M hanya hanya. M Path - abin da yake da shi?

Project management ya riga ya zama wani ɓangare na rayuwar yau da kullum ga harkokin kasuwanci na duk siffofi da kuma masu girma dabam. Irin wannan management tsarin amfani don bunkasa tasiri na yin da ingancin iko a duk matakai na samar da sake zagayowar. Daga cikin fadi da kewayon dabaru da kuma aikin management kayan aikin, musamman m Hanyar "m hanya", wanda ka'idojin ana kiran su zuwa la'akari a more daki-daki.

Mene ne management na ayyukan?

Wurare da dama a ma'anar "aikin" abu daya a cikin kowa: shi ne wani lokaci-iyakance sa na m ayyuka a cimma wata musamman na irin dalili. Musamman da suka bambanta, lokaci da kuma gyarawa hari - wancan ne abin da ya bambanta da aikin daga kamfanin ta gudanar.

Project management ne mai tsauri management yankin tare da kansa hanya da kuma kayayyakin aiki.

Daga cikin dukkan matakai na aikin management gane zuciyar: qaddamarwa, shiryawa da aiwatarwa da kuma kammala. A wannan yanayin, da aikin shiryawa - daya daga cikin key, saukarwa. A cikin ta tsarin ne da samuwar babban hari na tsawon da jerin ayyukan yi. Wannan mataki ya shafi aiki a fannoni daban daban, ciki har da: da abun ciki, lokaci, kasafin kudin da aikin kasada.

Phase management domin shiryawa mataki aikin wani takamaiman aikin da samuwar wani key Hasashen makirci na ayyuka na duk aikin tawagar 'yan.

Cibiyar sadarwa shiryawa: babban yanki

cibiyar sadarwa shiryawa da dabara ne rayayye masu tasowa tun 1950s. Yana shafi halittar wani model aikin, wanda zai daidai da dangantaka tsakanin abubuwa, na] aukacin samar sarkar da zai la'akari da dalilai na lokaci, kudin da samuwar albarkatun.

Cibiyar sadarwa graphics kira da aka zana nuni da wata ma'ana jerin wasu aikin ayyuka tare da wani tunani na dangantaka tsakanin su da kuma gazawar (lokaci, hanya kasancewa da sauransu.). Da alama wannan jadawali ne kullum a cikin wani nau'i na tebur ko ginshiƙi, wanda daidai da asali halaye na aikin.

Wani lokaci a cikin shiri na cibiyar sadarwa jadawalin ba zai yiwu a daidai ƙayyade da duration na kowane aiki. Dangane da wannan factor, akwai biyu main hanyoyin domin kirga cibiyar sadarwa jadawalai. A farko da aka ci gaba da bayyana Hanyar - hanyar m, bayar da shawara lissafi a cikin wani fili kima na tsawon lokaci da ayyukansu. Mazan karfe amfani Hanyar PERT, hada da kirga yiwuwar halaye duration na aiki.

A cikin duka hanyoyin, da aiki da m hanya: da lissafi na ta duration, da definition na ayyuka kunshe a shi.

Babban abubuwa na aikin cibiyar sadarwa jadawalin

The aikin management ne sau da yawa sosai koma ga haɗin kai shiryawa, don haka yanzu akwai wani sa na siffofin kamar jadawalai.

Gargajiya abubuwa na cibiyar sadarwa jadawalin ne yin aiki da kuma abubuwan da suka faru.

Works aka nuna ta kibau, da kuma ko da yaushe "kai" daga daya aukuwa zuwa wani.

Work (ko ma'amaloli), bukata lokaci da kuma albarkatun, da ake kira real, da kuma dangantaka tsakanin events cewa ba su bukatar real mataki (misali, wani nuni ne na zama dole yanayin ga farkon na gaba aiki, wanda ba ya bukatar ƙarin lokaci, ko ma'aikata), - ƙagagge. Har ila yau haskaka da fata a matsayin mai raba irin aikin da daukan lokaci, amma ba a bukatar albarkatun (misali, wani mutum da aka ba da hannu a cikin wannan aiki).

