Mesoeconomics - shi ... Abin da karatu mesoeconomics

A tattalin arziki ka'idar, akwai wani ajali "mesoeconomics" wanda shi ne quite rare ba kawai a cikin kimiyya wallafe-wallafe, amma kuma a cikin Concepts m management. Abin da ake nufi? Yaya ta daidai fassara bisa ga mahallin? Har zuwa abin da wannan lokaci da ake dangantawa da kimiyya?

Ma'ana

Fassarori da kalmar a cikin tambaya, 'yan. Abin da ke cikin na farko? Mesoeconomics - shi (idan ka bi ka'idojin Concepts, kowa a cikin Rasha gwani al'umma) yana ãyõyin a kusa da shari'a da kuma a wasu lokuta, a sa na yankin hadewa da tattalin arziki abokai, ya yiwuwa yafi matsakaici da kuma manyan harkokin kasuwanci. Saita na kamfanonin a tambaya, ya shafi kagaggun kowa dukiya da kuma dukiya.

A Girkanci kalmar for "mezos" na nufin "tsaka-tsaki." Ya kamata a fahimci matsayin - tabbatacciya kafa wani kawance da cewa za a iya bayyana a matsayin mamaye da "tsakiya" wuri tsakanin tsararru na kananan harkokin kasuwanci da kuma na kasa tattalin arzikin da guda ƙasar. Watau "mezokompaniya", a daya hannun, babban isa a yi la'akari kananan ko matsakaici-sized harkokin kasuwanci, a daya bangaren - ta sikelin ne har yanzu ba manyan isa ya kwatanta da GDP na jihar da aka located.

Kimiyya horo?

Akwai wani fassarar da ambatacce. Mesoeconomics - wani kimiyya horo. Yana da wani ɓangare na tattalin arziki ka'idar. Mesoeconomics karatu ayyuka na Enterprises a kan matakin da mutum masana'antu. Alal misali, cinikayya, tsaro da tattalin arziki, IT-fasahar da dai sauransu .. A wannan yanayi, da "meso" na nufin wani abu a tsakanin Macro kuma micro. Wato, waɗanda tarbiyya cewa bincika ayyukan mutum kamfanoni ko kasa tattalin arzikin matsayin dukan.

Hakika, a wasu madaidaci cewa mesoeconomics karatu, da waɗanda kamfanonin da cewa suna da halin da bunqasar da tsarin a cikin tsarin na wannan sunan, za a iya kyan gani, a wannan mahallin. A duk ya dogara da tsarin da wani musamman nazari. Alal misali, idan shi ne karatu, misali, da tattalin arziki na tsakiyar yankin na gari a kan wani misali na hade da kamfanonin, manyan ayyuka a wannan masana'antu.

A wasu riƙa, da kalmar "mesoeconomics" da aka amfani da su koma ga batun tattalin arziki da bincike, a lokacin da ta je kasuwanci matakai a matakin mutum yankuna - tare da m tarayya tsarin da gwamnati, kamar a Rasha ko da Amurka. Watau "meso" a wannan yanayin - shi ne wani abu tsakanin wani gari ta tattalin arziki da kuma na kasa tsarin tattalin arziki.

Ta yaya mesoeconomics?

Idan muka magana game da farko fassarar da ambatacce, sa'an nan nawa ya zama? A cewar kwararru da yawa, mesoeconomics - shi ne sakamakon da na halitta ci gaban tafiyar matakai hade da masana'antu na kasa da tattalin arziki, wanda su ne musamman m aka lura a farkon karni na 20th. Sa'an nan, dangane da inganta kayan aiki, ya fara kara maida hankali ne iko, samar da dukiya.

A taro na samar da

A sakamakon haka, high-yi shuke-shuke da aka gina a kan gwada da kananan yankunan. Ƙauyuka fara juya zuwa wata babbar masana'antu cibiyar. A tattalin arzikin na birnin ne yanzu iya aiki a kan tushen da kamfanonin dake kawai a shi. Bunqasar na karfe samarwa ya kai wannan rabbai cewa dabam dauka kungiyoyin na kamfanin ta fara yawa ƙetare kasafin kudi na wasu ƙasashe.

Me gabãta mesoeconomics? Manazarta yawanci kira wannan lokaci nuna hakikanin "micro" - yanayi hulda ne in mun gwada kananan, m Productions - masana'antu, masu zaman kansu da kamfanoni. Suna iya zama tushen, misali, da tattalin arziki na kauye, amma ba da babban birni - shi ya zama zai yiwu sau daya akwai irin wannan abu a matsayin mesoeconomics.

