Quark - shi ne cewa da wani barbashi? Gano abin da shi kunshi quarks. Abin da barbashi karami fiye da quark?

Kawai a shekara da suka wuce, Peter Higgs da Fransua Engler lashe kyautar Nobel ga aikinsa, wanda aka kishin nazarin subatomic barbashi. Wannan na iya ze m, amma binciken da masana kimiyya sun yi rabin karni da suka wuce, amma a wannan rana, ba su ba ko kadan babban yarjejeniyar.

A shekarar 1964, biyu mafi talented likita kuma yi tare da gawurtaccen ka'idar. A farko, ta kuma janyo hankalin kusan babu hankali. Yana da ban mamaki, domin shi ya bayyana tsarin da hadrons, wanda ne ba makawa ga kowane daya da karfi interatomic hulda. Wannan shi ne ka'idar quarks.

Mene ne wannan?

Af, abin da yake a quark? Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci yayan wani hadron. Muhimmanci! Wannan barbashi yana da wani "rabin" juya, a zahiri da kasancewa wani fermion. Dangane da launi (duba ƙasa) quark cajin iya zama daidai da na uku ko biyu daga uku na lura da wani proton. Amma ga launuka, wanda akwai shida (ƙarni na quarks). Su zama dole domin kada su karya da manufa na Pauli.

asali bayanai

Kamar yadda wani ɓangare na wadannan barbashi hadrons ne a nesa ba wucewa da darajar da ɗaurin kurkuku. Dalilin shi ne mai sauki: suka musanya vectors ma'auni filin, cewa shi ne, da gluons. Me ya sa yake da muhimmanci don haka quark? Gluon jini (cikakken quarks) - a Jihar al'amari wanda dukkan talikai nan da nan bayan da Big Bang. Haka kuma, kasancewar quarks da gluons - a kai tsaye tabbaci cewa shi ne.

Su ma suna da nasu launi, amma saboda motsi haifar da su rumfa kofe. Haka kuma, a lokacin da nisa tsakanin quark karfi tsakanin su ne da yawa karu. Kamar yadda daya zai iya tunanin, da a mafi žarancin nisa na hulda kusan vuya (asymptotic 'yanci).

Saboda haka, duk wani karfi da hulda a hadrons saboda gwamnatin rikon kwarya a gluons tsakanin quarks. Idan muka magana game da hulɗar tsakanin hadrons, suka bayyana da canja wurin da pi-meson rawa. Kawai sa, duk a kaikaice sake rage wa musayar gluons.

Yadda quark ɓangare na nucleons?

Kowane neutron kunshi wata biyu daga d-quark da tazhe guda u-quark. Kowane proton akasin haka, - na guda d-quark biyu u-quark. By hanyar magana, da haruffan suna sanya dangane da jimla lambobi.

Bari mu bayyana. Alal misali, beta lalata da aka bayyana quite da canji na daya daga cikin irin wannan quark a nucleon abun da ke ciki zuwa wani. Za a fi gane a matsayin dabara da wannan tsari za a iya rubuta kamar haka: d = u + w (wannan neutron lalata). Haka kuma, da proton aka rubuta dan kadan daban-daban dabara: u = d + w.

Ba zato ba tsammani, shi ne karshen tsari ne ya bayyana ta a kwari rafi na neutrinos da positrons daga cikin manyan star gungu. Saboda haka sikelin da sararin samaniya kadan kasa muhimmanci barbashi, wanda shi ne mai quark-gluon jini, kamar yadda muka riga muka ce, ya tabbatar da Big Bang, da kuma nazarin wadannan barbashi damar masana kimiyya ya fi fahimci ainihin duniya da muke rayuwa a.

Tare da kasa da a quark?

Af, abin da shi kunshi quarks? Suna kuma kunshi preons. Wadannan barbashi su ne kadan da talauci gane, don haka da cewa ko da a yau suke sani ba sosai. Ga karami quarks.