Events - wannan shi ne sakamakon, denoted ta zagayewa (ko wasu rufaffiyar lissafi adadi). Dabam kayyade farko aukuwa (da ciwon ba baya aiki, aikin farko) da kuma qarasa (ƙarshen aikin).

jadawalin kanta bayyana a matsayin cibiyar sadarwa a cikin abin da nodes ana shirya abubuwan da alaka da aikin nuna babban halaye.

A hanyar

Jigon da hanyar da yake a cikin m hanya ƙidãyar mafi Extended tsawon lokaci ayyukan aikin sarkar, daga farko zuwa karshe.

M hanya - ba wai kawai a cikin cibiyar sadarwa, amma mafi tsawo lokaci. Ya lokaci span yayi dace da lokaci da ake bukata domin gudanar da duk aikin ayyukan (ciki har da layi daya aiki).

The m hanya ne sau da yawa kuskure ake magana a kai a matsayin guntu - shi ne ba gaskiya ba ne. Rikice ne saboda gaskiyar cewa da tsawon da m hanya ba ya dauke da kayan abinci (stock) lokaci, Ina nufin kowane nasara aiki farawa a ƙarshe na baya daya. Duk da haka, a duk lokacin da zai yiwu da aikin sarrafa yana kokarin rage wannan tsawon ta kara ko reallocating albarkatun (misali yawan ma'aikata).

da m hanya na aikin Hanyar ya shafi lissafi da sigogi na events da kuma ayyukan domin kowane na cibiyar sadarwa jadawalin dabam. Don yin wannan sau da yawa amfani da musamman software kayayyakin da cewa rage lokacin duk dole iterations zuwa dama seconds. Yana ba ya bukatar musamman da ilimi da kuma ƙarin horo. Duk da haka, domin kara bincike na hanyar sadarwa jadawalai suke da daraja binciko ne lissafin kawo sunayensu a kasa.

Lissafi na farko lokaci na cibiyar sadarwa jadawalin abubuwan da ke faruwa

Farkon lokaci aikata abubuwan Trudy - lokacin da ake bukata domin kammala dukkan aiki kafin taron a karkashin shawara.

Farkon farko lokaci events tr (i) da aka lasafta daga farko (fara) zuwa karshe (gama) taron kamar haka:

• domin bada taron (fara): TP (s) = 0.
• ga sauran abubuwan i: tr (i) = max [tr (i) + t (k, i)], inda t (k, i) - tsawon lokaci na aiki (k, i), i kunshe a cikin taron.

Saboda haka, yin lissafi da farko lokaci na taron, kana bukatar ka sanin abin da ayyuka suna kunshe a cikin wannan taron, kuma ya kwanta a lokacin da akwai wani gabata taron da kuma tsawon lokacin aikin fitowa daga gare shi, kuma a hada a cikin taron a tambaya. Daga wadannan kudade da za a zabi mafi girma.

A zahirin ma'anar dabara ne cewa har dukan aikin, za a kammala, na ga wani musamman taron, shi ba ya auku. Alal misali, a cikin taron, "kimanta" ya hada da uku a layi daya-Gudun matakai: lissafi na kudin aikin, lissafi na kudin da kayan aiki, lissafi na sama. Kowane mataki yana for daban-daban yawa na lokaci, dangane da daban-daban dalilai (previous events). Bayan kirga lokacin da kowane daga cikin uku kammala ayyukansu, za mu iya gane lokacin yi na events, "kimomi" - shi ne mafi yawan 'yan tsawon uku, da cewa shi ne, a lokacin da duk uku ayyukan da aka kammala. Tun da farko wannan lokaci aukuwa "kimomi" bai zo ba. Saboda haka, da most na kudade da aka zaba.

A farkon matakai yawanci located a kan hagu a cikin da'ira na events.

A lissafi na mafi yawan 'yan sharuddan nasarorin da cibiyar sadarwa jadawalin abubuwan da ke faruwa

Daga baya kwanan wata nasarori events TN - shi ne lokacin da yana yiwuwa su jinkirta da lokaci ba tare da rushewa daga dukan aikin.

Marigayi biyayya da events tr (i) ana lasafta daga karshe (gama) zuwa ga na farko (a fara) kamar haka:

• ga karshe events (gama): T (f) = tr (f);
• ga duk sauran i: T (i) = min [T (j) - t (i, j)], inda t (i, j) - duration na (i, j), da barin abubuwan da suka faru i.