Features mesoeconomics

A babban alama mesoeconomics masana kira karkashin shugabancin tsakiya. Yana iya faruwa a biyu bambance-bambancen karatu - a kwance kuma a tsaye. A cikin farko case, hada da kamfanonin samar da wannan irin samfurin (ko samfurin kungiyar), a karo na biyu - karfafa kamfanonin cikin totality daga cikin daban-daban samarwa, saukarwa. Shi ne kuma zai yiwu matasan zaɓi. Kuma a cikin wannan hali za mu mayar da hankali a kan diagonal na karkashin shugabancin tsakiya, har wanda a halin yanzu zai iya zama sosai ban sha'awa, kazalika da bambancin da wuraren da kasuwanci aiki. A gaskiya, shi yana iya samar da gida, kananan tattalin arzikin a cikin wannan Multi-tsarin a matsayin kasa.

tasiri mesoeconomics

Fitowan mesoeconomics zama factor na gagarumin canje-canje a cikin siffofin kasuwar Sin. Mun fara da nunawa aluma mezosistemy na memba kamfanonin a cikin wannan bangare na tattalin arziki. Alal misali, a banki ko masana'antu. Kwararru da yawa sun gaskata cewa mesoeconomics - ne manyan nau'i na zamani hulda tsakanin Enterprises, ba kawai wani al'amari da halayyar farkon karni na 20th.

A tsarin na zamani mezopredpriyaty

Yadda za a tsara tsarin da hulda da kamfanonin karfafa a cikin meso da tattalin arziki tsarin a yau? Kamar yadda wani janar mulki, a gudanar a cikin abin da akwai iri biyu na babban birnin kasar - real kuma tabbas. A farko - shi ne ainihin (misali, balance) da dukiya da kamfanonin, na biyu - Securities (kamar juyawa da free kasuwar mulki). A lokuta da dama, mesoeconomics - yanayin da karfafa manyan kamfanonin da ke aiki a jihar (a cikin wannan harka, ana kuma manyan masana'antu a wanda wadannan kamfanonin aiki). Yana haka ya faru cewa irin Enterprises a gwada yawa sharuddan a bit, amma sun fi mayar da hankali wani muhimmin bangare na babban birnin kasar a cikin dukan kasa kasuwar.

Akwai lokuta lokacin da m ya yi amfani da matsayinsa, ya kafa suiting su farashin. Amma a cikin wannan hali a jihohi da dama ɓullo da a kan matakin da ya dace antitrust dokokin sunadaran. Saboda haka, da yawa zamani masana yi imani da cewa mesoeconomics - wani sabon abu da ke da amfani daga ra'ayi na ci gaba na tattalin arziki da tsarin da kasashen duniya. Da farko, a cikin sharuddan na zaman jama'a aiki. Amma ba kawai.

Stability - a bunqasar

Abin da irin matsalolin tattalin iya warware sha'anin, forming mezosistemy? Kamfanonin aiki a cikin manyan kungiyoyin ayan zama mafi resistant zuwa crises. Kamar yadda suka haifar da mafi jobs, biya haraji. Bugu da kari, da zaman lafiyar na garwaya kamfanonin taimaka wa gaskiyar cewa zaunar da irin matsaloli na tattalin arziki, kamar da zaman lafiyar na kasa kudi tsarin: mafi m kasuwanci Tsarin dauki mafi bashin bankuna da kuma kwanciyar hankali na makõmarsu take, fiye da da, misali, kananan kamfanoni.

Mesoeconomics kasuwanci da kuma dangantaka

Abin da characterizes dangantaka tsakanin kasuwanci, kafa mesoeconomics? Da farko, shi ne sha'awar shiga cikin dogon lokacin da cinikayya kwangila. Wannan damar kamfanoni a hade amsa ga canje-canje a kasuwar yanayi, girma ko fall a farashin a cikin tallace-tallace filin ko, conversely, kayayyaki. Bunqasar kokari a wani yawan lokuta da tasiri kai tsaye a kan wadata da kuma bukatar, kazalika da halitta sabon kasuwanni. Contractual wajibai ake kullum goyon baya har ta wani babban matakin da alhakin. A taron na tsoho daga cikin m, daidai da kwangila, shi ne zamar masa dole ya biya wani ɓangare na dukiya da abokin tarayya.

Mezopredpriyaty rawa ga jihar

Muka ce cewa kamfanin, kafa "mesostructure" aikin wani gagarumin aiki na jihar - samar da ayyukan yi ga 'yan asalin wanda biya haraji. Amma wannan rawa ba a iyakance zuwa mesoeconomics. Daga cikin wasu muhimman ayyukan - wadata na jihar albarkatun domin gudanarwa na kasa da kasa tattalin arziki da siyasa da ayyukan. Scale kasuwanci bunqasar iya, ba shakka, zama ya fi girma fiye da tattalin arzikin na gundumar ko birni. Kamar yadda muka ce, da real zaɓi lõkacin da ta ne daidai da GDP na guda ƙasar.

