M mutane. Ancient mutane: da girma, bayyanar, asali basira da kuma aikin yi

Kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin kimiyya data, farkon mutane ya bayyana game da miliyan 4 da suka wuce. Domin millennia, sun samo asali, da cewa shi ne inganta ba kawai cikin sharuddan da ci gaban da m al'umma, amma kuma a zahiri. Historical Anthropology raba m mutane ga 'yan jinsin, wadda yi consistently yi nasara juna. Mene ne sifofin kowane irin m mutane, kuma a cikin abin da lokaci da suka wanzu? Duk da wannan, karanta on.

M mutane - su waye ne?

A mafi tsoho mutane rayu a Afirka fiye da miliyan 2 da suka wuce. Wannan ya tabbatar da yawa archaeological Finds. Duk da haka, an san cewa na farko mutum-kamar halittu, motsi amincewa a kan Hind wata gabar jiki (wato, wannan alama ne mafi muhimmanci a kayyade da m mutum) ya bayyana da yawa a baya - 4 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. Wannan halayyar tsoho mutane kamar tafiya da kafa biyu, aka farko gano a cikin halittun da masana kimiyya sun ba da sunan "Australopithecines".

A sakamakon ƙarni na juyin halitta suka maye gurbinsu da mafi m Homo habls, kuma aka sani da "m mutum". Yana da aka maye gurbinsu da humanoid halittu, wadanda wakilansu aka kira Homo erectus, wanda aka fassara daga Latin yana nufin "karkata zuwa ga gaskiya mutum". Sai da bayan kusan rabin miliyan shekaru akwai mafi view of m mutumin, wanda shi ne mafi reminiscent na wani zamani na fasaha jama'ar na Duniya - Homo sapiens ko "mutum mai hikima." Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga sama, da m mutane sannu a hankali, amma a lokaci guda sosai yadda ya kamata ci gaba, da bude kofa da sabuwar dama. Bari mu bincika a cikin mafi daki-daki, abin da daidai ne duk wadannan mutum kakanninsa, abin da suke da ayyukan da abin da suka kama.

Australopithecus: waje fasali da kuma salon

Historical Anthropology nufin da sosai farko Australopithecines birai matsawa kusa da kan su Hind wata gabar jiki. Asalin wannan irin m mutane suka fara a gabashin Afrika, fiye da miliyan 4 da suka wuce. Domin kusan miliyan 2 da shekaru, wadannan halittu yada a fadin nahiyar. A zamanin d mutum mai girma a kaddarance 135 cm, yana da wani nauyi na ba fiye da 55 kg. Ba kamar birai Australopithecus da wani karin pronounced jima'i dimorphism, amma tsarin da canines a su maza da mãtã sun kama. A kwanyar da wannan nau'in aka gwada da kananan kuma yana da girma da ba fiye da 600 cm ^3. Babban aiki na Australopithecus kusan babu daban-daban, daga abin da wani zamani gwaggwon biri, da kuma aka iyakance ga samar da abinci da kuma kariya daga halitta makiya.

Homo habilis: Anatomy da kuma salon

Homo habilis (Latin for "m mutum") a matsayin mai raba m irin humanoid bayyana miliyan 2 da suka wuce a Afrika. Wannan tsoho mutane, ci gaban da wanda sau da yawa ya kai 160 cm, ya fi ci gaba fiye da na Australopithecus, kwakwalwa - game da 700 cm ^3. Hakora da kuma yatsunsu daga cikin manya extremities a Homo habilis yana da kusan cikakken kama da mutum, amma babban Brow ridges da muƙamuƙi sanya shi kama da wani biri. Bugu da kari ya tattara a m mutum ta tsunduma a nemi da dutse tubalan da na yankan up dabba carcasses iya amfani da bi da burbushi. Wannan ya nuna cewa Homo habilis ne na farko humanoid dabba tare da aiki da basira.

Homo erectus: bayyanar

Ilimin Halittar Jiki halaye na zamanin d mutane da aka sani da Homo erectus, shi ne wani alama karuwa a cikin juz'i na kwanyar, wanda a yarda da masana kimiyya da gardama cewa kwakwalwar su ne m, a size da kwakwalwa na zamani da mutum. Brow ridges da kuma wani mutum da gwani jaws sun m, amma da aka ba kamar yadda furta kamar cewa daga waɗanda suke a gabãninsu. Ginawa ya kusan guda kamar yadda a cikin zamani mutum. Bisa archaeological binciken, Homo erectus ya jagoranci wani zama a gida rayuwa da kuma san yadda za a yi wuta. Yana gida da irin wannan fairly manyan kungiyoyin cikin kogwanni. Babban zama na Homo habilis da aka tara (akasarinsu mata ne da yara), farauta da kama kifi, masana'antu na tufafi. Homo erectus tsakanin na farko su gane bukatar for tara abinci.

Nearnderthal: cikin bayanin da bayyanar da salon

Kwatanta bayyana da yawa daga baya fiye da su magabata - game da 250 shekara dubu da suka wuce. Menene wannan tsoho mutane? Its girma kai 170 cm, da kuma girma daga cikin kwanyar - 1200 cm ^3. Bugu da kari ga kasashen Afirka da Asiya, da magabatan mutum, ya zaunar da a Turai. Matsakaicin yawan kwatanta a daya kungiyar ta kai mutane 100. Ba kamar su magabata, suna da rudimentary nau'i na magana, da barin nasu mutane zuwa musanya bayani da kuma sadarwa zuwa more smoothly tare da juna. Babban zama na mutum m aka farauta. Nasarar da samar da abinci da suka samar da wani iri-iri makamai: māsu, dogon nuna sartse na duwatsu, wanda aka yi amfani da matsayin da wukake, tarkuna da kuma dug a cikin ƙasa da hadarurruka. A sakamakon kayan (fata, fata) kwatanta amfani da Manufacturing tufafi da takalma.

Cro-Magnons: karshe mataki a cikin juyin halitta daga m mutum

Cro-magnon ko Homo sapiens (Homo Sapiens) - wannan shi ne na karshe da aka sani zuwa kimiyya na zamanin d mutumin, wanda ci gaban da ya kai 170-190 cm m kama daga irin wannan m mutumin da birai ya kusan imperceptible, kamar yadda rage girare da kuma ƙananan muƙamuƙi an riga an ba fitowa a gaba. . Cro-magnon kayan aikin da aka sanya ba kawai a cikin dutse, amma kuma na itace da kashi. Bugu da kari ya nemi wadannan mutum kakanninmu aka tsunduma a aikin noma da kuma dabbobi na farko siffofin (hõre namomin jeji).

matakin na tunanin a cro-magnon ya muhimmanci mafi girma fiye da magabata. Wannan yarda su don ƙirƙirar zamantakewa kungiyoyin zangar. A wurin da manufa na zama na shanu zo zuwa ga tribal tsarin da kuma kafa na rudiments na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da dokokin.