Daga ina suka fito?

Yau, ya fi na kowa form preons biyu shiriritar: kirtani ka'idar da ka'idar Bilson-Thompson. A cikin farko case, da ya faru na barbashi data bayyana kirtani oscillation. Na biyu jarrabawa da shawara cewa su bayyanar ne ya sa ta m jihar sarari da kuma lokaci.

Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a karo na biyu idan yana yiwuwa a bayyana sabon abu, yin amfani da wani matrix na layi daya kai tare masu lankwasa na juya cibiyar sadarwa. A Properties na wannan matrix da kanta da kuma sanin wadanda for preons. Wannan abin da ya kunshi quarks.

Summing up, muna iya cewa quarks - wani irin "kamfani mai suna Quanta" a cikin abun da ke ciki na hadrons. Ya Gamsu? Kuma yanzu za mu magana game da yadda za a yi ya bude da quark. Wannan ne mai matukar ban sha'awa da labarin cewa, a cikin wasu abubuwa, da cikakken bayyana wasu cikakkun bayanai da aka bayyana a sama.

m barbashi

Nan da nan bayan karshen yakin duniya na II, masana kimiyya sun fara rayayye gano a duniya na subatomic gaɓũɓuwa, wanda ya zuwa yau, iyalinsu jũna a kawai m (ga view). Protons, neutrons (nucleons) zarra kuma electrons suna kafa. A shekarar 1947 ya bude peonies (da annabta ta zama a 1935), da suke da alhakin juna janye daga nucleons a cikin nucleus din kwayoyin halitta. Wannan taron shi ne ba da wani kimiyya nuni aka kishin a cikin lokaci. Quarks ba tukuna bude, amma lokacin da na kai hari a kan su "sawun" aka samun kusa.

Neutrinos a lokacin ba tukuna aka gano. Amma su a bayyane muhimmancin bayyana beta lalata da kwayoyin halitta aka haka mai girma cewa masana kimiyya da kadan shakka su zama. Bugu da kari, riga gane ko hasashen da wasu antiparticles. Halin da ake ciki ya kasance m kawai tare da muons wanda aka kafa a lokacin da lalata da pions, sa'an nan kuma a miƙa mulki ga neutrinos, electron ko positron. Lissafin kimiyya gane ba, me ya sa na bukatar wannan tsaka-tashar.

Alas, wannan mai sauki da kuma unpretentious model sosai a taƙaice tsira da bude daga cikin pions. A shekarar 1947, biyu Turanci likita Dzhordzh Rochester da Clifford Butler, da aka buga a m labarin a cikin kimiyya mujallar Nature. Ta yi aiki a matsayin abu don su nazarin cosmic haskoki ta cikin gajimare jam'iyya, a lokacin da suka samu prelyubopytny bayanai. A daya daga cikin photos kama a lokacin da kallo, shi ne a fili a bayyane kamar wata waƙoƙi da na kowa asalin. Tun da bambanci ya kasance kamar Latin V, sa'an nan ya bayyana - lura da wadannan barbashi ne shakka daban-daban.

Masana kimiyya da zarar zaci cewa wadannan waƙoƙi nuna gaskiyar na rushewar wasu unknown barbashi cewa ba a bari a baya wasu waƙoƙi. Lissafi ya nuna cewa ta taro - game da 500 MeV, wanda shi ne mafi girma daga wannan darajar da electron. Hakika, da masu bincike sun mai suna su bude V-barbashi. Duk da haka, wannan ya ba da quark. Wannan barbashi aka har yanzu jiran a fuka-fuki.

Kawai farkon

Tare da wannan samu, shi duka fara. A shekarar 1949, karkashin wannan yanayi da barbashi hanya da aka samu, wanda ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa kawai uku pions. Shi nan da nan ya bayyana cewa ta, kazalika da V-bit - quite daban-daban mambobi ne na iyali, kunsha na hudu barbashi. Daga baya da suka kasance sunã kira K-mesons (kaons).