Duk da haka, da kabila daga cikin mesoeconomics - shi ne yawanci a babban da a cikin duniya fagen fama. Musamman idan muna magana ne game da kamfanin ya manufa kasashen waje, da tasiri a kan kasuwanni waje, iri fitarwa a wasu ƙasashe. Mesoeconomics iya zama fuskar jihar a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama. Musamman idan suka matsayi da kansu a matsayin kasa kamfanin, kuma ba na duniya.

Bayani dalla-dalla mesoeconomics management

Mene ne shugabanci tsarin da kamfanonin da cewa samar da wata mesoeconomics? Kamar yadda mai mulkin, waɗannan ne waɗanda suka mallaki wani juya kan gungumen azaba da kuma sauran kadarori na kamfanonin. A peculiarity na aiki na irin wannan Enterprises cewa management tsarin sau da yawa da kõme ba yi da masu da kungiyar. Da Babban Darektan, a lokuta da dama - da saba hayar ma'aikaci, da ciwon wani rabo mallakar ko na ga 'yan tsiraru. Wannan shi ne saboda wani lokacin da gaskiyar cewa tsarin zai iya zama ba mesoeconomics kamfanonin dake wakiltar daban-daban sassa na tattalin arziki. lokaci guda sarrafa duk da mai shi, mafi m, kawai zai ba su da lokaci. Kuma domin shi ne wata ila don kira zuwa ga matsayi na saman manajan hayar ma'aikaci.

Mesoeconomics da kuma kudi-masana'antu kungiyoyin

A sauki (daga ra'ayi na shari'a da sha'anin Abubakar sunadaran) nau'i na jam'iyya na kamfanonin - jama'a hadin gwiwa stock kamfanin. Shi ne, kamar yadda muka ce a sama, da real babban birnin kasar da ake amfani da su haifar da kara da darajar, kazalika da tabbas, wanda aka kashe ta hanyar zuba jari. Menene wasu sauran siffofin kungiyar mesoeconomics?

A cewar kwararru da yawa, da most implementations mesoeconomic jam'iyya ne kudi-masana'antu kungiyoyin. Wadannan Tsarin ne mai tarin kamfanonin da za su iya tasiri ba kawai a kan mutum sassa na tattalin arzikin, amma kuma a kan kasa (da kuma a wasu lokuta na duniya) tsarin tattalin arziki. Financial da masana'antu da kungiyoyin da aka tsara don kawo tare da daban-daban kamfanoni a cikin fasaha al'amari, cikin sharuddan babban birnin kasar bunqasar, management albarkatun, fadada kasuwar. Resources irin kamfanonin a cikin bangare na zaman jama'a aiki ne mai muhimmanci. Matsayin mai mulkin, kudi da kuma masana'antu kungiyoyi ne muhimmi ba kawai ga sub-kasa kasuwanni a sikelin da guda jihar, amma kuma a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama.

A kudi-masana'antu kungiyar yawanci hada da kamfanonin dake wakiltar daban-daban sassa na tattalin arziki. Yana iya zama masana'antu da hukumomi, da bankuna, kamfanonin inshora, kiri, sarƙoƙi da bincike kungiyoyin, a wasu lokuta - jihar Tsarin.

Ikon mallakar tsarin mesoeconomics

Yadda gina sunadaran don kayyade ikon mallakar daga cikin sha'anin, kafa mesoeconomics? Yawanci, wannan yana nufin rarraba hannun jari na wani Holding ga manufa. Wannan shi ne, akwai wani gubar tsarin, wanda ke da mallakar juya hadarurruka a rassa hannun jari. Isa rare sabon abu a cikin wanda mai shi na kamfanin ne mutum ko kungiya cewa ba wani ɓangare na de jure mesoeconomics. Bugu da kari, kowane kamfanin iya kula da isa m tattalin arziki siyasa (duk da haka, a cikin iko da doka a cikin dacewa kwangila).

Mesoeconomics da oligarchs

Su wane ne oligarchs daga ra'ayi na Yammacin tattalin arziki ka'idar? Shi ne da 'yan kasuwa da su wa ne ma'abũta daga cikin mafi girma Enterprises, sikelin da aiki wanda ba ka damar sarrafa ba kawai masana'antu tsabar kudi kwarara, amma kuma bankin babban birnin kasar, zuba jari a kasa da duniya stock kasuwanni. Wato, da oligarchs - yana da zahiri da babban protagonists duniya mesoeconomics.

Su za a iya daukarsa a matsayin "classic" oligarchs sani Rasha kasuwa suka mallaka dukiyoyin da daraja biliyoyin daloli? Masana sun yi imani da cewa zai yiwu saye da irin wannan matsayi a nan gaba. Kamar yadda daya daga cikin manyan sharudda na oligarchy - 'yancin kai daga jihar-mallakar kamfanonin harkokin kasuwanci, a waje na kasa da manufofin. The most Rasha kasuwa, bi da bi, sanya babban birnin kasar, keke siyasa hanya, ko don kama da damar cewa ya buɗe sama jihar a sayar da kamfanonin shekaru.