The most Rasha cosmodrome. Rasha spaceports

Modern Rasha spaceports ne abubuwa da taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin kimiyya, da tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da siyasa, al'adu sadarwa a daban-daban matakan. A Rasha, akwai biyu data kasance da kuma karkashin yi gammaye. Ina da Rasha sarari jefa? Mene ne sunayen abubuwa su yanzu gabatar?

Menene spaceports a Rasha?

"Baikonur", "Plesetsk", "Kapustin Yar", "Clear", "Free" kuma karkashin "Gabas" - wani zamani Rasha spaceports. List of daidai abu, ba shakka, za a iya gyara - dangane da yadda kayayyakin za a rarraba actuated a cikin tsarin na Rasha sarari shirin. Yana yiwuwa saboda da babban yankin na daban-daban sarari cibiyoyin, kazalika da wuya daga cikin ayyuka da za a warware ta su, zai bude sabon gammaye, rufe halin yanzu da kuma hawa zuwa wani wuri. Amma a lokacin Rasha spaceports as bayyana a sama, za a iya kullum a matsayin isasshe kafa tsarin na dacewa da aikace-aikace abubuwa. Bari yanzu mu bincika yadda ƙayyadaddu kowane daga cikinsu a cikin daki-daki.

"Baikonur" - da babban spaceport a cikin Rasha Space Shirin

"Baikonur" - da cosmodrome, wanda ba ya kasance a Rasha da Kazakhstan, da Rasha Federation amma shi ne kusan da tafin kafa mai amfani. Its main aiki - RSC "Energia", Central Design ofishin "Ci gaba", Khrunichev. M. V. Hrunicheva Space Center «Kudu». "Baikonur" da aka gina a shekarar 1955. Wannan abu da aka dauka da gwamnatin Rasha a Jamhuriyar Kazakhstan a haya ga shekaru 50. The kudin na spaceport ne game da biliyan 5 rubles a shekara - .. biliyan 3.5 ne, a gaskiya, rents, biliyan 1.5 -. Kudaden kasaftawa don kula da yadda ya dace da RF kayayyakin more rayuwa.

Baikonur, duk da doka akidar Kazakhstan, bisa ga al'ada kyan gani, a matsayin Rasha spaceport. Ya aka sani ga cewa shi aka kaddamar daga na farko da tauraron dan adam na Duniya, da farko manned kumbon sama jannati, daban-daban kimiyya da tauraron dan adam, ballistic makamai masu linzami. Baikonur ne yanzu mafi girma a cikin dukan wuraren da irin wannan suna amfani da Rasha sarari masana'antu. Its total yanki - game da 6717 murabba'in mita. km. A karshe 'yan shekaru da Baikonur Rasha - duniya jagora a cikin yawan gabatar da.

cosmodrome "Baikonur" Lantarki

"Baikonur" Lantarki wakilta, musamman irin abubuwa:

- 9 farawa gidaje na daban-daban Categories.

- 15 launchers yi nufi ga makami mai linzami jefa, deducing a sarari jiragen ruwa da kuma tauraron dan adam.

- 4 launchers amfani da su gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na ballistic makamai masu linzami.

- 11 housings, aka yi nufi ga shigarwa da kuma gwaji na kayan aiki domin dalilai daban-daban;

- Complex 34 maida shi musamman domin prelaunch da makamai masu linzami da kuma fitarwa su a cikin sarari domin dalilai daban-daban;

- tashar 3, a cikin abin da ƙara roka da sauran kumbon sama jannati daban-daban habaka.

- ƙaddarãwar iyaka.

- Information kuma kwamfuta Center, a cikin abin da iko da kuma gudanar da sarari manufa da kuma sarrafa daban-daban na data;

- oxygen-nitrogen samar da makaman, iya samar da game da 300 ton na daban-daban iri cryogenic kayayyakin lokacin da rana.

- CHP damar 60 MW.

