Levin Kurt: biography, photos, nasarori, gwaje-gwajen. filin ka'idar Kurt Lewin taƙaice

Kurt Lewin - a psychologist, rayuwa labarin da kuma nasarorin da cancanci kulawa ta musamman. Wannan shi ne wani mutum da ya sa ransa a cikin wani abu don yin duniya kadan kinder, don tsara dangantakar da cewa bayyana a cikin daban-daban na zamantakewa kungiyoyin. Ya kasance mai gaskiya ne humanist.

Kurt Lewin: biography

Future psychologist aka haife Satumba 2, 1890, a Mogilno, wanda aka located a kan ƙasa da Prussian lardin Posen (yanzu a yankin Poland). A haihuwa, wani yaro mai suna Tsadek. Amma wannan sunan a Prussia ba Bode da kyau. Saboda wannan dalili, da yaron da aka bai mai na biyu sunan - Kurt.

The saurayi wuya fatan wani farin ciki nan gaba a cikin wani m lardin. Duk da haka, a cikin 1905 da iyalinsa bar ƙasarsa ta gari da kuma mayar da su Berlin. Kurt shiga Medical Faculty of Jami'ar Freiburg, sun halarci laccoci a ilmin halitta a jami'ar Munich.

kimiyya da ayyukan

Tare da fashewa daga yakin duniya na II, Lewin ya bauta wa a Jamus sojojin. Akwai ya sanya farko samu. Future Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa mutum ji na duniya kuma shi nauyi ne a kan cewa kungiyar da kuma yanayi, da abin da aka hade. Saboda haka, bincike da misali san cewa sojojin suna dauke da datti tsanya dace tsari, da kuma wani ko flourishing Lawn - da ƙasa na mutuwa. Saboda haka, Levin ya iya tabbatar da cewa tsinkayen da sojoji na duniya ne daban-daban daga cikin tunani mutane a peacetime. Bugu da ƙari, canje-canje a sani faruwa a dukkan yan wata al'umma.

Samu yayin da hidima ji rauni Levin Kurt aka demobilized, wanda ya sa shi ya ci gaba da aiki a kan rubutun a Jami'ar Berlin.

Levin da farko tunawa a halin Psychology. Amma a kan lokaci, wasu daga bincike mai canza su shugabanci a wajen Gestalt tunani. Wannan ya ba da damar yin aiki da irin wannan wakilan wannan makaranta, kamar yadda Maks Vertgeymer da Wolfgang Köhler.

A shekara ta 1933, Levin Kurt aika zuwa Ingila, inda nan da nan ya koma Amurka. A lokaci guda akwai wani taro da masanin kimiyyar Eric Trist, wanda aka sha'awar da bincike na Kurt a lokacin da yake aiki a rundunar soja.

Kafin wannan, Levin na tsawon watanni shida aiki a matsayin wani farfesa a Stanford, sa'an nan ya tafi zuwa ga Cornell University. Ba da da ewa Curt aka nada darektan Cibiyar Group kuzarin kawo cikas a Massachusetts Cibiyar Harkokin Fasaha.

1946 ya fara Levina m. Sai aka tambaye shi a sami wata hanya da za a iya shawo kan addini da kuma nuna wariyar launin fata son zuciya.Magana. Kurt dauki gwaji, wanda zai daga baya zama da aka sani da "kungiyar far." Irin nasarorin sun zama wani muhimmin kashi a gindi daga cikin National Training Laboratory.

A karshen yakin duniya na II, Kurt karatu da m fi na tsohon fursunonin taro sansani.

Kurt Lewin mutu Fabrairu 12, 1947, a Massachusetts. Ya binne wani shahararren masanin kimiyya a mahaifarsa. Mutuwarsa ya faru a cikin gudun bayan da bude daga cikin cibiyar for maimatawar horaswa na shugabannin duniya. Abin baƙin ciki, Kurt zai yi rai ba har zuwa lokacin da ya cika burinsu.

Fage bude "Field Theory"

Samuwar filin ka'idar da aka rinjayi da nasarorin da ainihin sciences, kamar kimiyyar lissafi da kuma lissafi. A lokaci guda sha'awar Levin Psychology, a cikin abin da ya kuma nemi su sa wasu daidaito. Saboda haka, mafi muhimmanci samu Levin fara a cikin postwar lokaci, wani m gwaji. Har sai wannan lokacin, da aka zaci cewa tunani shi ne kaucewa m da ra'ayi, saboda wannan kimiyya dogara ne a kan wadannan abubuwa, kamar yadda wani rai, da tausaya, hali. A takaice, shi da aka yi imani da cewa ilimin halin dan Adam ne da kakkarfan dangankata da cewa ba za a iya karatu a karkashin wani hange.

Field ka'idar Lewin (short)

Duk da haka, Levin tafi a gaban shugabanci, al'amurra da dabaru da wani boye kamara. A lokacin da gwaje-gwajen kimiyya sa da gwajin a wani dakin inda akwai daban-daban abubuwa: wani littafi, mai kararrawa, wani fensir da kuma kama. Kowane mutum yana farawa don samar da abubuwa da duk wani magudi. Amma kiran da kararrawa - shi ne hali na kowa da kowa.

Kurt Lewin ta gwaje-gwajen da ya kai shi zuwa ga ƙarasawa da cewa wani mutum ba tare da wani dalili ne ya rinjayi waje dalilai. All batutuwa sun muhimmi a cikin irin wannan ayyuka, wanda zai tura su a matsayin abubuwa kansu. Daga wannan shi ya bi cewa mutane dislodged daga saba yanayi ne quite sauki sarrafa. Bayan duk, babu wani daga cikin mahalarta taron na gwaji yana da ba za mu dauki wani fensir ko karrarawa. Saboda haka, abubuwan da ya rinjayi mutum bukatun cewa psychologist fassara a matsayin wani irin makamashi zargin, har suka sa gwajin ƙarfin lantarki. Irin wannan jiha tura da mutum zuwa ga sallama, wanda ya sadu da bukatun.

