A samu na electron: Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson

A 1897, Birtaniya likita Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940) gano na'urar da aka sanya bayan jerin gwaje-gwajen, wanda manufarsa shine don nazarin yanayin da lantarki sallama a injin. Famous masanin kimiyyar fassara bim na electrically caje deflection faranti da maganadiso kamar shaida cewa electrons ne da yawa karami fiye da kwayoyin halitta.

A babban likita da kuma masanin kimiyya ya kamata ya zama wani injiniya

Joseph John Thomson, mai girma masanin kimiyya, wani likita da ya rene, ya zama wani injiniya, kamar yadda tsohonsa ya yi tunani, amma a lokacin da iyali da babu kudi biya domin ilimi. Maimakon haka, matasa Thomson halarci kwalejin a Machestere, sa'an nan a Cambridge. A 1884 aka nada zuwa babbar post na farfesa gwaji kimiyyar lissafi a Cambridge, ko da yake shi da kansa ya kashe sosai kadan gwaji aiki. Ya gano da basira domin cin gaban kayan aiki da ganewar asali related matsaloli. Joseph John Thomson malami ne mai kyau, karfafa almajiransa da kuma kishin babba da hankali ga general matsala na ci gaban kimiyya koyarwa a jami'a da kuma makarantar sakandare.

Nobel Prize Lambar Yabo

Thompson ya samu da yawa daban-daban awards, ciki har da Nobel Prize a Physics a 1906. Ya kuma yi mai yawa fun don ganin yadda wasu daga ayarinsa samu kyautar Nobel, ciki har da Rutherford a Chemistry a 1908. A yawan malamai, kamar Uilyam Praut da Norman Lockyer, shawara cewa sunadaran - wannan ba karami barbashi a duniya da cewa suna gina daga mafi asali raka'a.

A samu na electron (takaice)

A 1897, Thompson ya nuna cewa daya daga cikin babban raka'a 1,000 sau mafi qaranci, wannan subatomic barbashi zama da aka sani da electron. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa, godiya ga na bincike a kan kaddarorin cathode haskoki. An nuna godiya da nauyi na cathode ray ma'auni zafi samo asali da zafi canja wuri da lamba bim kuma idan aka kwatanta shi da halin maganaɗisu katako deflection. Ya gwaje-gwajen ba kawai ce cewa cathode haskoki 1000 sau m hydrogen atoms, amma kuma cewa su nauyi ne guda ko da kuwa da irin zarra. Scientist ƙarasa da cewa bim kunshi wani mai haske, barnatar caje barbashi da suke da m gini tubalan ga kwayoyin halitta. Ya kira wadannan barbashi "corpuscles", amma daga baya da masana kimiyya ya zaɓi sunan "electrons", samarwa da George Johnstone Stoney a 1891.

gwajen Thompson

Gwama sabawa na cathode ray bim da lantarki da kuma Magnetic filayen, da likita samu mafi m ji na cajin da taro na wani electron. Previous Thomson gudanar a ciki musamman cathode ray shambura. A shekara ta 1904, ya sa a gaba da suke cewa da model na zarra ne a Sphere tabbatacce al'amari, a cikin abin da matsayi na barbashi ne m da electrostatic sojojin. Don bayyana batutuwan tsaka tsaki lura da zarra, Thompson da shawarar cewa corpuscles aka rarraba a wani uniform filin na tabbatacce cajin. A samu na electron sanya shi yiwuwa a ɗauka cewa zarra za a iya raba karami sassa, da kuma mataki na farko da samar da wani cikakken tsarin na zarra.

Tarihi na samu

Dzhozef Dzhon Tomson yadu da aka sani a matsayin discoverer na electron. Mafi yawa daga cikin aiki, wani farfesa ya yi aiki a kan sassa daban daban na gudanar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar gas. A 1897 (da shekara na samu na electron) shi ne gwaje tabbatar da cewa abin da ake kira cathode haskoki suna zahiri barnatar caje barbashi a motsi.

Mutane da yawa ban sha'awa tambayoyi kai tsaye da alaka da aiwatar da samu. Babu shakka cewa halaye na cathode haskoki aka tsunduma kafin Thomson kuma da dama masana kimiyya sun sanya muhimmanci gudunmawar. Za mu iya sa'an nan ce yaƙĩni abin da Thomson ne farkon wanda ya gano electron? Bayan duk, ba ya? Ir? Ira da injin tube ko gaban cathode haskoki. A samu na electron - wannan ne zalla, a tarawa tsari. Yaba majagaba sa wani m taimako, rungumar kuma systematizing da tara kwarewa a gare shi.

Cathode-ray tube Thomson

Great electron samu aka yi tare da taimakon musamman kayan aiki da kuma, a karkashin wani yanayi. Thomson jerin gwaje-gwajen yin amfani da bayani dalla-dalla cathode ray tube an za'ayi, wanda qunshi biyu faranti tsakanin su yi tafiya haskoki. longstanding shawara game da yanayin da cathode haskoki tasowa a lokacin da nassi na lantarki ta hanyar jirgin ruwa, daga abin da mafi yawan daga cikin iska da aka kwashe aka dakatar. Wannan jirgin ruwa yana da wani cathode ray tube. Da ake ji da ingantattun hanyar da injin, iya tura Thomson tursasawa dalilin cewa wadannan bim kunshi barbashi ko da kuwa da irin gas da kuma irin karfe amfani da matsayin shugaba. Thomson iya kiranta wani mutum wanda ya raba zarra.

Kimiyya recluse? Wannan ba game da Thomson

Fice likita na lokacinsa ya ba faufau a kimiyya recluse sau da yawa tunani game da m masana kimiyya. Ya kasance da administrative shugaban na sosai nasara Cabendish Laboratory. A wannan wuri ne ya hadu da wani masanin kimiyya tare da Rose Elizabet Pedzhet, inda ya yi aure a cikin 1890.

Thomson ba kawai gudanar da wani yawan bincike ayyukan, ya kuma kudi da maimaitawa na awon sarari tare da kadan goyon baya daga jami'a da kolejoji. Shi ne mai talented malami. Mutanen da ya taru a kusa da shi daga 1895 zuwa shekara ta 1914, ya zo a duk sasanninta na duniya. Wasu daga cikin su ne a karkashin umurnin samu bakwai Nobel Kyautukan. Yana da aka yayin da aiki tare da Thomson a Cabendish Laboratory a 1910 da Ernest Rutherford gudanar da bincike cewa ya haifar da zamani fahimtar da ciki tsarin da zarra.

Thomson ya sosai tsanani game da koyarwarsa: ya kai a kai laccoci a makarantar firamare da safe da yamma ya sanar da kimiyya digiri na biyu dalibai. Masana kimiyya yi imani da koyarwar amfani ga masu bincike domin yana bukatar lokaci zuwa lokaci duba asali ra'ayoyi da kuma barin sarari a lokaci guda ga yiwuwar ganowa wani sabon abu, da cewa a baya babu wanda ya kula. Tarihi na samu na electron ne a fili ya tabbatar. Mafi yawansu ya kimiyya aiki Thompson ciyar nazarin nassi na electrically caje barbashi halin yanzu ta hanyar da rarefied gas da kuma injin sarari. Ya aka bincike a kan cathode da X-haskoki, kuma ya yi babban taimako ga nazarin atomic kimiyyar lissafi. Bugu da kari, Thomson ya kuma ci gaba da ka'idar da motsi na electrons a cikin Magnetic da lantarki filayen.