- 72 MW ikon jirgin kasa operable to gas turbines.

- gidan wuta substations 600 abubuwa.

- sadarwar nodes a cikin wani adadin 92 raka'a;

- hadahada - "matsananci" da "Jubilee".

- da gida Railway ababen more rayuwa ne a total tsawon game da 470 km.

- hanyoyi tsawon game da 1281 km.

- wutan lantarki a 6610 km, dangane - to 2784 km.

Babban fasali na most cosmodrome, da shiga a cikin Rasha sarari shirin, zai yi nazarin ƙayyadaddu na sauran wurare na da irin wannan aiki a Rasha.

"Kapustin Yar"

"Kapustin Yar" Mutane da yawa masu bincike ayan da za a ɗauke more matsayin soja atisaye. Amma a hanyoyi da dama da shi za a iya dauke da spaceport kuma, a sama da dukan saboda gaskiyar cewa gwajin gabatar da na ballistic makamai masu linzami da sanya daga gare shi - da warheads cewa an nuna a cikin wani fili. "Kapustin Yar" da aka gina a shekarar 1946.

A Rasha cosmodrome located yawanci a cikin Astrakhan yankin, amma wasu yankunan wani bangare ne na Atyrau, Kazakhstan da kuma West Kazakhstan yankuna. Its total yanki - game da 650 murabba'in mita. km. Wannan jefa site na da administrative cibiyar - birnin Znamensk. Nan Kusa soja Airfield aka located a kan shi.

"Clear"

Cosmodrome "Clear" masana sau da yawa dauke a matsayin Starter database - amma ga makamai masu linzami, a sake, aka yi nufi ga waddan a bude sarari. Rayayye yi amfani da tun 2006. Located wannan gwada da sabon cosmodrome a Rasha, Yasnenskom yanki da aka located a cikin Orenburg yankin.

Babban sadarwarka daga cikin abu ne dauke shi a wani waje kamfani "Kosmotras". A kayayyakin more rayuwa na cosmodrome ne yafi amfani ga ƙaddamar cikin Duniya madawwama biyu da mahara da tauraron dan adam. A daidai wannan lokaci a warware dacewa matsaloli sau da yawa roka "Dnepr" amfani Rasha-Ukrainian samar.

"Plesetsk"

A arewacin cosmodrome Rasha - "Plesetsk". Located kamar 180 km daga Arkhangelsk - kudu da birnin. Property yanki ne kamar 176,2 kadada. Ya fara aiki a shekarar 1966 a matsayin cosmodrome "Plesetsk" na shekara. Tun da shi za a iya za'ayi makami mai linzami gabatar da na ga iyali na P-7 da kuma wasu da suke kama da azuzuwan.

A arewacin cosmodrome Rasha, kamar yadda muka gani da wasu manazarta, yana da wani Littãfi daga cikin jimlar yawan ɗauka tãre da shi gabatar a cikin sarari.

"Free"

Cosmodrome "Free" is located in Amur yankin. Ya sarrafa tun shekarar 1996. Wannan Rasha jefa site yana da wani yanki 410 sq. km, kuma yana da kayayyakin more rayuwa da kaddamar da roka da haske tsakiyar aji. An ban sha'awa Gaskiyar ita ce, da shiri na "Free" da aka qaddamar a sakamakon cewa bayan rushewar tarayyar Soviet da babban Soviet cosmodrome "Baikonur" ya waje na Rasha Federation, da kuma shugabannin Rasha sarari shirin sun yanke shawarar cewa jihar bukatar da kansa abu na dace manufa. A yi, a lokacin da mafi easterly cosmodrome Rasha bayan da farkon aiki da hannu, musamman, domin su gwada gabatar da na ballistic makamai masu linzami - irin su "Topol". Yanzu, kusan ba a yi amfani rayayye, wannan shi ne sun fi mayar saboda da cewa a cikin Far East, an gina wani sabon wurin - da cosmodrome "Gabas". Ka yi la'akari da, bi da bi, shi ne ainihin bayani game da shi.