A biyu daga cajin kaons da wani taro 494 MeV, kuma a cikin akwati na tsaka tsaki cajin - 498 MeV. Ba zato ba tsammani, a cikin shekarar 1947, masana kimiyya da na sa'a kama kamar guda sosai rare idan akwai wani mai kyau kaon ƙãrẽwa, amma a lokacin da suka kawai ba su iya daidai fassara hoto. Duk da haka, ya zama daidai adalci, shi ne ainihin farko kallo na wani kaon aka sanya da baya a 1943, amma bayanai game da shi ya kusan rasa kan bango na da yawa post-yaki kimiyya wallafe.

sabon oddities

Kuma a sa'an nan da masana kimiyya jira domin kara binciken. A 1950 da kuma 1951, masu bincike daga jami'o'i na Manchester kuma Melnburskogo gudanar ya gano barbashi ne da yawa wa mutum fiye da protons da neutrons. Ta sake yi ba cajin, amma ya ƙãrẽwa cikin wani proton kuma a pion. A karshen, kamar yadda ba za ka iya gaya, yana da wani mummunan cajin. Wani sabon barbashi denoted da wasika Λ (lambda).

A mafi lokaci ya wuce, da karin tambayoyi tashi daga cikin masana kimiyya. Matsalar shi ne cewa sabon barbashi an samar na musamman da karfi nukiliya interactions, hanzari watse saukar da nunawa protons da neutrons. Bugu da kari, su ko da yaushe bayyana a nau'i-nau'i, guda bayyananen taba yi. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wani rukuni na kimiyyar lissafi daga Amurka da kuma Japan samarwa don amfani a cikin bayanin wani sabon jimla lambar - wani oddity. A cewar su definition, da baƙuncin dukkan sauran san barbashi sifili.

arin bincike

Nasara a cikin bincike da karatu ya faru ne kawai bayan fitowan da wani sabon amfaninsa hadrons. A shahararren adadi a cikin wannan ya kasance Isra'ila Yuval Ne'eman, wanda canja ya fice soja ya zama kamar m wani masanin kimiyya.

Ya nuna cewa bude a lokacin da mesons da baryons lalace, forming wani tari na related barbashi multiplets. Members na kowane irin ƙungiya baƙuncin mallaka gaba daya m, amma m lantarki zargin. Saboda haka ta yaya da karfi nukiliya hulda da lantarki zargin ba ya dogara ne, a dukan sauran multiplets barbashi duba cikakken tagwaye.

Masana kimiyya sun bayar da shawarar cewa abin da ya faru na wannan tsarin ya gana da wasu halitta fasali, kuma nan da nan sun kasance iya samun ta. Shi ne mai sauki hakan na juya kungiyar SU (2), wanda masana kimiyya a duniya amfani da su bayyana jimla lambobi. Wannan kawai a lokacin da aka riga aka sani 23 hadrons, da ɗuwãwunsu sun daidaita 0, ½ ko dukan naúrar, don haka amfani da wannan rarrabuwa ba zai yiwu ba.

A sakamakon haka, shi yana zuwa da za a yi amfani da rarrabuwa da zarar biyu jimla lambobi, game da shi ƙwarai kumbura da rarrabuwa. Kuma akwai wani rukuni na SU (3), wanda a farkon karni ta Faransa lissafi Elie Cartan. Don sanin taxonomic matsayi na kowane barbashi a cikinsa, da bincike shirin da aka ci gaba da masana kimiyya. Quark baya saukin shiga tsanaki jerin, wanda ya tabbatar da cikakken adalcin masana.

