Karfe R6M5: halaye, aikace-aikace

Gami kashi na takwas kungiyar na lokaci-lokaci Mendeleyev System of atomic lambar 26 (iron) tare da wasu carbon da sauran abubuwa fiye da ake kira karfe. Yana yana high ƙarfi, kuma taurin, rasa ductility da tauri saboda carbon. Alloying abubuwa kara da m halaye na gami. Duk da haka karfe an dauke su wani ƙarfe abu wanda ya ƙunshi akalla 45% na baƙin ƙarfe.

La'akari da wani gami kamar karfe R6M5, da kuma koyi abin da halaye yana da, a cikinsa yankunan da ake amfani.

Manganese matsayin alloying kashi

Har XIX karni domin lura da wadanda ba ferrous karafa da kuma itace amfani da carbon karfe. Ta yanke halaye domin wannan shi ne quite isa. Duk da haka, a lokacin da kokarin aiwatar da kayan aiki karfe sassa zafi sama sosai da sauri sa fitar da ko da maras kyau.

Turanci metallurgist Robert Myushett ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen gano cewa, domin sa gami mafi m, shi wajibi ne don ƙara wani oxidant, wanda zai yantar da shi daga oxygen wuce haddi. A simintin karfe Karfe ƙara baƙin ƙarfe madubi, wanda dauke manganese. Tunda yana da wani alloying kashi, ta yawan kada wuce 0.8%. Saboda haka, karfe R6M5 qunshi daga 0.2% zuwa 0.5% manganese.

tungsten baƙin ƙarfe

Tuni a cikin 1858, a kan samar da gami da tungsten yi aiki da yawa da masana kimiyya da metallurgists. Sun san cewa wannan yana daya daga cikin mafi tsaurin karafa. Ƙara shi zuwa karfe matsayin alloying kashi da aka yarda su samu wani gami da zai iya tsayayya da high yanayin zafi da kuma ba sa fita.

Karfe R6M5 ƙunshi 5.5-6.5% tungsten. Gami da abinda ke ciki sau da yawa fara da harafin "P" kuma ana kira high-gudun. Karfe da aka farko shirya a 1858 godu Myushettom dauke 9% tungsten, 2.5% manganese da 1,85 carbon. Daga baya, ya kara da kara 0.3% C, 0,4% Kr da kuma cire% mn 1.62, W 3,56%, metallurgist samu gami kira Samokaev (P6M5). A cewar ta halaye, shi ne kuma kama da P18 karfe.

rashi na tungsten

Hakika, a cikin 1860s, a lokacin da da yawa daga cikin abubuwa sun kasance a cike da yalwa, tungsten karfe tare da Bugu da kari an dauke shi da mafi m. A tsawon lokaci, wannan kashi a cikin yanayi da ake samun karami, da kuma farashin for shi ne girma.

Daga wani tattalin arziki da ra'ayi don ƙara wani babban adadin W a karfe da shi ya zama impractical. Saboda wannan dalili, karfe R6M5 tana da yawa mafi girma shahararsa fiye da P18. Bayan ganin su sinadaran abun da ke ciki, za mu iya ganin cewa tungsten abun ciki a cikin P18 - 17-18,5%, yayin da, kamar yadda a cikin tungsten-molybdenum gami - har zuwa a kalla 6.5%. Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi samokale gabatar up to 0.25% jan karfe da kuma har zuwa 5.3% molybdenum.

Sauran alloying abubuwa

Bugu da kari zuwa sama carbon, manganese, tungsten da molybdenum, karfe R6M5 ma ya ƙunshi a cikin abun da ke ciki da cobalt (0.5%), chromium (4.4%), jan (0.25%), vanadium (2.1%) phosphorus (0.03%), sulfur (0.025%), nickel (0.6%) silicon (0.5%). Me ake da suke bukata?

Kowace daga cikin alloying kashi na da aiki. Alal misali, chromium ake bukata domin thermal bonding, kuma nickel qara danko. Molybdenum da vanadium kusan kawar da brittleness bayan tempering. Wasu daga irin alloying abubuwa inganta Properties na karfe a matsayin ja taurin da kuma zafi daga bãyan wancan.

Karfe R6M5, da halaye na wanda muna karatu, a cikin taurare jihar yana mai taurin HRC 66 a wani gwajin da zazzabi na 600 ° C. Wannan yana nufin cewa ko da tare da karfi da dumama da shi ba ya rasa da halaye ƙarfi ne, kuma, saboda haka, ba sa fita da ba deform.

nadi R6M5

Bayani karfe dogara a kan yadda aka yi, wanda ya hada da alloying abubuwa da ya ƙunshi yawa carbon. Domin daban-daban suna da nasu zane-zane da. Idan, misali, gami ƙunshi alloying abubuwa, shi ne denoted "Cm" da kuma na gaba da lambar wanda yake nuna talakawan carbon abun ciki a cikin karfe (St20, St45).

A farko low-alloyed gami shi ne da yawan carbon, sa'an nan da wasika denoting da sinadaran abubuwa (10HSND, 20HN4FA). Idan gaba da su, kamar yadda a cikin misali, akwai wani yawan Figures - yana nufin abinda ke ciki na kowane daga gare su ba ya wuce kashi 1%. Harafin "R" a cikin gami hatimi ya nuna cewa yana da wani HSS (m).