Saboda haka, filin ka'idar Kurt Lewin, a takaice abin da aka gabatar da hankali a cikin labarin da aka asali fassarar 'yan adam hali. Godiya mata, shi aka tabbatar da cewa sa na ayyuka dogara ne a kan takamaiman sharuddan wani data kasance filin.

Bayani dalla-dalla koyarwar Kurt Lewin

M nazarin mutum hali rage wa jerin fasali:

1. Halayyar kamata a bincikar a cikin tsarin na halin da ake ciki.
2. An mutum a wani musamman halin da ake ciki da aka wakilta shifran.
3. Halayyar samar da kawai real taron. Abin da ya faru a baya, ko kuma za su faru a nan gaba, kawai dan kadan canja abun da ke ciki na filin.
4. A wannan a duban farko, da hali ba ko da yaushe tsokane guda dalilai.

Masana kimiyya Kalmar "tribal ainihi" da aka gabatar. Kurt Lewin, wani photo da za ka iya gani a cikin labarin, su gani da cẽwa da hali na mutum ba zai iya zama saboda yanayin mutumin ko ya upbringing. Duk da haka, biyu daga cikin wadannan suna da muhimmanci sosai yanayi. Wannan ya nuna cewa da hali ne sakamakon hulda tsakanin mutum da kuma halin da ake ciki.

Main kula da hanyoyin

Levin Kurt, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, karatu da ƙungiya management dabaru in kungiyoyin. A cewar masana harkokin kimiyya, da suka za a iya classified, bisa management style. Akwai wasu muhimman styles:

1. Amincewa. Man ji maƙiya saboda karfi matsa lamba kungiyar shugaba.
2. Democratic style ne hadin gwiwa na kungiyar na da wani dabarun a kan tushen da na gama matakai, shan la'akari da ra'ayoyi da shugaban.
3. Non-tsangwama. Jigon wannan style ta'allaka ne da cewa duk yanke shawara aka yi ba tare da sa hannu na shugaba. An hannu a cikin rabo na aiki, kawai idan tambaye su yi haka. Irin wannan shugaba ne da wuya wani ya yabi.

Ayyukan na Kurt Lewin ta gudanar da bincike cibiyar

A shekarar 1944, Kurt Lewin ya iya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Group kuzarin kawo cikas a Massachusetts Cibiyar Harkokin Fasaha. A lokaci guda, ya bi wani zalla altruistic raga. Scientist duk rayuwata fatan domin amincewa a duniya na bil'adama. A cewar shi, dukan 'yan adam yana bukatar dimokuradiyya, domin laushi da hali. Taimaka kafa humanism Kurt Lewin kokarin wajen gudanar da kungiyar horo.

The masanin kimiyya ne gamsu da cewa , da zamantakewa canje-canje a cikin kungiyar tafi, ta hanyar da dama, saukarwa:

• "Unfreezing".
• "Canja".
• "A sabon daskare."

"Defrost" shi ne a halin da ake ciki inda wani rukuni da aka hana ta saba rayuwa da kuma darajar manyan al'amurra. A wannan lokaci, ta ne a wata asara. A na gaba mataki, shi shawara wani sabon tsarin na dabi'u da kuma dalili, bayan kafa Jihar wanda kungiyoyin ya zama baya ga "daskare".

Af, Levin, halittar wani sabon nau'in sadarwar tsakanin psychologist da kuma abokin ciniki. Sau da yawa irin wannan sadarwa ne mafi kamar likita tattaunawa don wani haƙuri. Kurt ya canza gaba daya da dabarun gina sadarwa. Ya sadarwar da aka kama a tattaunawa tsakanin dalibai da furofesoshi.

psychologist Kurt Lewin ta gwaje-gwajen

Research Center, halitta da Kurt Lewin, rayayye gudanar da horo ga ma'aikatan daban-daban Enterprises. Alal misali, da sabis na psychologist jawabi Harwood Manufacturing Company da kuka cewa ma'aikata na kamfanin na dogon lokaci karatu cikin gabatarwar kowane bidi'a, wadda take kaiwa zuwa wani digo a yi matakin.

Don magance matsalar Levin Kurt dauki uku ma'aikata na kungiyar da ba su da wani aiki:

• Na farko da kungiyar ta yanke hukuncin yadda za a mafi yadda ya kamata aiki a cikin tsarin na wani sabon tsari da fasaha.
• Na biyu kungiyar ya zabi yan wakilan da za a aiko don jagorancin to tattauna bidi'a.
• A na uku kungiyar, kunsha na ma'aikata da kuma manajoji kamata gudanar da wani "gwajin ra'ayi" a kan cin gaban sabuwar fasahar.

A sakamakon gwajin da shi aka samu cewa mafi kyau sakamakon da aka nuna na karshe kungiyar. Bayan haka, kamfanin na management ya samu a shawarwarin daga wani shahararren psychologist.

mabiya masanin kimiyya

Kurt Lewin, da nasarorin da wanda muka dauke, shi ne Popular. Masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya ci gaba da ra'ayoyin, samar da wani "filin ka'idar". Daga cikin mutanen da suka ci gaba da aikin da fice psychologist, - marubucin ka'idar da fahimi dissonance, Leon Festinger, muhalli da ilimin halin dan Adam mai bincike Roger Barker yanayi, kazalika da kafa ka'idar ƙuduri na rikice-rikice da kuma Morton Doych Blum Zeigarnik.