New jimla yawan

Saboda haka masana kimiyya sun zo da ra'ayin amfani da wani m jimla lambobi, wanda ya zama hypercharge da isotopic juya. Duk da haka, da wannan nasara, yana yiwuwa ya dauki baƙuncin da wutar lantarki. Wannan makirci aka conventionally mai suna Eightfold hanya. Wannan ne ya kama misalin tare da addinin Buddha, inda ya cimma Nirvana ma bukatar wuce takwas matakan. Duk da haka, duk da wannan lyrics.

Neeman aikinsa, kuma da takwaransa, Gell-Mann, da aka buga, a 1961, da kuma yawan da nan aka sani mesons bai wuce bakwai. Amma a cikin takarda, da masu bincike sun ba ji tsoron ambaci babban Yiwuwar zama na takwas meson. Har ila yau, a shekarar 1961, su ka'idar brilliantly tabbatar. Found a barbashi kira da eta meson (Girkanci harafi η).

Bugu da ari, binciken da gwaje-gwajen brilliantly tabbatar da correctness na da cikakkar rarrabuwa na SU (3). Wannan ya zama mai iko tutu masu bincike suka sami cewa su ne a kan dama waƙa. Ko da Gell-Mann da babu shakka a gaskiyar cewa a cikin yanayi akwai quarks. Reviews na ra'ayoyinsa ba sosai tabbatacce, amma masana kimiyya ya hakikance cewa, ya kasance dama.

Ga kuma quarks!

Nan da nan bayan labarin "A Schematic model na baryons da mesons." A da shi, masana kimiyya sun iya kara samun ci gaba da ra'ayin amfaninsa, wanda ya tabbatar da haka da amfani. Suka gane cewa SU (3) ne gaba daya kwakwalwa gaba da wanzuwar duka triplets fermions, da wutar lantarki dabam daga 2/3 to 1/3 da 1/3, inda a cikin triplet daya barbashi ne ko da yaushe daban-daban nonzero baƙuncin. Riga sanannun mana Gell-Mann kira su "na farko barbashi quarks."

Bisa ga zargin, ya labeled su kamar yadda u, d da kuma s (daga Turanci kalmomi up, saukar da m). A daidai da sabon makirci, kowane kafa ta uku baryon quark. Mesons aka shirya sauƙin. Sun ƙunshi daya quark (wannan mulki marar sakewa ne) da kuma wani antiquark. Kawai bayan da cewa kimiyya al'umma ya zama sane da wanzuwar wadannan gaɓũɓuwa, wanda su ne batu na mu labarin.

A little mafi tarihi

Wannan labarin, wanda sun fi mayar da m ci gaban kimiyyar lissafi a cikin shekaru gaba, yana da wani wajen ban sha'awa tarihi. Gell-Mann tunani na wanzuwar irin wannan triplets dogon kafin ta buga, amma ba wanda ya tattauna da balanci zato. Da cewa ya zato na zama na barbashi da cewa suna da wani fractional cajin, kama gibberish. Duk da haka, bayan wata tattaunawar da wani bajimi msar tambayar likita Robert Serber ya koya cewa da takwaransa ya yi daidai da wannan karshe.

Bugu da kari, da masanin kimiyyar sanya kadai daidai ƙarshe cewa wanzuwar irin wannan barbashi ne kawai zai yiwu idan sun kasance ba free fermions, da kuma wani bangare ne na hadrons. Lalle ne, a cikin wannan harka, da zargin an hadedde! Farko na Gell-Mann kira su kvorkami kuma ko da aka ambata su a MTI, amma da dauki dalibai da malamai da aka sosai low-key. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa wani masanin kimiyya na dogon lokaci tunanin game da ko ya kamata sa da bincike ga jama'a.

The kalmar "quark" (wannan sauti kamar kira na ducks) da aka dauka daga cikin ayyukan James Joyce. Oddly isa, amma American malamin ya aiko da labarin a cikin babbar Turai kimiyya mujallar Physics Haruffa, saboda tsanani ji tsoron cewa irin wannan bita na da matakin na American edition jiki Review Haruffa ba zai yarda da shi ga ɗaba'ar. Af, idan kana so ka nemi akalla kwafin da labarin - ku shiryar da hanya ga wannan Berlin gidan kayan gargajiya. Quarks a cikin lãbãri bai samu ba, amma da cikakken labarin na su samu (ko kuma wajen, shirin gaskiya shaida) ne.

