Mene ne batu na zabin? A nasarori na zamani kiwo

Selection ne daya daga cikin na zamani da kuma ci-gaba kimiyyar. Godiya ta zuwa ga nasarori Mun halitta sabon iri masu rai, wanda sun kawo da yawa amfani ga mutãne. Subject al'amari, manufofin da babban kwatance da kiwo da za a tattauna a cikin labarin.

Subject da selection ayyuka

Mene ne batu na zabin? A kimiyya na inganta data kasance da kuma bunkasa sabuwar dabba breeds, irin shuka, da kuma kwayoyin. Its batu ne nazari da kuma aiwatar a yi na musamman alamu na juyin halitta. A nasarori na zamani kiwo lissafi ga dubban ma'adinai ga jikin mutum. A msar tambayar dalilin wannan shugabanci ne wasu kimiyya - itatuwa aure. Yana ganin siffofin na gadar hali da kuma canzawa daga dukan abubuwa masu rai.

The main manufofin da kiwo ne ga asali mafi m iri na shuke-shuke da kuma salon jinsunan. Haka kuma, masana kimiyya suna kokarin kawo mutane da suka yi ne unpretentious ga yanayin muhalli, da kuma canji a cikin unfavorable gefe domin su. Micro-kwayoyin aka gabatar a matsayin m. Wannan juriya ga mutational matakai da division kudi na amfani da kwayoyin Kwayoyin.

Basic hanyoyin da kiwo

Mene ne batu na selection, mun sami fita. Amma tun da dukan kwayoyin karatu ne muhimmanci daban-daban daga juna a tsarin da kuma halaye, kowane daga cikinsu akwai daban-daban kungiyoyin na hanyoyin. Tun zamanin da, mutane amfani da ko da a sume selection. A selection ne na farko Hanyar. Tare da shi ta amfani da hybridization da mataki na mutagens. A halin yanzu mataki na ci gaba da ake amfani da tushen sabon gwaji hanyoyin - kwayoyin da salula aikin injiniya.

fasahar binciken halittu

A halin yanzu, nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai da kuma tsarin da sikelin masana'antu samar. A sakamakon samu sosai siffofin kwayoyin, al'adun Kwayoyin kuma tsokoki na shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Kuma da nasarorin da zamani kiwo samar halitta samfurin da qaddara Properties.

Features na shuka kiwo

Saboda haka muhimmanci da asali tsari - cewa shi ne batun selection. Duk da haka, musamman tsarin da shuka damar yin amfani da kawai wasu hanyoyin don ƙirƙirar sabon fasali dangane da asali. Wannan inbreeding, polyploidy, kuma hybridization mutagenesis. Daga cikin su za mu iya haskaka mafi gargajiya. Wannan shi ne wani daban-daban selection na jinsin da kuma hybridization. Don kawo wani sabon iri-iri tare da gane quality, shi wajibi ne su gudanar da wani hadadden aiki. Shi ya ta'allaka ne a zabin na farko siffofin da hybridization bi by selection. A cikin wannan hanya, dabbar ta hanyar canjin da apple dandano da sanyi m kaddarorin da aka samu irin hada muhimmanci da kaddarorin hybrids.

Tasiri a shuka kiwo ne Hanyar heterosis. Don yin wannan, dole ne ka kawo wani m jerin tsabta Lines, sa'an nan haye su tare da juna. A sakamakon haka ne mafi m irin yawa 'ya'yan itace da forage amfanin gona.

The sabon abu na polyploidy ne a mahara karuwa a yawan chromosomes. Da farko, shi ne a cikin yanayi na wata halitta hanya lokacin da fallasa su mutagens shuke-shuke. A halin yanzu mataki, shayarwa sau da yawa aiki a kan diploid Kwayoyin alkaloid colchicine. Samu form sun karu haihuwa idan aka kwatanta da baseline. A genotype ne canza zuwa ga tetraploid.

kiwo dabbobi

A kiwo dabbobi suna amfani da ɗan hanyoyin daban-daban, saboda ba su iya vegetative haifuwa. Masana kimiyya amfani da yafi mutum zabin da hybridization na biyu iri. Lokacin da inbreeding lura karuwa a homozygosity, wadda take kaiwa zuwa degeneration na jinsin da kuma asarar ta m halaye. Don kauce wa wannan, shayarwa madadin na gajeren da kuma outbreeding. M mutum masana kimiyya gudanar a samu a crosses na mutane daban-daban jinsunan. Misalai na irin wannan aukuwa ne matasan kiwo jaki da doki - alfadari, da kuma shanu yak - haynak. Matsalar shi ne cewa mafi yawan mutane samu daga irin wannan crosses ne bakararre da kuma ba zai iya samar da m zuriyarsa. A togiya ga wannan mulkin ne a liger da Tigon, mace na da suke iya kara haifuwa.

Kwayoyin, kuma musamman su kiwo

Yanzu, bari mu gano abin da shi ne batun selection na kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne duk wani nau'i na prokaryotic kwayoyin cuta, protozoa, guda-celled fungi da ƙananan tsire-tsire - algae. Mafi yawa daga cikinsu kafofin magunguna, feed Additives, gargajiya, a yi amfani da sarrafa ruwan inabi, da abinci da kuma kiwo kayayyakin. Domin kai mai muhimmanci da kuma m iri a cikin masana'antu samar, dole ne ka tafi, ta hanyar da dama, saukarwa. Da farko gano mafi barga Kwayoyin. Dalili na wannan zabin ne a kayyade bambancin. Bugu da ari m damuwa bi da tare da mutagens. Bayan shi wajibi ne don gane da mafi m Kwayoyin suna riga canza genotype. Zaba kwafi masu kunnen doki an hõre maimaita sassa a kan sabon ci gaban matsakaici. Kuma riga zaba damuwa an karbe a kan wani m sikelin.

Yiwuwa ga ci gaban fasahar binciken halittu

A nasarori na zamani kiwo ya taimaka wajen magance da dama muhimmanci matsaloli. Alal misali, wani sabon samu, mafi m shuka iri da kuma dabbobi breeds suna taimaka wa samar da abinci yankunan na duniya da cewa su ne musamman cikin bukata.

A amfani da vermicompost da kuma takin da cewa su ne bisa chemotroph da earthworm bayarwa kara girma da shuka taro. Lokacin amfani da abubuwa samu shayarwa, ƙasa da nagarta sosai kawota tare da nitrogen da phytohormones.

A haifuwa na shuke-shuke suna ƙara yin amfani da nama al'ada hanya, a cikin abin da za ka iya samun dasa kayan da aka ba kamu da ƙwayoyin cuta. A kan tushen da micro-kwayoyin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan shayarwa, Mun halitta sabon fodder sunadaran da cewa an fi tunawa da dabbobi.

Selection ne ma wani muhimmin ɓangare na zamani Pharmaceutical masana'antu. Tare da biosynthesis shirya hormones, maganin rigakafi, da kuma enzymes.

Saboda haka, batu selection ne hanyoyin da wanda za ka iya inganta yawan aiki na da aikin noma, da abinci da Pharmaceutical masana'antu. A halin yanzu, godiya ga nasarorin da kimiyyar zamani halitta iri, breeds da micro-kwayoyin, saboda abin da da dama daga cikin matsalolin da bil'adama za a warware.