba ruwansu, mutane a line, da dai sauransu diagonal rikice-rikice na iya tashi tsakanin abokan adawar da suke a tsaye ba karkashi - tsakanin manyan sabis da kuma a kan-taƙawa rabo tsakanin wani babban jami'in da junior da dai sauransu, a. (idan mahalarta ne a daban-daban matakin matsayi, amma ƙarƙashin madaidaci ba kunshi tare da juna).

Interpersonal rikice-rikice za su iya hada nau'i irin iyali (aure, iyaye-yaro rikici tsakanin 'yan'uwa), gida, da rikici a cikin kungiyar (misali na kungiyoyi rikici mu ganin kowane lokaci a karo na faruwa a musamman masana'antu tsarin tsakanin ta abokai cikin tebur hulda), da sauransu.

intergroup rikici

Domin intergroup rikici ne yarda da karo tsakanin memba daban-daban na zamantakewa kungiyoyin (manyan, ƙanana da matsakaici-sized), kazalika da tsakanin wadannan kungiyoyin a matsayin dukan. A wannan yanayin ma zai yiwu ware guda form a matsayin rikici a cikin kungiyar (misalai. Tsakanin ma'aikata da management, gwamnati da kuma ƙungiyar, dalibai da kuma malaman, da dai sauransu), iyali (a lokacin da rikici shafe dama wakilan da biyu ko fiye kungiyoyin - misali a birni Apartments, bi da bi, jama'a kai da sauransu. d.).

Zaka kuma iya zažar wadannan misalai na zamantakewa rikice-rikice a cikin Inter-kungiya matakin a matsayin kasa da kasa, Intercultural da kuma addini. Kowace daga cikin wadannan iri rufe m sassa na yawan da kuma halin da babba tsawon lokaci. Bugu da kari, da aka zaɓa jinsunan iya samun crossover hali. A raba category ne na kasa da kasa rikice-rikice (misalai na wadda muke yawan gani a cikin labarai), ciki har da tsakanin mutum da jihohi da kuma su coalitions.

A rikici tsakanin mutum da kuma kungiyar

Wannan irin ne fiye auku a cikin akwati inda mutum guda a cikin ƙungiyar ki yarda su yi aiki kamar yadda sauran mahalarta, haka nuna nonconformist hali. Ko dai ya aikata wasu yi wanda yana dauke su unacceptable cewa tsokani rikici a kungiyar. A matsayin misali, a alama fim za su iya aiki Karin Bykov "cushe" (1983), a cikinsa babban harafin, Lena Bessoltseva ne a rikicin da ajin. Har ila yau, karin misali na hali a cikin ƙungiyar Nonconformist sa rikici ne mai ban tausayi rabo Italian Falsafa Giordano Bruno.

siffofin rikici

Wannan category yakan haifar da wani bayani dalla-dalla na mataki cewa, samar da rikici. Daga cikin manyan siffofin a cikin abin da yiwuwar aukuwar rikici, su ne wadannan (Samsonova N. V.): muhawara (muhawara) da'awar, hukunci, kauracewa gasar, yajin, ɓarna da gangan, yajin, zagi (zagi), jere, barazana, ƙiyayya, encroachment , tilastawa, hari, yaki (siyasa rikice-rikice). Misalai shawarwari da shawara kuma za a iya samu a cikin kimiyya al'ummomi, wanda sake tabbatar da yiwuwar sanyata rikici.

Domin duk iri rikice-rikice, za ka iya la'akari da uku main msar tambayar fuskanci:

• dalili.
• situational.
• fahimi.

motivational m

A cikin sharuddan da wannan dabarar, ƙiyayya da wasu mutum ko kungiya ne a sama da dukan wani tunani na ciki matsaloli. Alal misali, tare da Freud matsayin autogruppovaya rashin jituwa ne makawa sharadin wani Inter-kungiya hulda, da ciwon duniya. Babban aiki na wannan rashin jituwa - a wajen rike ciki da kwanciyar hankali da kuma cohesion na kungiyar. A wuri na musamman a cikin wannan harka shagaltar da siyasa rikice-rikice. Misalai za a iya samu a tarihin samuwar da farkisanci motsi a Jamus da kuma Italiya (da ra'ayin launin fata magabaci), kazalika da a cikin tarihi na gwagwarmaya da "makiyan mutane" a cikin tsawon Stalin ta repressions. Freud hade da samuwar inji autogruppovoy rashin jituwa zuwa "kasashen waje" da Oedipus hadaddun, da ilhami na ta'adi da wani tunanin da katin shaida tare da shugaban na kungiyar -. A "baba", da dai sauransu Daga cikin ra'ayi na dabi'a ba za a dauke wannan facts matsayin sanyata rikici. Misalai launin fata da kuma taro tsõro, duk da haka, a fili ya nuna yiwuwar kokarin nema da mambobi na daya kungiyar a adawa da sauran.