Da farko quark juyin juya halin

A ãdalci ya kamata a lura da cewa kusan a lokaci guda zuwa guda tunani ya zo daga CERN masanin kimiyya, Dzhordzh Tsveyg. Na farko, ya shawarta ya kansa Gell-Mann, sa'an nan Richard Feynman. Zweig kuma ayyana hakikanin gaskiya na fermions, wanda yana da fractional cajin, amma ya kira su aces. Bugu da ƙari, wata talented likita kuma dauke baryons matsayin uku quarks, kuma mesons - kamar yadda mai hade da wani quark da wani antiquark.

Kawai sa, da almajiri na malaminsa karshe cikakken nanata, quite baya daga gare shi. Aikinsa ya bayyana ko wani mako biyu kafin littafin na Mann, amma kawai a matsayin "home-yi" ma'aikata. Duk da haka, shi ne kasancewar biyu m ayyuka a cikin abin da binciken sun kusan m, da zarar gamsu da wasu masana kimiyya amincewa da samarwa ka'idar.

Daga kin amincewa da su amince da

Amma da yawa masu bincike sun riƙi wannan ka'idar ba nan da nan. Eh, 'yan jarida da kuma theorists sauri fadi cikin soyayya tare da ita ga tsabta da kuma sauki, amma tsanani lissafin kimiyya sun yarda da shi ne kawai bayan muddin shekaru 12. Ya kamata ka ba zarge su da kima conservatism. Gaskiyar cewa asalin ka'idar quarks a kaifi bambanci ga da Pauli wariya manufa, wanda muka ambata a farkon wannan labarin. Idan muka ɗauka cewa proton ƙunshi biyu daga u-quarks da kawai d-quark, na farko ya zama tsananin a cikin wannan jimla jihar. Bisa ga Pauli, wannan bashi yiwuwa.

A sa'an nan, kuma akwai wani ƙarin jimla lambar, inda ya bayyana matsayin launi (kamar yadda muka ambata a sama). Bugu da ƙari kuma, shi ne m yadda janar quark na farko barbashi hulɗa tare da juna, ya sa ba haɗuwa da free jinsunan. Duk wadannan asirai taimaka warware da ma'auni filin ka'idar, wanda "ya kawo hankali" kawai a tsakiyar 70s. Kusan lokaci guda, da quark ka'idar hadrons halitta kunshe a shi.

Ã'a, mafi yawansu duk hampered da ci gaban da ka'idar da cikakken rashi na akalla wasu daga cikin gwaji gwaje-gwaje da cewa zai tabbatar da duka biyu da wanzuwar da hulda tsakanin quarks da sauran barbashi. Kuma suka hankali ya fara bayyana ne kawai a karshen da 60s, a lokacin da m ci gaba na fasaha a yarda domin kwarewa da wani "watsa" electron bim na protons. Yana da wadannan abubuwan sun yarda su tabbatar da cewa a cikin protons gaske "fãta" wasu barbashi, wanda aka asali kira partons. Daga bisani, har yanzu gamsu da cewa shi ne kome kamar gaskiya quark, amma kawai a marigayi 1972.

gwaji tabbatarwa

Hakika, ga karshe kimiyya al'umma imani da shi ya dauki wani fiye da gwaji data. A shekarar 1964, James Bjorken da Sheldon Glashow (nan gaba Nobel Prize lashe, ta hanyar) sun yi nuni da, ko da yake akwai na iya zama a karo na hudu quark jinsi wanda suka mai suna makari (makari).