Saboda haka, yin lissafi da mafi yawan 'yan zamani, shi wajibi ne domin sanin abin da ayyukan zo daga wannan taron, kuma ya sami lokaci bambanci tsakanin abin da ya faru na m events da kuma tsawon lokacin aiki, in kuma fita daga shi. wajibi ne a zabi mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin bambance-bambance da aka samu. A wasu kalmomin, duk na bayyana sharuddan for farkon yi na events shi wajibi ne don tsayar da lissafi na kishiyar daidai.

A zahirin ma'anar dabara ne cewa daga baya matakai na abubuwan da suka faru bari ka canzawa da kewaye tsari aiki kusa yadda ya kamata zuwa ga kafa a baya mataki farkon kwanan wata (da shi daga baya) ranar kammala wannan aiki. Wannan shi ne, wadannan dabi'u zai nuna yadda za ka iya "ƙunci" da aikin ba tare da karya da karshe ranar for kammala dukkan ayyuka.

Daga baya lokaci yawanci located dama a cikin da'ira na events.

Lissafi na reserves of events

A lissafin da ake da za'ayi a biyu kwatance domin gano wucin gadi reserves - reserves lokaci. Wannan shi ne wani lokaci gefe, wanda za a iya jinkirta (jinkiri) ya zura kwallo musamman taron ba tare da keta aikin karshen kwanan wata. Yana aka bayyana a matsayin bambanci tsakanin T kuma TP: R = T - tr.

Hanyar (m hanya) ya hada da lissafi na cibiyar sadarwa jadawalai samar kama events sigogi.

A lissafi algorithm

Lissafi na da m hanya aikin jadawalin cibiyar sadarwa kunshi dama, saukarwa, wanda ake aiwatar da sama dabarbari. A lissafin da za a iya sanya ta wani abubuwa na cibiyar sadarwa jadawalai.

A lissafi matakai:

1. A farkon matakai na hukumar na taron / ayyukansu
2. Marigayi biyayya da hukumar abubuwan da suka faru / ayyukan.
3. Tattalinsu events / ayyukan.
4. Definition na ayyuka da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a kunshe a cikin m hanyar da aikin.

Tuni a cikin 1st mataki na algorithm da aka sani da tsawon da m hanyar da aikin. Shi ne farkon (shi daga baya) ranar kisa da karshe taron.

Ayyukan kunshe a wannan girma, shi ne mai sauki yin lissafi don a sifili ajiye ayyuka, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru. Kada ka manta da cewa m hanya na farko taron fara da ƙare da karshe taron na aikin ba tare da katsewa.

Me la'akari da m hanya?

Project shiryawa a kowace harka hada da lissafi na tsawon na m hanya na cibiyar sadarwa jadawalin. Wannan darajar nuna ya fi sauri yiwu lokaci na ainihin kammala dukan ayyukan kunshe a cikin aikin. Amma muhimmanci shi ne tabbatar da dalilin da wadannan ayyuka.

Wannan ne m hanyar ayyukan bukatar kulawa ta musamman daga aikin sarrafa da kuma tawagar. Bayan duk, waɗannan ayyuka ba dauke da wani asusun ajiyar! Su ba za a iya tightened da kuma rushe deadlines cikar karshe taron, in ba haka ba da karshe ranar kammala dukan ayyukan (tsawon da m hanya) canje-canje, wanda zai kai ga mummunan sakamakon. Domin rage irin wannan kasada na aikin, lokacin da tanadi manajoji sau da yawa artificially kara da lokaci a yarda domin gudanar da wasu ayyukan zuwa amince da wani yankin da a kan contingencies da jinkiri. A wucin gadi buffer kafin shi ne bu mai kyau to suna da babban hatsarin sassan na cibiyar sadarwa ayyukan don rage yiwuwar rashin cin nasara na deadlines.

The bayyana Hanyar - m hanya - shi ne madogara na aikin management sharuddan. Yana mai sauki ne yin amfani da da kuma za a iya amfani da su ƙayyade tsawon da kuma gano wuraren da zafin sarkar wani aiki, ko a gidan matakin.