The mutunci da msar tambayar manufar Amirka psychologist Leonard Berkowitz matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin da na intergroup rikice-rikice a cikin ni'imar zumunta rashi. Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin kungiyoyin kimanta matsayin su cikin al'umma a matsayin mafi disadvantaged matsayi a kwatanta da sauran kungiyoyin. A wannan rashi ne dangi, a matsayin samun galaba matsayi a gaskiya bazai m.

situational m

Wannan dabarar da aka mayar da hankali a kan waje dalilai, halin da ake ciki haifar da abin da ya faru da kuma bayani dalla-dalla da rikici. Saboda haka, a cikin Turkish psychologist Muzaffer Sheriff ta karatu sun gano cewa, da rashin jituwa ta wani rukuni da wani ne ƙwarai rage idan, maimakon m yanayi aka azurta su da yanayi na hadin gwiwa (da bukatar aiwatar da hadin gwiwa a cikin abin da sakamako dogara da kowa} o} arin na duk mahalarta). Saboda haka, Sheriff ya gano cewa, da dalilai na halin da ake ciki, a cikin abin da kungiyoyin mu'amala, suna hukunci a kayyade da m ko m yanayin intergroup hulda.

fahimi m

A wannan yanayin, da girmamawa da yake a kan gagarumar rawar da fahimi (shafi tunanin mutum) tsarin da hannu a cikin rikicin da juna. Saboda haka, a halin da ake ciki na rikicin intergroup rashin jituwa ta wani rukuni da wani ba dole ba ne ya sa ta wani haƙiƙa rikici na bukatun (wanda ake da'awar a idon basira ka'idar rikice-rikice a cikin tsarin na situational m). Haka kuma, ba m / m yanayin da ake ciki ya zama hukunci factor a cikin intergroup da interpersonal interactions da kuma abin da ke faruwa a lokacin da yake kungiyar saituna. By kansu, da sauran manufofin ne a warware rikicin da ke tsakanin abokan adawar - ya dogara a kan samuwar zamantakewa halaye da cewa gama da kungiyar da kuma taimakawa wajen shawo kan su 'yan adawa.

Tedzhfel Turner da kuma ci gaba da ka'idar zamantakewa ainihi, inda rikici tsakanin kungiyoyin ba su da wani zama dole sakamako na zamantakewa rashin adalci (sabanin motivational m). Fuskanci tare da wannan rashin adalci, mutane suna da damar da za su zabi daya ko wasu hanyoyin da za a shawo kan ta.

Conflictological al'adun hali

Ko da kuwa ko akwai kasa da kasa rikice-rikice, misalai na wanda aka fi a fili nuna hallakaswa rikici hali bangarorin. ko ko muna magana ne game da wani qananan jayayya tsakanin abokan aiki ne mai muhimmanci sosai alama mafi kyau hanyar fita. Da ikon da sabani cikin bangarorin samu jayayya a cikin wani wuya rikici halin da ake ciki, don hana nasu hallakaswa hali, ganin zai yiwu al'amurra na kara hadin gwiwa tare da wadannan abokan adawar - duk wadannan dalilai ne da key zuwa yiwu m sakamako. A daidai wannan lokaci, ko ta yaya muhimmanci shi ne total jama'a da manufofin, tattalin arziki, al'adu da kuma tsarin shari'a a cikin al'umma, asalin wannan Trend ne wasu takamaiman mutane. Kamar yadda kogin ya fara daga kananan qarqashinsu.

Shi ne game da conflictological al'adu ainihi. M ra'ayi ya hada da ikon da so daga cikin mutum zuwa ga rigakafin, da kuma ƙuduri na zamantakewa rikice-rikice (Samsonova N. V.). A wannan yanayin shi ne bu mai kyau zuwa tuna da manufar "sanyata rikici." Misalai na halin yanzu rikice-rikice (la'akari da wasa da tartsatsi hali) nuna a maimakon haka, babu wani sanyata rikici hulda. A wannan batun, manufar conflictological al'adunsu da dole ne a yi la'akari da ba kawai da ba sosai kamar yadda daya daga cikin yanayi na mafi kyau duka ƙuduri na rigingimu a cikin al'umma, amma kuma a matsayin wani muhimmin factor na socialization na kowane zamani mutum.