Bayan shi akwai mai lamba - shi ne kaso na tungsten (P9, P18), da kuma kara, haruffa da kuma Figures - ne alloying abubuwa da su kashi. Daga wannan shi ya bi cewa babban gudun karfe R6M5 ƙunshi har zuwa 6% tungsten, kuma har zuwa 5% molybdenum.

annealing

Matsayin mai mulkin, da samar da irin wannan gami gargajiya da kuma ya shafi duk high-gudun steels. Duk da haka, ya kamata a haifa tuna cewa domin tungsten-molybdenum gami da gaske m, m, kuma m, dole ne a annealed.

Idan wasu brands, misali, ST45, rasa da ƙarfi Properties a lokacin annealing, da high-gudun, a maimakon haka, an inganta da kuma zama da karfi kuma mafi m. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa R6M5 annealed kafin hardening. Ta yaya wannan ya faru?

Hayan (msl, web "karfe R6M5") na game da 22 mm a wani musamman makera ne mai tsanani zuwa da zazzabi na 870 ° C, sa'an nan kuma sanyaya zuwa 800 ° C, sa'an nan mai tsanani da sake. Irin hawan keke na iya zama game da 10.

Bugu da ƙari kuma, bayan da biyar zama dole don rage zafin jiki a hankali. Alal misali, amma kuma dumama zuwa 850 ° C da aka sanyaya zuwa 780 ° C. Kuma haka a har ya kai gare shi da matakin na 600 ° C.

Irin wannan hadaddun annealing tsari saboda gaban austenite hatsi a cikin doped gami, wanda shi ne sosai a ke so. Dumama da kuma sanyaya maximizes narkar alloying abubuwa, amma austenite ba zai yi girma.

Idan ba tsayayya da zafin jiki da kuma yin annealing a zazzabi mafi girma daga 900 ° C, da ƙara adadin austenite aka kafa da kuma taurin gami da rage-rage. Sanyaya bada shawarar yin amfani da man fetur da wanka, shi ne zai ceci daga tungsten-molybdenum gami fasa da nadkoly.

A masana'antu Hanyar R6M5

Hakika, kamar wani gami, R6M5 samar a cikin daban-daban masu girma dabam. Saboda haka, a cikin wasu shagunan zafi-gudun karfe da aka jefa cikin ingots. A wasu ne samar da ta zafi-birgima sakamako. Don yin wannan, mai tsanani sanduna crimped tsakanin Rolls na mirgina niƙa. Its fom da aka samu zai dogara ne a kan siffar da shafts kansu.

Brand karfe R6M5 yadu amfani da sassa aiki a high yanayin zafi. A saboda wannan dalili, a 'yan shekarun nan mai Popular hanyar yin karfe ne foda.

Lokacin da spills na zafi karfe ingots, shi ne sosai m hazo carbides daga narke. A wasu wuraren, sai suka samar da wani maras uniform yankin na tari, wanda a nan gaba shi ne wurin haifuwa na fasa.

Lokacin da yi na foda, musamman foda, duk da zama dole aka gyara su ne ba a cewa abun da ke ciki. Its musamman sintered a wani wuri ganga tare da wani high zafin jiki da kuma matsa lamba. Wannan na taimaka wa gaskiya cewa abu jũya kama.

aikace-aikace

Karfe R6M5 yadu a yi amfani da daban-daban da masana'antu. Mafi sau da yawa shi da ake amfani da yi na yankan kayayyakin aiki, don juya, milling da hakowa inji a cikin masana'antar. Wannan shi ne saboda ta halaye na wani ƙarfi, zafi juriya, daga bãyan wancan.

Kamar yadda mai mulkin, an yi shi da drills, taps, ya mutu, cutters. Yankan kayan aiki karfe R6M5 mai girma domin yankan a high gudu, a Bugu da kari, ba ya bukatar refrigeration Gomel. R6M5 karfe wuka - shi ne ma ba nadiri.

Tun da tungsten-molybdenum gami da babban taurin kuma high danko, shi ne sau da yawa amfani ga yi na ruwan wukake da karfi da makamai da kuma kyau alamu.

Alloying abubuwa a cikin bukata adadin yarda ya halicci musamman karfe, wanda shi ne kusan ba ya tsatsa, kuma yana da kyau grindability. Wannan damar domin aikin famfo aikin sabon gudun karuwa da sau 4.

Haka kuma an yi amfani da don samar da zafi-resistant ball bearings aiki a high gudun a zazzabi na 500-600 ° C. Analogues R6M5 gami ne P12 R10K5F5, R14F4, R9K10, R6M3, R9F5, R9K5, R18F2, 6M5K5. Idan tungsten-molybdenum gami an kullum amfani da Manufacturing wani kayan aiki ga roughing (drills, milling masu saro), da vanadium (R14F4) kammala (shafa, broaching). dole ne wanzu a kan kowane sabon kayan aiki alama ba ka damar sanin shi ke sanya daga gami.