"Eastern"

Wannan shi ne sabon da mafi m Rasha cosmodrome. Ya fara ginin a shekara ta 2010. Yana za a located, ta hanyar, ba da nisa daga "free", wanda ake ganin za a wargaza saboda da shigarwa na asali kayayyakin more rayuwa shi ne riga a cikin "Gabas" da kuma m ingantawa dabaru da ƙayyadaddu daga cikin sabon makaman.

Yana da aka lasafta cewa gabashin Rasha cosmodrome yi daukan wani yanki na game da 1035 murabba'in mita. km. Its kafa ne aka yi nufi ga magance wadannan key kalubale: saye da Rasha ta mallaka spaceport, saba da gudu duk iri makamai masu linzami, kafa ƙarin hatsaisai na m ci gaban da Rasha Far Eastern yankuna. Wannan yankin ne da aka ba musamman da hankali a Jihar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da shirye-shirye, da kuma gina wuraren da aka dauke a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan for nasara aiwatar da wadannan manufofi,.

"Gabas" - Rasha cosmodrome, wanda yana da yawan abũbuwan amfãni, musamman, a "Baikonur". Alal misali, lura da makami mai linzami, wanda za a kaddamar daga nan, suna located waje cikin densely lugar yankunan da Rasha Federation, kazalika da kasashen waje - wadanda aza a kan tsaka tsaki ruwaye. Bugu da kari, wani gagarumin factor ne inda spaceport aka located a Rasha - wato, a cikin kusanci da kyau-ɓullo da kai kayayyakin more rayuwa. Wannan ya sa "Gabas" aiki musamman kudin-tasiri. Duk da haka, wasu masana ma haskaka a yawan shortcomings a cikin aikin na daidai abu na Rasha sarari shirin. Da farko, akwai gaskiya cewa "Gabas" da aka located a 6 digiri arewa na "Baikonur" - don haka jimlar dangi taro da ya bayyana a sarari, da Rasha sarari cibiyar za ta zama dan kadan m.

Yaushe farawa da "Gabas"?

Lokacin da gabashin Rasha cosmodrome za a buɗe, da kuma fara aiki?

Da farko an zaci cewa na farko roka jefa daga m abu za a aiwatar a karshen shekarar 2015. Amma a lokacin da ya koma a shekara ta 2016. Amma da ƙaddamar da wani manned kumbon sama jannati da "Gabas" - na farko da za a gudanar a shekara ta 2016. Staff na Rasha ta sabon cosmodrome za su zauna a Uglegorsk, wanda aka located a cikin Amur yankin - a nan da nan kusanci na da makaman a karkashin gini. "Eastern" administrative jikin za a located a cikin wannan birni. Af, wasu daga cikin ababen more rayuwa da cosmodrome za a iya yiwuwa gina waje na Amur yankin. An zaci cewa da "Gabas" zai yiwu da kaddamar da roka kusan duk wani nau'in - haske, matsakaici da kuma nauyi - kamar, misali, "Angara", wanda da nasara gwaje-gwaje da aka za'ayi a Rasha a shekarar 2014.

summary

Saboda haka, da zamani sarari jefa Rasha wakilta 5 data kasance wuraren - daga cikin wadanda ya zuwa yanzu za a iya dauke "free", saboda duk ababen more rayuwa ne yanzu a kan shi, kuma daya a karkashin gini. Suna located in sassa daban-daban na Rasha Federation - a kudancin Turai na kasar, a arewa, a cikin Far East. The most spaceport actuated a Rasha sarari shirin, an located in Kazakhstan. Ba da da ewa ba zai raba su da ayyuka, wanda aka bayyana a cikin aiwatar da duk nemi-bayan-daban na gabatar da roka daga cosmodrome "Gabas", wanda ake gina a cikin Amur yankin.