Shi ne da godiya ga wannan jarrabawa, da masana kimiyya a shekarar 1970 sun iya bayyana yawa oddities cewa an lura a cikin lalata na tsaka tsaki kaons caje. Bayan shekaru hudu, kawai biyu zaman kanta kungiyar na American lissafin kimiyya sun iya gyara meson lalace, wanda hada da kawai daya "makari" quark kuma ta antiquark. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa wannan taron sau daya Kwafa da Nuwamba juyin juya halin. Domin da farko lokacin da quark ka'idar da aka fiye ko žasa "gani" tabbatarwa.

Muhimmancin bude na ce akalla gaskiya cewa manajan aiki, Samuel Ting da Burton Richter, bayan shekaru biyu ya karbi kyautar Nobel: An taron da aka nuna a da yawa articles. Tare da wasu daga cikinsu za ku iya samu a cikin na asali, idan ka ziyarci New York gidan kayan gargajiya na halitta tarihi. Quarks, kuma kamar yadda muka riga muka ce - mai da muhimmanci sosai samu na zamani sau, sabili da haka da hankali a cikin kimiyya al'umma biya musu sosai.

Ultima rabo

Kawai a shekarar 1976, da masu bincike ya yi sami daya barbashi tare da wadanda ba sifili fara'a, da tsaka tsaki D-meson. Wannan shi ne wani wajen hadaddun hade da wani makari quark da u-antiquark. Ga har ma da inveterate makiya wanzuwar quarks aka tilasta yarda da gaskiya da ka'idar, da farko aka bayyana a fiye da biyu shekarun da suka gabata da suka wuce. Daya daga cikin shahararrun ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi, Dzhon Ellis, da ake kira laya daga cikin "liba cewa canza duniya."

Ba da da ewa, da jerin sabon binciken zo a kuma kamar wata sosai m quarks, saman da kasa, da su cikin sauƙi iya ba da labari da riga soma a lokacin ordering na SU (3). A cikin 'yan shekaru, masana kimiyya sun ce akwai waɗanda ake kira Tetraquarks cewa wasu masana kimiyya sun mai lakabin "hadron kwayoyin."

Wasu daga cikin binciken da kuma karshe

Ya kamata a fahimci cewa bude da kuma kimiyya da hakki ga wanzuwar quarks, a gaskiya, za ka iya amince zaton cewa kimiyya juyin juya halin. Yana iya a yi la'akari da farkon shekarar 1947 (a gaskiya 1943), da kuma karshen shi dama a kan na farko ganewa na "makari" mesons. Sai dai itace cewa, tsawon lokacin da na karshe ranar bude irin wannan matakin ne ba, ba balle a kasa, kamar yadda mutane da yawa kamar shekaru 29 (ko 32 shekaru)! Kuma duk wannan lokaci da aka shafe ba kawai saboda gano wani quark! Gluon jini a matsayin farko abu a cikin sararin samaniya nan da nan janyo hankalin nisa fiye da hankali ga masana kimiyya.

Duk da haka, da karin hadaddun da shi ya zama wani fannin nazari, da ya fi tsayi yana daukan su gudanar da wani da gaske da muhimmanci binciken. Kuma kamar yadda muka tattauna da barbashi, da muhimmancin wannan samu ba zai iya rashin sanin cikakken farashi wani. Nazarin tsarin quarks, mutumin da za su iya shiga da zurfi cikin asiran da na sararin samaniya. Yana yiwuwa ne kawai bayan kammala karatunsu za mu iya koya yadda da babban kara da duniya ta faro ne bisa ga abin da dokokin. A cikin wani hali, yana yiwuwa ya bude su shawo yawa lissafin kimiyya da cewa gaskiya kewaye da mu ne yafi wuya da wasanni.

Saboda haka ka san abin da a quark. Wannan barbashi a lokacin ya sa wani abin mamaki a duniyar kimiyya, da kuma a yau masu bincike ne m karshe bayyana duk ta asĩri.